Operational Domain Research Articles

Development of Organisational Resilience within SMEs through Implementation of Strategic Thinking

The focus of entrepreneurial, strategic and managerial concerns regarding the ensuring of survivability and achievement of successful competitive leverage within, primarily, the turbulent international commercial and business environments, has become concentrated on the development of organisational resilience to withstand the pernicious implications imparted by business discourses by situational complications. The recurrent global financial crises, trigger by divergent and multiplicity of factors, have impinged upon the survivability of business organisations of differential demeanours. The corresponding research endeavour has been oriented towards evaluation of development of constructive response based strategic policies of such SMEs from the organisational resilience angle through determination of the implications of strategic planning and thinking processes which could be employed by such business entities to foment crisis management capacities at the functional and operational domains. Specific research effort has been utilised to demonstrate the characteristics and constituents of the concept of organisational resilience and the influence of strategic management doctrines on such conceptual disciplines. The focal point of the research has been to assessment the empirical evidence regarding achievement of required degrees of organisational resilience, especially by the SMEs. The research undertaking has been cognisant equitably about the inherent deficiencies of SMEs and has involved considerable academic rigour regarding analysis of the prospects of latent opportunities within crisis situations which could be achieved through proficiencies of strategic planning and implementation of the same. The utility of the conducted research has been envisioned as outlining strategic features through which SMEs could ensure organisational resilience-based survivability.

Use of Level 1 and 2 driving automation on horizontal curves on interstates and freeways

Little is known about how the actual use of Level 1 and 2 driving automation systems may be affected by geometric road characteristics in naturalistic driving environments. This study examined the use of these systems on horizontal curves on interstates and freeways. It used travel data collected in a field operational test conducted with two 2016 Land Rover Range Rover Evoque vehicles equipped with adaptive cruise control (ACC) and two 2017 Volvo S90 vehicles equipped with ACC and Pilot Assist (PA). Logistic regression models estimated changes in the likelihood of ACC use associated with horizontal curvature in the Evoque vehicles, and of PA and ACC use in the S90 vehicles, while accounting for traffic conditions. Drivers were less likely to drive with ACC or PA on as horizontal curves became sharper. In the Evoque vehicles, the likelihood of using ACC was 71.6% lower on the sharpest category of horizontal curves (those with a degree of curvature>2.5 degrees per 100 feet of arc or a radius smaller than 2,292 feet), compared with straight road segments or the flattest horizontal curve category (those with a degree of curvature <= 1.5 degrees per 100 feet of arc or a radius no <3,820 feet). In the S90 vehicles, the likelihood of using PA and ACC declined 74.6 and 66.3%, respectively, on the sharpest curves. Many driving automation systems face challenges on horizontal curves, even within their operational design domain. Future implementations that improve functionality may enhance driver experience and boost drivers’ confidence in these systems, which should increase their use and maximize the safety benefits these systems might offer.

Driver models for the definition of safety requirements of automated vehicles in international regulations. Application to motorway driving conditions

UN Regulation 157, the first global regulation regarding the type-approval of Automated Driving Systems (ADS), has been adopted in 2021. In it, safety performance requirements are being defined for vehicles of automation Level 3, according to the SAE J3016, with a limited Operational Design Domain (ODD). In particular, for three types of events that are related to motorway driving, two models are provided to distinguish between preventable traffic scenarios, for which the ADS is expected to avoid an accident, and unpreventable traffic scenarios, for which accidents cannot be avoided and the ADS can only mitigate their severity. The models recreate the short-term behavior of a driver who reacts to an emergency. Two possible actions are predicted: either no reaction or full braking when danger is identified. In the present paper the two models are analyzed and compared with two additional models: an industry proposed model, the Responsibility Sensitive Safety framework (RSS), and the Fuzzy Safety Model (FSM) proposed by the authors. As in the case of the two regulation models, also the RSS, although more sophisticated, assumes that the possible reaction by the driver is binary. This approach neglects the ability of a human driver to drive defensively and anticipate possible risks. Defensive drivers, indeed, may use comfortable decelerations in anticipation, to avoid finding themselves in an emergency situation. The FSM uses fuzzy logic to mimic this behavior.Results show that anticipation plays a very important role to reduce the number of unpreventable traffic scenarios. In addition, by validating the classification capabilities of the four models with real traffic data, the FSM proved to be the most suitable of the investigated models. On the basis of these results, the FSM has been included in the proposal for amending UN Regulation 157, thus allowing to set higher safety standards for the first automated vehicles that will be introduced into the market.

