Operation Diagram Research Articles

АНАЛИЗ И ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ МЕТОДОВ БИОМЕТРИЧЕСКОЙ АУТЕНТИФИКАЦИИ В АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННОЙ СИСТЕМЕ ЗАЩИТЫ РЕСУРСОВ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ

The work purpose consists in the efficiency increase of automated system operation for industrial enterprise resource protection at the expense of the optimization of authentication method application, in particular, biometric one. 
 To achieve the purpose it is necessary to solve the problem of efficient joint use of modern authentication methods, particularly, a static and dynamic biometric authentication. 
 But biometric methods are most expensive from the point of view of their realization. In this connection, within the limits of the paper there is carried out the analysis of modern methods of biological authentication from the point of view of a special order of introduction and joint use. 
 In the paper there is shown a classification of static and dynamic methods for biometric authentication, an example of method combination in the authentication module is presented, there are considered and analyzed the latest methods, in particular, those based on DNA investigations, thermograms of a face and hands (static), gestures (dynamic). 
 The work novelty consists in the presented diagram of authentication module operation. 
 As a conclusion it should be noted that modern authentication systems offer the application of a complex approach: use both biometric methods and other ones for authentication in modules, in particular, based on secret knowledge and material carrier possession. The approach mentioned will allow minimizing the errors of the first and the second kinds, increasing a general level of safety.

A Dynamic Comparison Sustainability Study of Standard Wastewater Treatment System in the Straw Pulp Papermaking Process and Printing & Dyeing Papermaking Process Based on the Hybrid Neural Network and Emergy Framework

Sustainability study of the standard wastewater treatment system is the pivotal procedure in the water protection field. In order to better study the sustainability of sewage treatment systems, wastewater treatment system of straw pulp papermaking (WTSPP) and wastewater treatment system of printing and dyeing and papermaking (WTPDP) have been selected to assess the sustainable level in China. Based on the hybrid neural network and emergy framework, WTSPP and WTPDP were considered and analyzed in this paper. Therein, three types of indicators were used to evaluate these two systems, including basic structure emergy indicators (BEI), functional emergy indicators (FEI), and eco-efficiency emergy indicators (EEI). Through the basic neural network model and detailed neural network model design, the iteration paths and algorithm operation diagram of WTSPP and WTPDP were designed and realized in this article. Primary contents include: (1) For WTSPP and WTPDP, nonrenewable resources emergy are both the primary contributor and account for roughly 62.5% and 53.7%, respectively. (2) As the important indicator group, the environmental loading ratio (ELR) is 176 in the WTSPP and 323 in the WTPDP, respectively. Emergy sustainability indicators (ESIs) in the WTSPP and WTPDP, are 0.015 and 0.014, respectively. (3) Depending on fluctuation degrees, WTSPP is better than WTPDP. The maximum fluctuation ranges of WTSPP and WTPDP are (3%, −27%) and (28%, 61%), respectively. (4) All neural network analysis results manifest that the emergy sustainability indicators (ESIs) of WTSPP and WTPDP are [0.0151, 0.011] and [0.0179, 0.0055] in view of a long-term predictive view, respectively.

Схемные решения подогрева резервуаров растительного масла, в том числе с использованием теплового насоса, в АО «Морской торговый порт Оля» Астраханской области

The paper presents the analysis of the heating system of the vegetable oil tanks at Sea Trade Port Olya, JSC. The heating circuit from the electric boiler is considered. There is described the method of replacing the boiler by a heating system with laying heating networks from the heating station, the disadvantages being identified. An alternative is proposed for replacing traditional methods of heating vegetable oil in tanks by introducing a heat pump that takes low potential energy for its operation from the Bakhtemir River, not far from the facility. The proposed option is quite effective and is not contrary to the “Energy Strategy of Russia for the period until 2030” regarding the use of promising technologies, including consumption of low-grade heat of natural sources. It has been found that today in the Russian Federation the capacity of heat pump units makes about 65 MW, while in developed countries the figures are much higher. About 1 billion Gcal of heat is generated in the world through heat pumps using the energy of rivers, ground, industrial wastes, etc. The advantages of a heat pump over fuel pumps are listed. Expressions of the energy balance and energy efficiency of the heat pump are presented. A diagram of a heating system using a heat pump is given. The basic operation diagram of a heat pump includes a submersible heat exchanger for a heat pump, oil storage tanks, a condenser, a compressor, a butterfly valve and an evaporator. Recommendations are given on implementation, operation and efficiency of the system. In addition to power efficiency of the proposed, the use of a heat pump is one of the practical trends in energy saving and environmental protection.

