Future Operations Research Articles

Theoretical Analysis of Specific Impulse at Lower Geo-Potential Altitude Range for a Paraffin-Fueled Hybrid Rocket Motor

Abstract: This paper presents a theoretical performance of paraffin-based hybrid rocket motors, focusing on the ideal specific impulse performance (Isp) at lower geo-potential atmospheric altitudes. The study considers n-docosane (C22H46) as fuel with oxidizer as nitrous oxide (NO). Simplified mathematical modelling is employed to perform the analysis. The input thermodynamic parameters are calculated for exhaust gas mixture under balanced stoichiometric chemical reaction based on fixing a standardized exhaust temperature of 1000oK in relevance with material considerations. The analysis underscores the influence of specific heat capacity and specific heat ratio on thrust coefficients. The nozzle area ratio is fixed as 2.5 and accordingly the design exit Mach number (Me) is calculated using Chebyshev iterative method by formulating a transcendental non-linear function and accordingly theoretical computations are performed based on the methodology followed. The inference reveals that the ideal specific impulse ranges from 218 to 246 seconds across lower atmospheric geo-potential altitudes. This also highlights the influence of chamber pressure on altitude as a performance assessment for propulsion system. The findings are theoretical and delivers valuable insight into application of hybrid propulsion systems for altitude operations in future.

ITER NBI operational window and power availability constraints due to shine-through losses

Abstract This paper explores the operational boundaries and power availability of the neutral beam injection (NBI) system in ITER, with a specific focus on shine-through loss prevention. Shine-through, a phenomenon where part of the injected neutral beam remains un-ionized in the plasma and directly impacts the first wall components, poses a significant risk to the lifetime of ITER’s plasma-facing components. The operational window for NBI is consequently constrained by these losses, which are influenced by factors such as plasma density, beam energy, and injection geometry. Leveraging advanced numerical simulations, we investigate these dependencies across various ITER plasma scenarios, particularly for the DT-1 phase, which will mark the first NBI operations. In light of recent ITER blanket design changes, our analysis refines previous estimates of the maximum acceptable shine-through power on plasma-facing components. We then present a new heuristic formula which permits the calculation of the shine-through fraction and the minimum plasma density that permits ITER NBI operations as a function of global variables. This allows for establishing operational limits for Hydrogen and Deuterium NBI in Hydrogen, Deuterium, and Deuterium-Tritium plasmas. Additionally, we compare commonly used beam ionisation codes for ITER and tokamak simulations, evaluating their reliability in the investigated parameter space. The findings of this study are crucial for ensuring the efficient operation of the NBI system during ITER's experimental phases. They define the conditions under which beam power can be fully utilised without compromising operational lifetime, thereby informing future plasma operation plans and contributing to the success of ITER's scientific objectives.

Assessing Geothermal Energy Production Potential of Devonian Geothermal Complexes in Lithuania

Lithuania is a Baltic European country which shares borders with Poland, Belarus, Latvia, and Russia and has a geothermal anomaly in the southwestern region. It consists of two main geothermal complexed, i.e., Devonian and Cambrian with a temperature of up to 40 °C (at a depth of 1000 m) and 96 °C (at a depth of 2000 m), respectively. The Devonian complex is composed of an unconsolidated sandstone formation with porosity and permeability in the range of 4–31% and 200 mD–6000 mD, respectively, and these make it a favorable candidate for a low enthalpy geothermal complex because of the high water production rates. This study evaluates the geothermal potential in the Devonian complex of the selected sites for commercial development. The study utilizes the mechanistic modelling approach including uncertainty management to forecast the water production rates and estimate the power generation capacity. Lastly, the study reveals that it is feasible to produce 6 MW to 60 MW of power from the existing vertical wells for a period of 25 years. Furthermore, reactive transport modelling also proves that there is dissolution and precipitation of the minerals near and away from the wellbore, respectively, which impairs the reservoir quality and further concludes that there is an effect of time on re-injection which should be considered to enhance the reservoir quality for future operations. In addition to that, no effect of the re-injection temperature of the produced water is observed.