Coupled FBSDEs with measurable coefficients and its application to parabolic PDEs

Using purely probabilistic methods, we prove the existence and the uniqueness of solutions for a system of coupled forward-backward stochastic differential equations (FBSDEs) with measurable, possibly discontinuous, coefficients. As a corollary, we obtain the well-posedness of semilinear parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs)Lu(t,x)+F(t,x,u,∂xu)=0;u(T,x)=h(x) in the natural domain of the second order linear parabolic operator L when F and h are not necessarily continuous with respect to x. We also provide a sufficient condition for this solution to be in a Sobolev space. Finally, we apply the result to optimal policymaking for pandemics and pricing of carbon emission allowances.

Analysis Of Information Technology Services Management Using ITIL V3 Domain Service Operation (Case Study: Hotel Sinar Sidoarjo)

Information system is one of the most rapid developments of information technology in its development. This information system itself aims to help human work to be more efficient and effective. The quality of technology has many aspects that must be measured to evaluate in order to continue to develop. Service is an important aspect that needs to be improved in order to support the applied Information Technology. ITIL as a framework that focuses on the assessment of information technology services was chosen as the method to be applied in this research. The problem that often occurs in this Sinar Hotel is the existence of obstacles in customer data in the Front Office department. Customer data is often not inputted into the system so that customers have to re-enter data and this is time consuming and less efficient. The incoming data also sometimes does not match the customer's personal data which also results in the customer needing to re-enter the data. The Service Operation domain was chosen to assess the extent to which the problem management and incident management processes were implemented properly. The results of this study will produce a recommendation to overcome problems and incidents that often occur in order to facilitate the operational activities of Hotel Sinar.

Editorial: Cyber Security and Defence Challenges

Editorial: Cyber Security and Defence Challenges

Towards an Ontology for Scenario Definition for the Assessment of Automated Vehicles: An Object-Oriented Framework

The development of new assessment methods for the performance of automated vehicles is essential to enable the deployment of automated driving technologies, due to the complex operational domain of automated vehicles. One contributing method is scenario-based assessment in which test cases are derived from real-world road traffic scenarios obtained from driving data. Given the complexity of the reality that is being modeled in these scenarios, it is a challenge to define a structure for capturing these scenarios. An intensional definition that provides a set of characteristics that are deemed to be both necessary and sufficient to qualify as a scenario assures that the scenarios constructed are both complete and intercomparable. In this article, we develop a comprehensive and operable definition of the notion of scenario while considering existing definitions in the literature. This is achieved by proposing an object-oriented framework in which scenarios and their building blocks are defined as classes of objects having attributes, methods, and relationships with other objects. The object-oriented approach promotes clarity, modularity, reusability, and encapsulation of the objects. We provide definitions and justifications of each of the terms. Furthermore, the framework is used to translate the terms in a coding language that is publicly available.

Perceptions of cancer care coordination among rural patients in Hawaii.

e18553 Background: Rural residents experience disproportionate burdens of cancer including higher incidence and mortality than urban residents. Disparities in rural cancer health outcomes are partially attributed to limited access to specialty care and care coordination challenges in rural areas. To date, little is known about rural cancer patients’ perceptions of care coordination (CC). In this study, we examined rural patients’ perceptions of cancer CC and compared rural and urban patients’ perceptions of cancer CC using the Care Coordination Instrument (CCI), a validated patient-report measure of CC. Methods: 80 rural patients receiving active treatment for any cancer residing in rural areas of Hawaii (Hawaii Island, Kauai) completed the CCI from Sept. 2020 to Dec. 2021. These rural areas are on separate islands from Oahu (urban) where tertiary care hospitals in Hawaii are located. Data for the urban cohorts ( n = 220) were derived from our archival data. The CCI assesses overall patients’ perceptions of CC (Total) and includes subscales that evaluate CC across three domains (Communication, Navigation, Operational). We used descriptive statistics to describe rural patients’ CC details and linear regression models to compare CCI scores between rural and urban patients. Results: Among 300 patients, demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between the rural and urban cohorts (mean age = 63.6, 56% female, most common cancer type: 28% breast and 25% GI). Patients were racially diverse, with 25% White/Caucasian, 24% Japanese, 16% Native Hawaiian, and 24% two or more race. Among rural patients, 43% indicated having traveled by air to another island (Oahu; urban) for cancer treatment (50% surgery). Of these patients, 38% indicated having paid out-of-pocket for cancer care-related travel costs. 65% of these patients reported travel costs as a burden, with 6% of patients having canceled or delayed treatment due to costs. Overall, there were no differences on the Total CCI scores between rural and urban patients ( p = 0.73). However, significant differences were found for Communication and Navigation ( p = 0.02 and p = 0.04, respectively), with rural patients reporting lower scores on these domains. No differences were found for the Operational domain scores. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that that while rural patients’ overall perceptions of CC were similar to their urban cohorts, rural patients perceived greater CC challenges related to the communication and navigation aspects of CC. Off-island cancer care-related travel costs were reported as a significant burden for rural patients who must travel to another island for their cancer treatment. These findings highlight the need for interventions to address financial, communication and navigation challenges for rural patients in order to improve the quality of cancer care delivery in rural areas.