A homogeneous electrochemical DNA sensor on the basis of a self-assembled thiol layer on a gold support and by using tetraferrocene for signal amplification.

An unmodified electrochemical biosensor has been constructed, which can directly detect DNA in homogeneous solution. The synthesized new compound tetraferrocene was used for signal amplification. The dual-hairpin probe DNA was tagged with a tetraferrocene at the 3' terminal and a thiol at the 5' terminal. Without being hybridized with target DNA, the loop of probe prevented the thiol from contacting the exposed gold electrode surface with an applied potential. After hybridization with the target DNA, the loop-stem structure of the probe was opened, which led to the formation of thehairpin DNA structure. Afterwards, the thiol easily contacted the electrode and accomplished potential-assisted Au-S self-assembly. Its current signal depends on the concentration of target DNA in the 1.8 × 10-13 to 1.8 × 10-9M concentration range, and the detection limit is 0.14pM. The technique is a meaningful study because of its high selectivity and sensitivity. Graphical abstract Schematic diagram of the electrochemical DNA sensor operation. Target DNA and probe DNA hybridization, resulting in the disappearance of the steric hindrance of the probe stem ring. A higher signal was generated when tetraferrocene reached the electrode. The electrochemical signals were determined by differential voltammetric pulses (DPV).

Utilizing Band Diagrams to Interpret the Photovoltage and Photocurrent in Photoanodes: A Semiclassical Device Modeling Study

Photoelectrochemcial (PEC) cells offer a promising route for supplying the world’s population with sufficient energy in an environmentally friendly manner. However, inefficiency remains a major bottleneck towards the large-scale commercialization of PEC cells. The photovoltage and photocurrent serve as important design metrics when assessing the efficiency of photoanodes within PEC cells. However, to date wide disagreement persists regarding how the photovoltage should be physically interpreted; this lack of consensus is further coupled to physical interpretations of the photocurrent. In this work, we utilize state-of-the-art device modeling to help clarify the physical origins of both the photovoltage and photocurrent in photoanodes. Through a systematic examination of a model photoanode (hematite), we correlate directly measurable current-voltage characteristics with operational band diagrams. It is shown that by directly mapping specific operating points of either equal current or equal voltage (both illuminated and in the dark) to band diagram plots, one is able to obtain substantial insights regarding the physical nature of both the photocurrent and photovoltage. By aiding the community wide effort to arrive at a consensus on these concepts, we aim to further enable the design of higher efficiency photoanodes.

Erratum to: Development of a Blast Furnace Model with Thermodynamic Process Depiction by Means of the Rist Operating Diagram

Erratum to: Development of a Blast Furnace Model with Thermodynamic Process Depiction by Means of the Rist Operating Diagram

Automated Line for Post-Harvest Processing of Root Crops and Potatoes

In the process of post-harvest processing of root crops and potatoes in Russia, mechanical sortings of various types are used, which allows to separate the material according to the size criterion and removing impurities. The main requirement for this equipment is to ensure the quality and reliability of technological processes for the impurities separation and the root crops separation into fractions with minimal damage. (Research purpose) To improve the quality of potato tubers sorting using an automated line for post-harvest processing of root crops and potatoes, which allows to reduce their damage and ensure high accuracy of separation into fractions by size. (Materials and methods) The authors studied the automated process of root crops post-harvest processing. They developed approaches and basic technical, technological and constructive solutions aimed at improving the efficiency of root crops and potatoes post-harvest processing. To automate the root crops and potatoes processing, the authors installed the universal web camera Logitech HD Pro C920. They created a basic block diagram of the electronic line system operation. (Results and discussion) The authors clarified the size and mass characteristics of potato tubers with a total weight of 38 356 grams of Nevsky variety of the 2019 harvest and their shape coefficient. They developed design documentation. An experimental line was prepared for potato tubers post-harvest sorting with an original circuit diagram of the electronic system operation. The authors substantiated its design and operational-technological parameters. Practical studies of the automated line work were carried out in the Ryazan region on the basis of the Institute of Seed Production and Agrotechnologies – a branch of the Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM. (Conclusions) The authors determined that the developed automated line for root crops and potatoes post-harvest sorting thanks to digital technologies reduced labor costs by eliminating manual sorting, as well as improving the quality of potato tubers and the accuracy of sorting by size to 95-98 percent. It was revealed that damage to potato tubers did not exceed one percent.