The Predictive Ability of Taxable Income for Future Performance: The Impact of High Tax Planning*

ABSTRACTThis research examines whether high tax planning affects the predictive ability of taxable income for firms' future operating performance. Using US‐listed firms for the period 1988 to 2016, this study finds that high tax planning reduces the ability of taxable income to predict future performance, measured as 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year‐ahead operating cash flows. It also shows that high tax planning decreases the incremental predictive value of taxable income for future performance beyond book income and operating cash flows. This study contributes to the existing literature on the informative nature of taxable income and enhances our understanding of how tax planning affects the information content of taxable income, particularly its predictive ability for firms' future performance. These findings suggest that, when using taxable income to predict future performance, financial statement users should consider the level of aggressiveness in firms' tax planning activities.

Control of Torque Ripple and Rotor Position for SRM (8/6‐4 Phases) Using an Optimization‐Based Model Predictive Torque Control

ABSTRACTMost electric cars and wind turbines employ switched reluctance motors (SRM), but it has some disadvantages, namely high torque ripple because of its power supply mode and multiphase communication. Model predictive torque control (MPTC) with sailfish optimization (SFO) method is proposed to reduce torque ripple of SRM using torque sharing function (TSF). To develop an efficient torque ripple algorithm, the flux‐linkage characteristic curves are first acquired at protected rotor trial and create an accurate SRM model. It predicts future operation for drive system in SRM architecture. Second, the SFO algorithm is employed to enhance TSF parameters also to minimize the torque value of SRM. Then, the TSF‐based MPTC method is developed to avoid problem like conversion of frequency produced by controller. Finally, atom search optimization (ASO) is used to adjust sensor for correct rotor position of the SRM. To verify the performance of the proposed method, MPTC‐SFO is compared with direct instantaneous torque control (DITC) method. Proposed MPTC‐SFO method attained more efficient result of 12.79% reduced torque ripple than DITC.

The Expanding Role of the U.S. Army Paramedic.

The combat medic (68W) will play a critical role in medical operations in the event of future large-scale combat operations (LSCOs). However, the combat medic is largely not prepared for LSCOs. The revised Medical Education and Demonstration of Individual Competence (TC 8-800) state 68Ws much be able to provide advanced airway and trauma management, medication administration, and advanced casualty movement. To meet the increased prehospital medical demands under LSCOs, the U.S. Army should require the Battalion, Brigade, and Division Medical Readiness Noncommisioned Officers (NCOs) to be Nationally Registered Paramedics (who are identified with the 3P Additional Skill Identifier [ASI]). They should have the responsibility to oversee the wartime medical skills sustainment of Combat Medic Specialists (68W) within their organization. These paramedics should drive medical simulation training events and improve current operation medical skills training. These medical readiness NCOs should attend the Medic Master Training Course and serve as advisors to commanders on the status of medic skill readiness within their organization. Commanders will be able to utilize these paramedics to augment the ongoing medical training of their medics to ensure they are operating at the fullest extent of their scope of practice.

Plasma displacement calculation for TT-1 device based on multiple magnetic probes fitting methods

The HT-6M device has been upgraded and rebranded as the Thailand Tokamak 1 (TT-1), which has been reinstalled and is now operational in Thailand. In tokamak discharge experiments, precise monitoring of plasma position and the implementation of effective feedback control are essential for ensuring the stability of the high-temperature plasma. Accurate calculation of plasma displacement is critical to the success of the experiment. This paper presents a method for calculating plasma displacement through a multi-probe fitting technique, utilizing data from twelve magnetic field probes. Initially, magnetic field signals generated by the plasma are collected via multiple magnetic field probes installed poloidally outside the vacuum chamber, coupled with corresponding signal conditioning and integration circuits, with each probe undergoing calibration. Subsequently, during tokamak discharges, interference signals from the toroidal field coils, ohmic heating coils, and vertical field coils are generated by the magnetic system and corrected through a detailed calibration process. Lastly, the distances between the probes and the plasma are computed using data from the magnetic field probes, which are arranged in a circular configuration. The least squares method is employed to formulate a residual equation for fitting the actual plasma displacement. The effectiveness of this approach was validated through experimental data from the TT-1 device, demonstrating that the calculated plasma displacement exhibits a consistent trend with the CCD video recordings. This multi-probe displacement calculation method enables precise control of plasma displacement, thereby providing theoretical support for tokamak experiments and establishing a foundation for future experimental operations and data analysis.