Simulation of a solid-phase oxygen control scheme in lead-bismuth eutectic system

It is known that solid-phase oxygen control scheme is one of the important methods to solve the corrosion problem when we choose lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) as coolant in lead-cooled fast reactor (LFR) or Accelerator Driven System (ADS). The mass-exchanger (MX), a porous chamber filled with mechanically stable lead oxide (PbO spheroids), is the key component of solid-phase oxygen control. In order to study the characteristics of oxygen mass transfer, pressure drop, flow field and oxygen concentration field in MX, a randomly packed bed model is established using DEM method. The fluid domain is meshed with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code STAR-CCM +. The particle–particle and wall–particle contact points are modified with short cylinder bridges to improve the cell qualities. The mass transfer boundary layer theory is applied to explain the oxygen supply process of PbO sphere dissolution to LBE. The results of the average porosity, radial porosity distribution and pressure drop match the previous literature pretty well. The CFD results related to Sherwood number (Sh) are validated by CRAFT experimental data with an acceptable error. The law of oxygen transfer and distribution is obtained by studying the CFD contours and the spatial distribution of oxygen concentration and velocity data. The temperature dependence and velocity dependence of Sherwood number are obtained through multiple linear regression processing of CFD data. Finally, the effects of different temperatures and mass flow rates on oxygen concentration and pressure drop are evaluated to determine the suitable operating domain for MX.

Classification of remote sensing time series and similarity metrics for crop type verification

One of the greatest challenges in many machine learning applications is to build robust classification models that reduce calibration efforts, ensure model transferability to unseen data distributions, and handle high semantic resolution datasets with a relatively large number of target classes. We present an operational domain adaptation framework for crop type verification from remote sensing data for integrated administration and control and farm management systems. It is part of the ag|knowledge crop monitoring platform and demonstrates a more robust spatiotemporal model transferability than conventional supervised crop type classification approaches, which use multitemporal and multispectral features to classify the specific characteristics of crop phenology patterns. The proposed method is based on a machine learning model that has been trained on particular similarity metrics between all target crop types. The metrics are derived by quantifying the similarity of vegetation index time series between the observed parcel and the aggregated time series of reference objects for each parcel and crop type. This method achieves higher classification results than a model trained on the pure remote sensing time series data, as the algorithm does not learn the temporal vegetation index patterns, but instead, the adversarial characteristics and the differences between each crop type. Moreover, it also reduces dimensionality as the time series are summarized through the respective similarity metrics. We compare both approaches through different classification algorithms. Overall, the achieved classification accuracy for more than 67 crop types scores more than 80%.