Overview of Modulation Strategies for LLC Resonant Converter

In this article, based on the LLC resonant converter fundamental harmonic analysis model, the modulation strategies for LLC resonant converter can be categorized into the following three groups: 1) input voltage fundamental harmonic modulation; 2) resonant tank elements modulation; and 3) secondary equivalent impedance modulation. Operational principles and control diagrams for different modulation strategies are given. Comprehensive comparisons between these modulation strategies in terms of topology complexity, control complexity, and voltage gain range are presented with respect to the same system specifications. The advantages and disadvantages for each modulation strategy are summarized to provide guidance for engineers when analyzing and designing an LLC resonant converter. The hybrid modulation strategies are categorized into different groups based on the specific applications. Brief introductions of these hybrid modulation strategies are presented. Future trends regarding the modulation strategies of LLC resonant converters are presented.

On The Possibility of Improving the Reliability of Communication in Fiber Optic Systems with Spectral Compaction

In the article, the authors present a concrete example of a block diagram of a signal transmission device at WDM. Operation of this device with the representation of plots of pulse diagram of operation at standard characteristics of services and evaluation of their quality indicators depending on the fault tolerance in the whole system under study. Recommendations for practical use in various types of network topology are given. Spectral compaction technologies such as CWDM, DWDM, HDWDM, principles of construction of these technologies, as well as advantages and disadvantages are considered. The functional schemes of the signal transmission device and the functional scheme of the optical transceiver and the principle of operation of these devices are given. The frequency plan for CWDM systems is defined by ITU G. 694.2. The scope of CWDM technology is urban networks with a distance of up to 50 km. The advantage of this type of WDM systems is low (compared to other types) the cost of equipment due to lower requirements for the constituent equipment of the fiber optic network. The frequency plan for DWDM systems is defined by ITU G. 694.1. The field of application — backbone network. This kind of WDM systems has higher requirements for components than CWDM (radiation source spectrum width, source temperature stabilization, etc.). The impetus for the rapid development of DWDM networks was given by the appearance of inexpensive and efficient fiber erbium amplifiers (EDFA) operating in the range from 1525 to 1565 nm (the third window of transparency of quartz fiber). For simplicity, the model is limited to a frequency plan DWDM with a step of 100 GHz, and CWDM has eight main channels in the range of 1470-1610 nm. The calculations of reliability indicators of the basic version and the modified version of the signal transmission device are given.

АНАЛІЗ ВПЛИВУ ВИЩИХ ГАРМОНІК ПРИ ЖИВЛЕННІ АСИНХРОННОГО ДВИГУНА ВІД АВТОНОМНОГО ІНВЕРТОРА НАПРУГИ У SIMUL

Autonomous voltage inverters(AVI) of three-level and two-level topologies power supplying an induction motor are considered in this article. The influence of the carrier frequency and the structure of the AVI on the shape of the current sine wave is analyzed. A comparison of the values of the coefficient of nonlinear distortions under the same conditions is made. The results are obtained using FFT Analysis in Simulink. The parameters of the induction motor have been calculated, the transient torque, velocity, and current transients of the motor stator and rotor have been obtained and compared. During operation, the engine, besides useful work, releases heat. This effect accompanies it throughout its operation, but overheating shortens the overall life of the machine. The presence of harmonics in the applied voltage can lead to excessive heating. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to compare the topologies of autonomous voltage inverters and to evaluate the effect on electrical and electromechanical motor performance in transients. Three-level AVI diagram of operation is considered. Technique from the aricle by Moshchinsky et al. was used to obtain unknown engine parameters based on passport data. The transients in the asynchronous motor make it clear that the autonomous inverters of both topologies at the tested frequencies make Simulink motor model to speed up to a nominal speed with about equal efficiency, which does not eliminate the fact that the shape of the currents and the electromagnetic torque is significantly distorted. The state of the machine and the losses in the transitional as well as the steady modes require further, more detailed study in the context of other articles.

Development of a\xa0Blast Furnace Model with Thermodynamic Process Depiction by Means of the Rist Operating Diagram

This work represents an extended abstract of a study presented at the PRES 2016 conference. Despite the fact that alternative processes such as Corex® and Finex® have already been established on industrial scale, the blast furnace route continues to be the most important process used to produce pig iron. Due to its importance, a variety of models of the blast furnace process have been developed in the past decades. In addition to this, a well-established analogue representation of blast furnace operation is given by the Rist operating diagram. The target of this work was to create a comprehensive blast furnace model in the process simulation platform of gPROMS ModelBuilder®, which enables the description of interdependencies between the main blast furnace process, raceway conditions as well as the overall thermodynamic process conditions within a single mathematical model. As an example of possible applications of the developed model, a detailed analysis of the model behaviour under varying coke substitution scenarios was carried out in order to evaluate their CO2 abatement potentials.