Modeling of faults in the CEB electrical transmission network by approaches: KNN, Random Forests, logistic regression, SVM, ANN and gradient boosting of supervised learning

The work accumulated in this article presents the results of learning the faults that affect the CEB network. The objective is to predict failures in order to prevent these faults from creating interruptions. The network operating data from 2008 to 2015 are used as materials. The algorithms: SVM, KNN, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, ANN and Logistic Regression were used as methods to create the models. The results are subjected to evaluation criteria namely: the confusion matrix, the area under the ROC curve and the scores (Accuracy, F1 Score, Precision and recall). A characterization of the faults is carried out. The results of the characterization reveal that there are 19 faults and the most recurrent is the short circuit, which appeared 947 times out of 2427 during the study period. The modeling results are perfect. The True Positives of the confusion matrices are greater than 450 out of 497, for the classes. Some are better than others. The unfavorable is obtained through the KNN with AUC=0.761. Its score, (Accuracy=0.955; F1 Score = 0.957; Precision=0.958; Recall=0.955), confirms this observation. The AUC=0.664, remains even more unfavorable with the SVM modeling but its score, (Accuracy=0.989; F1 Score = 0.988; Precision=0.988; Recall=0.989), exceeds that of KNN. Moreover, for the other models, their AUC exceeds 80% with the more perfect logistic regression giving: AUC=0.991; Accuracy=0.991; F1 Score = 0.991; Precision=0.991; Recall=0.991. These results confirm that, even very random and of various causes, we can predict the defects in the CEB network. However, it is necessary to use more recent data in order to apply these results in future operations.

ENHANCING RESERVOIR PRODUCTIVITY USING HIWAY HYDRAULIC FRACTURING METHOD AT AMANGELDI FIELD

This project explores the application of hydraulic fracturing methods to enhance reservoir productivity at the Amangeldi field. The study focused on the advanced HIWAY method, which optimizes proppant placement to improve hydrocarbon recovery. Mathematical models were developed to evaluate key parameters of this technique and implemented using FracPro software, enabling detailed simulation and analysis. Data for this study were gathered from publicly available sources, including OnePetro and ScienceDirect, ensuring a comprehensive review of current practices and innovations. Additional information was obtained during dual training at the Amangeldi field, providing practical insights and aligning the models with field-specific conditions. Contributions from scientific journals further enriched the study, supporting the integration of theoretical and empirical approaches. The findings aim to guide future hydraulic fracturing operations and highlight the potential of the HIWAY method to maximize efficiency, reduce operational costs, and mitigate environmental impact. This project underscores the importance of combining advanced modeling with hands-on field experience to address challenges in reservoir management.

Operacija NATO-a u Bosni i Hercegovini “Deny Flight” / The NATO Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina “Deny Flight”

The operation “Deny Flight” represented NATO’s response to the conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina, starting on April 12, 1993, with the aim of enforcing the UN’s no-fly zone. Over the course of more than two years, the operation evolved, expanding its mission to provide close air support to UN troops and conduct coercive air strikes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. With 12 NATO member states involved and 100,420 flights completed by its conclusion on December 20, 1995, “Deny Flight” played a crucial role in shaping the Bosnian War and the NATO alliance itself. This operation marked NATO’s first combat engagement in history, demonstrating the alliance’s adaptability in the post-Cold War era. While the cooperation between the UN and NATO, though laying the groundwork for future joint operations, also caused tensions, especially after the taking of UN peacekeeping forces as hostages in response to NATO bombing. “Deny Flight” successfully prevented significant use of air power in the Bosnian war, paving the way for the subsequent key NATO operation, “Deliberate Force,” which played a role in ending the conflict.

