Maritime Traffic in Brazilian Jurisdictional Waters (BJW) is essential for trade, research, and recreational activities. However, it requires strict compliance with national and international regulations to ensure navigational safety, protect human life at sea, and preserve the marine environment. This abstract addresses the challenges and procedures related to the enforcement and application of these regulations. The objective of this work is to highlight the importance of maritime surveillance in BJW and how it contributes to maintaining a safe waterway environment. To achieve this goal, we examined legislation, the roles of maritime authorities, and inspection procedures, emphasizing the roles of naval inspectors at diferente levels. The methodology involved the analysis of regulations, laws, and documents related to waterway traffic safety, as well as the description of activities performed by naval inspectors at different levels of operation. We also highlighted the administrative measures and penalties that can be imposed in case of violations. To summarize, maritime surveillance plays a fundamental role in maintaining navigational safety, preventing environmental pollution, and protecting human life at sea in Brazilian Jurisdictional Waters. Through this constant surveillance, waterway traffic in BJW can be conducted efficiently and safely.