Basic research for designing the erbium doped fiber amplifier in long distance cable communications

The paper presents some of the author results obtained in the research on the optical fiber amplifiers and Quantum Well (QW) laser diodes used in long distance optical communications as those transoceanic and other applications. Based on the mathematical models of the Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) and of the QW laser diodes, implemented in software (especially, MATHLAB and MATHCAD but also in SIMULINK and SPICE), we get the operational diagrams and parameters of the specified devices and structures. For example, the classic Runge-Kutta method hasbeen successfully used for numerical simulation of complex nonlinear dynamics in fiber optic lasers.The obtained results are important in the design and characterization of the optical fiber communication systems, as those of the optical cables used in the naval and civil engineering.

Coordinated demand response of rail transit load and energy storage system in considering driving comfort

Electric trains typically travel across the railway networks in an inter-provincial, inter-city and intra-city manner. The electric train generally serves as a load/source in tractive/brake mode, through which power networks and railway networks are closely coupled and mutually influenced. Based on the operational mode of rail trains and the characteristics of their load power, this paper proposes a coordinated optimal decisionmaking method of demand response for controllable load of rail trains and energy storage systems. First, a coordinated approach of dynamically adjusting the load of the controllable rail train in considering the driving comfort and energy storage battery is designed. Secondly, under the time conditions that satisfy the train's operational diagram, the functional relationship between the train speed and the load power is presented. Based on this, in considering the constraints of the train's arrival time, driving speed, motor power, and driving comfort, the capacity of energy storage batteries and other constraints, an optimization model for demand response in managing the traction power supply system under a two-part price and time-of-use (TOU) price is proposed. The objective is to minimize the energy consumption costs of rail transit trains, and optimize the speed trajectory of rail trains, the load power of traction system, and the output of energy storage batteries.

Experimental system for continuous monitoring of overhead power lines and substations insulation

This paper describes a system for monitoring the insulation condition of overhead power lines and substations based on sensors installed on towers and insulators. The sensors works on the capacitive coupling with an insulating structure and register the appearance and growing of electrical discharges near the insulators. The data from the sensors with a predetermined frequency (from 1 minute or more) are transmitted throw cellular communication to the operating service computer (smartphone) and presents as changing graphs on the screen. In this paper in operation and functional diagram of the system are proposed with described results of tests and experiments with manufactured product samples in laboratory and field conditions on an operating 110 kV line. The results of field experiments shows the advantages of the system to monitor the insulation in comparing with traditional diagnostic devices.

Analysis of the thermal efficiency of a compound parabolic Integrated Collector Storage solar water heater in Kerman, Iran

This paper presents an experimental study involving the design, manufacturing and testing of a prototype integrated collector storage (ICS) solar water heater (SWH) in combination with a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC). The thermal efficiency of the developed system is evaluated in Kerman (latitude 30.2907° N, longitude 57.0679° E), Iran. The developed system is intended to supply hot water for a family in remote rural areas. A 6-month experimental study was undertaken to investigate the performance of the ICS SWH system. The mean daily efficiency and overnight thermal loss coefficient of each experiment were analyzed to examine the appropriateness of these collectors for regions in Kerman. The results showed that mirror has the highest mean daily efficiency (66.7%), followed by steel sheet (47.6%) and aluminum foil (43.7%). The analysis of hourly and monthly operation diagrams for variations of water temperature for the developed ICS system showed that by increasing the amount of radiation entering the water heater, the thermal efficiency of the system decreases, such that the highest efficiency was in April and the lowest in July. With the distribution of radiation intensity in the months of August and September, the thermal efficiency of the system increased. This regional study illustrates how selecting a proper concentrator can increase the thermal efficiency of this solar-based system. It also shows how the temperature gradient between the ambient air and internal water in the storage tank can influence the performance of such systems, and how a controlled amount of hot water withdrawal can affect the system’s efficiency. Developing the ICSSWH system is an ideal sustainable solution in countries that benefit from a large amount of solar intensity.