Securing the Future of Railway Systems: A Comprehensive Cybersecurity Strategy for Critical On-Board and Track-Side Infrastructure.

The growing prevalence of cybersecurity threats is a significant concern for railway systems, which rely on an extensive network of onboard and trackside sensors. These threats have the potential to compromise the safety of railway operations and the integrity of the railway infrastructure itself. This paper aims to examine the current cybersecurity measures in use, identify the key vulnerabilities that they address, and propose solutions for enhancing the security of railway infrastructures. The report evaluates the effectiveness of existing security protocols by reviewing current standards, including IEC62443 and NIST, as well as case histories of recent rail cyberattacks. Significant gaps have been identified, especially where modern and legacy systems need to be integrated. Weaknesses in communication protocols such as MVB, CAN and TCP/IP are identified. To address these challenges, the paper proposes a layered security framework specific to railways that incorporate continuous monitoring, risk-based cybersecurity modeling, AI-assisted threat detection, and stronger authentication methodologies. The aim of these recommendations is to improve the resilience of railway networks and ensure a safer, more secure infrastructure for future operations.

Resonant Leadership in Army Nursing: A Concept Analysis.

Leadership development is of the utmost importance as the Army Medical Department prepares for future conflicts. All Army Medical Department leaders, including nurses, need to be prepared to lead in a high-tempo, complex environment. Nurse leader effectiveness is paramount to military readiness as well as for recruitment and retention within the Army Nurse Corps (ANC). Both Army talent management and Defense Health Agency documents recognize the importance of Emotional Intelligence principles for successful leadership. Resonant Leadership (RL) is informed by Emotional Intelligence principles and is well-studied within nursing literature. Additionally, the body of evidence examining RL demonstrates a positive impact on the nurse work environment. The purpose of this concept analysis is to define RL within the context of Army nursing, to clarify how this concept relates to Army leadership doctrine, and to propose innovative application(s) of RL within the ANC. Rodgers' evolutionary concept analysis method was used to define the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of RL. The concept elements were then cross-referenced with published Army leadership doctrine, applying RL to the context of Army nursing. The outcome of this analysis defines RL as a way of being, with attributes including strong, trusting relationships, the leader being in tune with followers, and mutual optimism. Antecedents of RL in Army nursing center on individual leader behavior and include emotional intelligence, technical/management skills and intellect, and acting on follower worries/concerns. Consequences of RL for Army nursing impact followers/staff and include improved job satisfaction, empowerment, and decreased burnout/emotional exhaustion. The defining characteristics of RL complement the competencies and attributes outlined in Army leadership doctrine. Additionally, the outcomes of RL positively influence the nursing work environment. There has been extensive research on the effect of RL within the civilian nursing workforce. However, to date, no studies have researched RL Army nursing. Leaders within the ANC can apply this analysis to their own leadership practice and integrate RL into leadership development education. Policy decisions within the ANC should promote RL to support positive nursing workforce outcomes including improved satisfaction and retention. Resonant Leadership bridges the gap between frontline nursing leadership development, the Army leadership model, and the DHA's Joint Professional Practice Model for nurses. By focusing on developing resonance, Army nurse leaders can simultaneously demonstrate many of the attributes and competencies the Army describes within its leadership doctrine. Although further research is needed to determine the prevalence of RL within Army nursing, RL has applicability to practice and military education. RL is one tool at the disposal of ANC senior to leaders to promote healthy work environments while preparing competent leaders for the complexities of future combat operations.