0088 Remote clinical research operations during COVID-19: Lessons learned and recommendations

Abstract Introduction As a result of the global COVID-19 pandemic, there have been significant challenges conducting clinical sleep research. Participant recruitment has been a particular challenge due to federal safety guidelines and institutional directives. The purpose of this project is to describe the adaptation of an in-person study protocol (of sleep problems among military service members and their families) to an entirely remote approach. Methods Prior to COVID-19, planned research methods included in-person recruitment, enrollment, and study support; approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC), Fort Belvoir Community Hospital (FBCH), and the University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB). As COVID-19 restrictions increased, the research team adapted to a fully remote approach (via phone/email) and developed a “research call center” to replace in-clinic recruitment/enrollment. Detailed operating procedures were standardized, including shipping study materials (wearable device) via FedEx. Following enrollment, participants completed multiple assessments, sleep diaries 2x/day over 10 days, and a post-monitoring satisfaction survey. Results Thirty-five participants between the ages of 18-75 years (M= 46 years, SD= 15.8) were successfully recruited from the Internal Medicine clinic and Sleep Disorders Center at WRNMMC. Following data collection, the research team debriefed and developed recommendations to execute a successful remote study protocol. Three key operational domains were identified: research team, remote procedures, and data management. Recommendations included 1) prioritizing consistent communication, mutual support, and personal wellbeing among the research team, 2) advancing recruitment by establishing and refining preferred recruitment pathways, and 3) providing critical attention to remote data management—allocating responsibilities to regulate the evolving changes of multiple data sources. In addition, partnering closely with IRB personnel was invaluable to refine procedures and maintain regulatory compliance. Conclusion Despite challenges associated with the on-going pandemic, researchers can conduct high-quality clinical research by transitioning to a fully remote study approach. These recommendations can help guide investigative teams to transition from in-person protocols to remote approaches, thus advancing the perpetuation of research activities through a pandemic. Support (If Any) This research was supported by an investigator-initiated research award from the Department of Defense (via the Medical Technology Enterprise Consortium) to the University of Maryland, Baltimore (PI: EMW).

The content expert program: A structured approach to increase emergency medicine resident scholarly activity.

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires residents to participate in scholarship and requires residency programs to provide an environment within which residents can acquire skills related to scholarly activities. However, consensus on the definition of scholarship and structure of program environments does not yet exist. We designed and implemented a content expert program (CEP) in 2015, in which each resident worked with a faculty advisor to develop a longitudinal scholarly activity linked to a core area of practice and, in doing so, became the department's "content expert." We hypothesized that the CEP would significantly increase the number of scholarly outputs per resident. The CEP was structured around an oversight committee composed of key faculty members, which guided development of CEP projects through regular meetings and formative feedback. Each resident generated one or more scholarly outputs from their content area. Outputs were categorized into educational, operational, research, and miscellaneous domains and further identified as intradepartmental, interdepartmental, or interdisciplinary collaborations. The number of outputs was compared to the baseline number of scholarly activities per resident at the study program using a Mann-Whitney U test. A total of 187scholarly outputs were generated by 76 residents, which equated to 31.2 outputs per year, or 2.5 outputs per resident. This was a significant increase compared to the program baseline of one output per resident (p=0.003). Eighteen distinct types of outputs spanned four major categories. Of the outputs, 37 were interdepartmental, 42 were interdisciplinary, and 32 were intradepartmental. The CEP proved to be a sustainable way to significantly increase scholarly activity and additionally improved collaborative efforts. With the appropriate structure and willing faculty in place, such a program can enhance the practical education provided by residency programs.

IoDM: A Study on a IoT-Based Organizational Deception Modeling with Adaptive General-Sum Game Competition

Moving target defense (MTD) and decoy strategies, measures of active defense, were introduced to secure both the proactive security and reactive adaptability of internet-of-things (IoT) networks that have been explosively applied to various industries without any strong security measures and to mitigate the side effects of threats. However, the existing MTD and decoy strategies are limited to avoiding the attacker’s reconnaissance and initial intrusion attempts through simple structural mutations or inducing the attackers to a static trap based on the deceptive path and lack approaches to adaptively optimize IoT in consideration of the unique characteristic information by the domain of IoT. Game theory-based and decoy strategies are other options; however, they do not consider the dynamicity and uncertainty of the decision-making stages by the organizational agent related to the IoT domains. Therefore, in this paper, we present a type of organizational deception modeling, namely IoT-based organizational deception modeling (IoDM), which considers both the dynamic topologies and organizational business fingerprints customized in the IoT domain and operational purpose. For this model, we considered the practical scalability of the existing IoT-enabled MTD and decoy concepts and formulated the partially incomplete deceptive decision-making modeling for the cyber-attack and defense competition for IoT in real-time based on the general-sum game. According to our experimental results, the efficiency of the deceptive defense of the IoT defender could be improved by 70% on average while deriving the optimal defense cost compared to the increased defense performance. The findings of this study will improve the deception performances of MTD and decoy strategies by IoT scenarios related to various operational domains such as smart home networks, industrial networks, and medical networks. To the best of our knowledge, this study has employed social-engineering IoT knowledge and general-sum game theory for the first time.