Reasons For The Collapse Of Bearing Structures Of The Steel Silo: Design Errors

The problems of choosing the optimal design of a steel silo according to economic and technical indicators are analyzed. The design features of the silos with a flat base are given and the schematic diagram of the metal elements operation of the silo of this type as part of the overall design is described. It is emphasized that when designing the silos it is necessary to have the skills and experience of calculating these structures due to the specifics of their design. The calculation of metal structures of the silo is considered. The method of determining the loads acting on these structures in accordance with the current design standards is shown. The results of determining the efforts in wall panels of the silo obtained manually and with the help of finite element software complex LIRA SOFT 10.8 are presented. The estimation of bearing capacity of elements of metal designs of the silo and their connections among themselves is made. On the basis of the calculation results and survey materials, the causes of the collapse of the silo metal structures are analyzed, photos of the consequences of the collapse are presented. Recommendations on prevention of emergency situations connected with mistakes of silos designing are made.

Implementation of gas-phase kinetic model for the optimization of the ethylene oxide production

The direct epoxidation of light olefins is a key process of the chemical industry. However, several concerns regarding industrial and safety aspects, such as the occurrence of runaway reactions and the relevance of side reactions reducing process selectivity, are still under investigation.To this aim, a reactor operation diagram was obtained under process relevant conditions, allowing for the identification of runaway, hot spots and pseudo adiabatic operation regions by using several criteria and kinetic models. Indeed, catalytic only or complete (catalytic + non-catalytic) kinetic mechanisms were adopted to this aim. The selection of different runaway criteria was found to be negligible on the region boundaries. On the contrary, significant discrepancies were observed for hot spot region boundaries and between catalytic and complete models.An in-depth analysis, based on thermodynamic and kinetic models, was performed to individuate the optimized operative conditions. Flammability limits were estimated by applying the limiting laminar burning velocity theory, in case of different inert composition and initial temperature.The results indicate that a decrease in the operative temperature has the potential to either reduce the capital costs or increase process safety. Furthermore, the proposed approach can be intended as a supporting procedure for the selection of process alternatives and reactor design.

Utilizing Band Diagrams To Interpret the Photovoltage and Photocurrent in Photoanodes: A Semiclassical Device Modeling Study

The photovoltage and photocurrent both serve as important design metrics when assessing the performance of photoanodes within photoelectrochemical cells. However, to date, wide disagreement persists (even in the recent literature) regarding how the photovoltage should be physically interpreted; this lack of consensus is further coupled to physical interpretations of the photocurrent. In this work, we utilize state-of-the-art device modeling to help clarify the physical origins of both the photovoltage and photocurrent in photoanodes. Our methodology is based on directly solving the governing electron and hole continuity equations, coupled self-consistently with Poisson’s equation, with appropriate boundary conditions. Through a systematic examination of a model photoanode, hematite, we correlate directly measurable current–voltage characteristics with operational band diagrams. It is shown that, by directly mapping specific operating points of either equal current or equal voltage (both illuminated and in the dark) to band diagram plots, one is able to obtain substantial insights into the physical nature of both the photocurrent and photovoltage. Throughout this analysis, the fundamental distinction between electrostatic and electrochemical perturbations under arising illumination is underscored. By aiding the community-wide effort to arrive at a consensus on these concepts, we aim to further enable the design of higher-efficiency photoanodes.

Metro Passenger Flow Forecast with a Novel Markov-Grey Model

Accurate forecasts of passenger flow entering and leaving metro stations is an important work for Metro operation management, such as for the automatic adjustment of train operation diagrams or station passenger crowd regulation planning measures. In this study, Grey theory is introduced to develop a time series GM (1, 1) model for total passenger forecasting. Two modification factors determined by two minimum mean square error principles are proposed to decrease the discreteness of input data and thus improve the forecast accuracy. Moreover, the Markov chain approach is further used to optimize the residual error series. Passenger flow data entering and leaving the Xiaozhai station of Xi'an Metro Line 2 from September 1-30, 2015, were utilized to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method; the forecast results show that this novel Markov-Grey model performs well in terms of forecast accuracy with smaller SMSE and MAPE values. To this effect, the proposed method is especially well-suited to smooth passenger flow forecasting compared to other forecast techniques.

Study into Improvement of the Hatch Covers of General-Purpose Open Wagons to Provide Strength under Operational Loading Diagrams

The article presents the results of research into the strength of the hatch covers of general-purpose open wagons. It was detected that strength of the standard hatch covers is not provided in operational loading diagrams. Therefore, new designs of the hatch covers for open wagons were proposed. The results of the strength calculation, implemented with the finite element method, make it possible to conclude that at basic and additional operational loading diagrams the strength values for proposed designs of hatch covers do not exceed the admissible values. The research conducted can contribute to a higher strength of the carrying structures of the bodies of general-purpose open wagons in operation, thus, guaranteeing a higher operational efficiency of the rail transport.