Studying Radiation-Induced Degradation of Reinforced Concrete Structures: Review and Numerical Analysis of Reinforcement Corrosion Processes in Concrete

This study addresses the operational degradation of reinforced concrete structures of buildings and facilities where radioactive materials and waste are handled, if degradation is caused by the joint effect of ionizing radiation from materials (substances) handled and factors affecting the overall aging of concrete, reinforcement bars, and their combination. The research focuses on gamma radiation and its physical, chemical, and mechanical effects, triggering corrosion processes in reinforcement bars during the operation of reinforced concrete structures. Changes in the structural behavior of existing and newly built facilities, where radioactive materials and waste (with a focus on highly and moderately radioactive waste) are handled, must be predictable during the extended period of operation. Prognostication methods and assessment models must be accessible to various specialists, including design engineers. Available software packages and numerical analysis tools are used to devise these methods and models. This research project demonstrates the numerical modeling of electrochemical corrosion triggered by oxygen diffusion in concrete. The COMSOL Multiphysics software package was used to develop a model of a reinforced concrete wall segment. This model was used to analyze and prognosticate electrochemical processes in a structure during its future operation. Results of numerical modeling show that corrosion-triggered changes in the original diameter of reinforcement do not exceed tenths (11.2–12.4%) for the predicted service life of 100 years. Studies should be continued in this direction because such factors as radiolysis, carbonization, radiation heating, and changes in the aggregate can have an adverse effect on structures during their operation.

Theoretical Substantiation and Technology of Geodetic Support of Chromite Deposits on the Case of Kazakhstan: Literature Review

The study aims to examine modern technologies and develop theoretical foundations for geodetic support for the extraction of chromite ores at the Khromtau deposit. The Khromtau deposit is situated in northwest Kazakhstan's Aktobe region, about 90 km east of the regional capital, Aktobe city. This area is a component of the dry steppe terrain that makes up a large portion of northern Kazakhstan. Research methods such as analysis, comparison, systematisation, and synthesis were used while writing the study. The analysis has identified the most important technologies necessary for successfully searching and providing chromite deposits. Geodetic work is an important part of this process, including triangulation, polygonometry, and levelling techniques. These methods allow for a more accurate determination of the examined area's geometric characteristics, which contributes to a more accurate identification of potential chromite deposits. Surveying includes planning and controlling geometric parameters in the field itself. These parameters are of great importance when developing plans for the placement of future mining operations, considering the deposit's complex mining and geological features. Filming is an integral part of the exploration of chromite deposits. It includes the creation of three-dimensional models of deposits and the surrounding area, which provides a more complete and visual representation of the geometry of the deposit.

Prospects for the development of the communication system and the equipment of special purpose with the regulation of the implementation of measures LTE

Further development of the communication system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is impossible without the recovery of advanced combat experience and the step-by-step implementation of current communication systems (complexes, equipment) for the highest task to face the Defense Forces of Ukraine. Therefore, the key is not only the selection of new information technologies and current standards in the field of communication, but also the investigation of their implementation in the minds of combatants (as close as possible to the combative ones) of action. Experience in carrying out tasks in the east of Ukraine, especially during offensive (counter-offensive) operations, clearly identifying the problems of securing communications in territories not prepared for communications, as well as in areas where telecommunications infrastructure is completely or partially destroyed. The purpose of this article is to outline the prospects for the development of the communication system and the equipment of special purpose with the understanding of not only theoretical research in radio communications, but also the results of practical research into the effectiveness of system-technical solution based by installed on the local radio station with mobile communication standards 3G and 4G. Based on the results of the research, conclusions and proposals were formed regarding the prospects for further development of the system, including the use of LTE in the communication system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The stated propositions are based on the results of the final experience of the assigned possession in the interests of the security of military units (subdivisions) in the Sumy region of Ukraine, as well as on the combat line the focus on the offensive (counter-offensive) actions of the Defense Forces of Ukraine in the east of our State. The presentation material of the article is relevant and necessary for training during the research, aimed at improving the forms and methods of combat stagnation of communication equipment (units), tying the decision to choose necessary communication equipment, as well as the formation of management decisions by military administration bodies to organize (secure) connections in future operations with the release of the immediate occupation of the territories of Ukraine.

