In the history of modern music the first performance of Der Ring des Nibelungen at Bayreuth in August 1876 was an event without precedent or parallel. Never had the premiere of a musical work taken place under such unique circumstances and before such an audience. Nor had any previous musical composition demanded so much of the listener, who was required to keep in mind not only the content of four complex and highly symbolic poems, but also the ninety Leitmotive which unify the work structurally into an architectonic whole. Because the new work was such a radical break with traditional operatic form, critical opinion was divided. Even those who disliked it, however, realized that it was an important milestone in the history of opera, and that the name of its composer was henceforth to be reckoned with. From that time on anyone interested in contemporary art simply had to come to terms with Wagner and his music, for, as Nietzsche points out in Der Fall Wagner, Wagner was modern art.' For several decades after his death he continued to be the most prominent figure in contemporary art in Germany, and Thomas Mann was only one of many there who succumbed to the appeal of his emotionally charged music dramas. Mann's enthusiasm dates back to the years when he heard Gerhiuser, the great Heldentenor, in