Loewner’s theorem for maps on operator domains

AbstractThe classical Loewner’s theorem states that operator monotone functions on real intervals are described by holomorphic functions on the upper half-plane. We characterize local order isomorphisms on operator domains by biholomorphic automorphisms of the generalized upper half-plane, which is the collection of all operators with positive invertible imaginary part. We describe such maps in an explicit manner, and examine properties of maximal local order isomorphisms. Moreover, in the finite-dimensional case, we prove that every order embedding of a matrix domain is a homeomorphic order isomorphism onto another matrix domain.

Aerostatically sealed chamber as a robust aerostatic bearing

Aerostatic bearings are typically used in ultra precision and high speed applications in controlled environments. The present study expands this operating domain. The present study experimentally investigates the performance and feasibility of a novel design for a robust air bearing consisting of an aerostatically sealed pressurized volume. A suitable operating domain for the bearing system was characterized based on measurements of the load capacity, friction moment, chamber flow, and seal flow rate at various opposing surface run-outs and supply pressures. The highest measured load capacity was 18.86 kN at 0.330 mm run-out, and decreased to 12.22 kN load at 3.804 mm run-out. The study provided corroborative evidence on the feasibility of the proposed chamber based bearing design.

Updated conceptual design of hydrogen/ethylene fueled detonation ramjet: Test fires at Mach 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5

The conceptual design of a hydrogen/ethylene fueled detonation ramjet (DR) studied earlier is updated based on numerical simulations and test fires at airflow Mach numbers 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5. The goal of the design update is to increase the operation stability, reduce aerodynamic drag, and improve thrust performance at continuous detonation of hydrogen/ethylene in the DR combustor. The updated DR is fabricated and tested. The thrust performance of the updated DR is increased significantly. At on-design M=2.0, the range of stable operation of hydrogen fueled DR combustor is expanded in terms of the air-to-fuel equivalence ratio from 1.6 to 3.3. At the air-to-fuel equivalence ratio of 3.1, the fuel-based specific impulse reached 4760 s. The maximum value of total thrust is 1000 N. At off-design M=1.5 and 2.5, the fuel-based specific impulse / total thrust attained 2780 s / 740 N, and 3780 s / 1160 N, respectively. Replacement of hydrogen by ethylene leads to the significant narrowing of the DR stable operation domain: continuous-detonation of ethylene–air mixture is registered only for near-stoichiometric mixtures.

Safety at first sight? – Manual drivers’ experience and driving behavior at first contact with Level 3 vehicles in mixed traffic on the highway

Soon, manual drivers will interact with conditionally automated vehicles (CAVs; SAE Level3) in a mixed traffic on highways. As of yet, it is largely unclear how manual drivers will perceive and react to this new type of vehicle. In a driving simulator study with N = 51 participants aged 20 to 71 years (22 female), we examined the experience and driving behavior of manual drivers at first contact with Level 3 vehicles in four realistic driving scenarios (highway entry, overtaking, merging, introduction of a speed limit) that Level 3 vehicles may handle alone once their operational domain extends beyond driving in congested traffic. We also investigated the effect of an external marking via a visual external human–machine interface (eHMI), with participants being randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups (none, correct, incorrect marking). Participants experienced each driving scenario four times, twice with a human-driven vehicle (HDV), and twice with a CAV. After each interaction, participants rated perceived driving mode of the target vehicle as well as perceived safety and comfort. Minimum time headways between participants and target vehicles served as an indicator of safety criticality in the interactions. Results showed manual driver can distinguish CAVs from HDVs based on behavioral differences. In all driving scenarios, participants rated interactions with CAVs at least as safe as interactions with HDVs. The driving data analysis showed that manual driver interactions with CAVs were largely uncritical. However, the CAVs’ strict rule-compliance led to short time headways of following manual drivers in some cases. The eHMI used in this study neither affected the subjective ratings of the manual drivers nor their driving behavior in mixed traffic. Thus, the results do not support the use of eHMIs on the highway, at least not for the eHMI design used in this study.