Dynamic Simulation of Land Use Change and Assessment of Carbon Storage Based on the PLUS Model: A Case Study of the Most Livable City, Weihai, China

Analyzing and monitoring land use/cover (LULC) changes is critical for improving regional ecosystem service functions and developing strategies for long-term socio-economic development. Exploring future changes in land use and carbon storage under different scenarios is important for optimizing regional ecosystem service functions and formulating sustainable socio-economic development policies. In the present work, we evaluate LULC changes and carbon storage changes in the Rapid Urbanization Area (RUA) of Weihai City from 2000 to 2020 using satellite images. Using five Landsat images, the spatio-temporal dynamics of the LULC changes were measured, using a supervised classification algorithm of the neural net and the intensity analysis techniques in GIS. The Landsat images from 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 were categorized into five main land use categories in the researched region: urban areas, woodlands, cultivated areas, bare soil, and water bodies. Our results reveal that urban areas, woodlands, and bare soil increased by about 129.63 km2 (13.29%), 53.07 km2 (5.44%), and 40.99 km2 (4.2%) from 2000 to 2020, respectively. On the contrary, the cultivated areas decreased by 218.35 km2 (22.36%) and the water bodies decreased by 5.44 km2 (0.56%). To summarize, the conversion of cultivated areas into urban areas has been the most significant transformation in the RUA during the period 2000–2020. Regarding carbon storage, in the study area, it decreased by 14.92 × 104 t from 2000 to 2020. Moreover, according to the prediction of the LULC changes for 2030 by the patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model, the cultivated areas and carbon storage will continue to decline. The slow increase in woodland brings good ecological benefits. But the sharp reduction in the per capita cultivated areas will bring environmental and socio-economic problems to the RUA. Therefore, it is time to strengthen the implementation of cultivated area protection policy. Monitoring and managing LULC changes are critical for establishing relationships between policy choices, regulatory measures, and future LULC operations, especially because many potential concerns remain in the RUA territories.

State preparation by shallow circuits using feed forward

Fault tolerant quantum computers repetitively apply a four-step procedure: First, perform a few one and two-qubit quantum gates. Second, perform a syndrome measurement on a subset of the qubits. Third, perform fast classical computations to establish if and where errors occurred. And, fourth, correct the errors with a correction step. The next iteration applies the same procedure with new one and two-qubit gates. Even though current error-rates prohibit this procedure to work and fault tolerant quantum computing remains a distant goal, the same procedure can already prove useful today. In this work we make use of this four-step scheme not to carry out fault-tolerant computations, but to enhance short, constant-depth, quantum circuits that perform 1 qubit gates and nearest−neighbor 2 qubit gates.We introduce a new computational model called Local Alternating Quantum Classical Computations(LAQCC). In this model, qubits are placed in a grid and they can only interact with their direct neighbors; the quantum circuits are of constant depth with intermediate measurements; a classical controller can perform log-depth computations on these intermediate measurement outcomes and control future quantum operations based on the outcome. This model fits naturally between quantum algorithms in the NISQ era and full-fledged fault-tolerant quantum computation. We first prove that any Clifford circuit has an equivalent LAQCC circuit, and that any LAQCC circuit can be simulated by a QNC1circuit. Next, we conjecture the non-simulatability of LAQCC by showing that LAQCC contains the class of Instantaneous Quantum Polynomial-time circuits. We also show that any LAQCC circuit with polynomial-sized quantum circuits and unbounded classical computations is contained in the class of quantum circuits equipped with post-selection gates with respect to the task of state preparation. We continue by presenting LAQCC implementations of different subroutines, including OR-gates, quantum Fourier transforms and Threshold gates. These subroutines prove vital in constructing three state preparation routines in the main part of this work. Preparing a uniform superposition uses constant-depth arithmetic gates, combined with an exact Grover implementation by Long. For the W-state, we employ a compress-uncompress method to switch between a binary and one-hot encoding. This method extends to the more generalized Dicke-states, the superposition of n-bit strings of Hamming weight k, for k=O(n), but fails for higher k due to the birthday paradox. We extend this protocol to a protocol that prepares many-body scar states, highly excited states with low entanglement and longer coherence times than states with the same energy density. We present a circuit for preparing Dicke-states for larger k requiring log-depth circuits that maps between the factoradic number system and the combinatorial number system.

A Machine Learning Approach to Predict Site Selection from the Perspective of Vitality Improvement

The selection of construction sites for Cultural and Museum Public Buildings (CMPBs) has a profound impact on their future operations and development. To enhance site selection and planning efficiency, we developed a predictive model integrating Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Genetic Algorithms (GAs). Taking Shanghai as our case study, we utilized over 1.5 million points of interest data from Amap Visiting Vitality Values (VVVs) from Dianping and Shanghai’s administrative area map. We analyzed and compiled data for 344 sites, each containing 39 infrastructure data sets and one visit vitality data set for the ANN model input. The model was then tested with untrained data to predict VVVs based on the 39 input data sets. We conducted a multi-precision analysis to simulate various scenarios, assessing the model’s applicability at different scales. Combining GA with our approach, we predicted vitality improvements. This method and model can significantly contribute to the early planning, design, development, and operational management of CMPBs in the future.

Military Nurses' Deployment Experiences: A Qualitative Metasynthesis.

Military medical personnel, including nurses, face a wide array of emotional and psychological issues while deployed. Understanding the challenges military nurses face in the deployed setting may prove useful in effectively preparing nurse leaders for future disaster responses in the military and civilian sectors. The purpose of this metasynthesis is to answer the following research question: What are the experiences of U.S. military and allied nurses deployed to medical facilities in combat operations and support areas since 9/11/2001? A qualitative metasynthesis was conducted to determine commonality of combat-related deployment experiences for U.S. military and allied nurses. After development of the research question, this metasynthesis included 4 steps: (1) perform structured literature search, (2) critical appraisal, (3) reciprocal translation, and (4) synthesize findings. Studies were limited to the years 2004-2023 to focus the search on Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom-related deployments. Reference review of studies retrieved through database search also contributed to the final sample. Screening criteria included: (1) qualitative or mixed methods studies, (2) sample comprised of U.S. or allied country medical/nursing personnel, and (3) care primarily occurring in a fixed facility located in Iraq, Afghanistan, or Kuwait. Studies focusing on reintegration after deployment or air evacuation personnel/nonfixed facility settings were excluded. A total of 11 studies met inclusion criteria. Critical appraisal was conducted on all studies. Data analysis utilized an inductive and iterative process. Reciprocal translation and meta-ethnographic techniques were used to identify words/phases that contained significant meaning and to identify themes/subthemes. Themes formed that described commonalities across nurses' experiences. Three primary themes arise from critical examination of military nurses' deployment experiences: (1) "care in a combat zone," (2) "leadership in a combat zone," and (3) "personhood." The subthemes address experiences or concerns related to an individual participant's role as a "care giver," "leader," or "person." The 3 themes formed by this qualitative metasynthesis represent a holistic view of a military nurse in a deployed setting. Military nurses' deployment experiences relate to their multiple role(s) as a clinician, officer, and human being. By better understanding military nurses' past deployment experiences and related themes, nurse leaders and individuals can better prepare for supporting staff in future combat operations. The complexities of "caring," "leading," and "personhood" may contribute to emotional distress among deployed military medical personnel.

The Impact of Climate Change on Future Ground Operations

The information about battlefield environment changes and operational impacts on Korean Peninsula due to climate change is essential for national defense. In this study, the future impact of four ground operations was analyzed by using the national climate change standard scenario based on the IPCC 6<sup>th</sup> report. As a result, it was analyzed that the number of operational-limited days for ambush and airlift operations would decrease, making the operational environment favorable. However, the operational environment unfavorable as the number of operational-limited days for crossing and reconnaissance operations increase, but the number is not large so much.