Profiling the Enthusiastic, Neutral, and Sceptical Users of Conditionally Automated Cars in 17 Countries: A Questionnaire Study

The L3Pilot project tested SAE Level 3 (L3) conditionally automated driving functions addressing driving and travel behavior, impacts on safety, efficiency, environment and socio-economics, and user acceptance. To investigate individual variance in acceptance of conditionally automated cars, an online survey was performed among 18,631 respondents from 17 countries evaluating differences in age, gender, knowledge about the functionality of conditionally automated cars, awareness, information consumption behavior, and expected benefits of conditionally automated cars. Respondents were divided into Enthusiasts, Neutrals, and Sceptics differing in a high, moderate, and low acceptance of conditionally automated cars, respectively. Enthusiasts, Neutrals, and Sceptics differed most with regard to the expected benefits in the productive use of travel time, comfort, and safety of conditionally automated cars. Enthusiasts were male, younger, more knowledgeable about conditionally automated cars, more aware of automated cars, and more likely to receive information about automated cars from different sources, expecting improvements in the productive use of travel time, comfort, and safety due to conditionally automated cars. All groups were most knowledgeable about the lane keeping behavior of conditionally automated cars and least knowledgeable about the operation of conditionally automated cars in dedicated operational design domains. The results indicate that the communication and marketing of automated cars should create a realistic image of the capabilities and limitations of conditionally automated cars where user education programs should be harmonized to calibrate expectations and educate the public.

"We're Still Struggling a Bit to Actually Figure Out What That Means for Government": An Exploration of the Policy Capacity Required to Oversee Robot Technologies in Australia and New Zealand Care Services.

Many countries are experiencing a “care crisis” driven by increasing demand for care services alongside difficulties in recruiting and retaining an appropriate care workforce. One of the solutions offered to this is the use of robotic technologies. While there are several positives produced by robots, they are not without challenges and have the potential to be misused. History shows disruptive technologies require appropriate policy capacity for these to be effectively stewarded so that we can secure the positive gains of these without encountering potential harms. In this paper, we explore the types of policy capacity needed to oversee robotic technologies. Drawing on interviews with 35 key stakeholders involved with the implementation of robots in Australian and New Zealand care services, we identify the capabilities required at the individual, organisational, and systemic levels across the analytical, operational, and political domains. We found the respondents perceived a lack of policy capacity to oversee robotics in the government. However, these gaps are less in respect to technological skills and abilities and more in respect to the system’s impacts and effects of these technologies. We conclude by outlining a summary of the capabilities required to oversee robots in complex care systems.

2D distributions of potential and density mean-values and oscillations in the ECRH and NBI plasmas at the TJ-II stellarator

2D plasma potential ϕ distribution was measured in the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and neutral beam injection (NBI) plasmas of the TJ-II stellarator with the heavy ion beam probe for the whole radial range and wide area of the poloidal angle, and supported by Langmuir probe data at the edge. The whole operation domain for the on-axis ECRH was explored ( = 0.45–0.8 ×1019 m−3, P EC = 220–470 kW), in addition, NBI plasmas with = 0.9–1.3 × 1019 m−3 and P NBI = 510 kW were studied. In ECRH plasmas the density ramp-up is accompanied by the evolution of the potential from the bell-like to the Mexican hat profile, while the density profiles were flat or slightly hollow. The potential has the positive peak at the centre, and LFS-HFS (low field—high field sides) and up-down symmetry. Equipotential lines are consistent with vacuum magnetic flux surfaces. In the high-density NBI scenario, the ϕ profile was fully negative with a minimum up to −300 V at the centre, while at low-density ECRH plasma, ϕ has a maximum up to +0.9 kV at the centre. Fluctuations of potential and density are stronger in low-density scenarios and not poloidally symmetric. At the mid-radius (area of the maximum density), root mean square (RMS) of fluctuations were up to ϕ ∼ 15 V at LFS vs ∼20 V at HFS; RMS n e ∼ 2% at LFS vs ∼3% at HFS. In the NBI plasmas with the density rise, the asymmetry decreases and finally vanishing at = 1.2 × 1019 m−3. 2D distribution of the NBI-induced Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs) shows asymmetric ballooning structure: contrary to broadband turbulence, AE-associated potential perturbation dominates in the LFS with a factor up to 1.7 respect to the HFS. The electrostatic mode, excited in ECRH plasmas by suprathermal electrons also shows asymmetric structures: density perturbation dominates in the top-bottom direction compared to LFS-HFS direction.