Open-source Electronic Platform Research Articles

Lógica de programação através da robótica: Uso do Scratch e Arduino para criação de robôs e projetos interativos

This article investigates the teaching of programming logic through robotics, using Scratch and Arduino for the creation of robots and interactive projects. Through a literature review, we examine the advantages and challenges of this approach, highlighting how the integration of visual programming tools and hardware can enrich student learning. The integration of Scratch and Arduino in education emerges as an innovative approach to teaching programming logic. Scratch, a visual programming language, and Arduino, an open-source electronics platform, provide students with a dynamic and interactive learning environment. Through hands-on projects and real-time feedback, students can explore abstract concepts in a tangible way, enhancing their understanding and knowledge retention. Despite the challenges, such as teacher training and the availability of resources, the benefits of using Scratch and Arduino outweigh the difficulties, providing students with engaging and meaningful learning experiences. This article reviews the literature on the use of Scratch and Arduino in education, highlighting their contributions to programming education and project-based learning. The results indicate that the use of Scratch and Arduino promotes a dynamic and engaging learning environment, facilitating the understanding of programming and electronics concepts. Future research should focus on strategies to improve teacher education and expand access to these tools, ensuring that all students have the opportunity to develop essential digital literacy skills. By empowering students to become creators and innovators, Scratch and Arduino pave the way for a future where technology is not only understood, but is also actively shaped and utilized for positive change.

DIY Ventilator Using Arduino: Review

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, brought with it an unprecedented surge in the demand for ventilators. The resultant shortage of these life-saving medical devices exposed a critical gap in healthcare systems worldwide. In response, a global community of DIY enthusiasts, engineers, and healthcare professionals initiated projects aimed at designing and developing DIY ventilators. Many of these projects have harnessed the accessibility, affordability, and versatility of Arduino microcontrollers, an open-source electronics platform. The proposed system aims to fulfill the need of the portable ventilators by providing:  Cost effective  Easily accessible to everyone  Production Locally This comprehensive review paper delves deeply into these DIY ventilator projects, specifically those incorporating Arduinobased solutions, with a primary focus on their design principles, functionalities, safety considerations, regulatory compliance, technological advancements, and the associated challenges and opportunities. The analysis presented in this review is drawn from a wide range of references, including peer-reviewed articles, guidance documents, and original research.

Cryologger Ice Tracking Beacon: A Low-Cost, Open-Source Platform for Tracking Icebergs and Ice Islands.

Icebergs and ice islands (large, tabular icebergs) present a significant hazard to marine vessels and infrastructure at a time when demand for access to Arctic waters is increasing. There is a growing demand for in situ iceberg tracking data to monitor their drift trajectories and improve models used for operational forecasting of ice hazards, yet the high cost of commercial tracking devices often prevents monitoring at optimal spatial and temporal resolutions. Here, we provide a detailed description of the Cryologger Ice Tracking Beacon (ITB), a low-cost, robust, and user-friendly data logger and telemeter for tracking icebergs and ice islands based on the Arduino open-source electronics platform. Designed for deployments of at least 2 years with an hourly sampling interval that is remotely modifiable by the end user, the Cryologger ITB provides long-term measurements of position, temperature, pressure, pitch, roll, heading, and battery voltage. Data are transmitted via the Iridium satellite network at user-specified intervals. We present the results of field campaigns in 2018 and 2019, which saw the deployment of 16 ITBs along the coasts of Greenland and Ellesmere and Baffin islands. The overall success of these ITB deployments has demonstrated that inexpensive, open-source hardware and software can provide a reliable and cost-effective method of monitoring icebergs and ice islands in the polar regions.

THE MAKING OF AN AUTOMATIC DOG FEEDING DEVICE WITH THE USE OF ARDUINO UNO AND SERVO MOTOR

As individuals continue to live busy lifestyles, neglect remains prevalent among dog owners. Therefore, malnutrition among dogs, caused by improper feeding habits, remains a rampant issue worldwide. The main objective of this study is to create an automatic dog feeding device out of Arduino Uno and Servo Motor. For the purpose of dog food dispensing, the Arduino Uno, an open-source electronics platform based on simple hardware and software, was used in the servo motor operations. Thus, the device utilized two main components Methodology: The researchers utilized the experimental design of research as well as the quantitative method. The results of the study show the dispensing capabilities of the automatic dog feeding device under increasing loads. Additionally, the servo motor’s dispensing precision was proved with slight deviations from the expected weight to the actual weight averages. Moreover, the Arduino Uno’s dispensing accuracy and its reliability was tested wherein the device dispensed on cue with minimal deviations in time. The results demonstrated that the automatic dog feeding device can effectively dispense dog food meeting the various criteria tested. The discussion states the significant contribution of this study toward pet care technology and the field of engineering. Asserting that the findings of this study allow for better understanding of the role of technology in the pet industry. Lastly, in accordance with the limitations of the study, it is recommended that the design and functionality of the device may be enhanced and improved by later researchers.

Development of a low-cost robotized 3D-prototype for automated optical microscopy diagnosis: An open-source system.

In a clinical context, conventional optical microscopy is commonly used for the visualization of biological samples for diagnosis. However, the availability of molecular techniques and rapid diagnostic tests are reducing the use of conventional microscopy, and consequently the number of experienced professionals starts to decrease. Moreover, the continuous visualization during long periods of time through an optical microscope could affect the final diagnosis results due to induced human errors and fatigue. Therefore, microscopy automation is a challenge to be achieved and address this problem. The aim of the study is to develop a low-cost automated system for the visualization of microbiological/parasitological samples by using a conventional optical microscope, and specially designed for its implementation in resource-poor settings laboratories. A 3D-prototype to automate the majority of conventional optical microscopes was designed. Pieces were built with 3D-printing technology and polylactic acid biodegradable material with Tinkercad/Ultimaker Cura 5.1 slicing softwares. The system's components were divided into three subgroups: microscope stage pieces, storage/autofocus-pieces, and smartphone pieces. The prototype is based on servo motors, controlled by Arduino open-source electronic platform, to emulate the X-Y and auto-focus (Z) movements of the microscope. An average time of 27.00 ± 2.58 seconds is required to auto-focus a single FoV. Auto-focus evaluation demonstrates a mean average maximum Laplacian value of 11.83 with tested images. The whole automation process is controlled by a smartphone device, which is responsible for acquiring images for further diagnosis via convolutional neural networks. The prototype is specially designed for resource-poor settings, where microscopy diagnosis is still a routine process. The coalescence between convolutional neural network predictive models and the automation of the movements of a conventional optical microscope confer the system a wide range of image-based diagnosis applications. The accessibility of the system could help improve diagnostics and provide new tools to laboratories worldwide.

Program control of obstacle avoidance and bridging cars at different angles

This design aims to solve the problem of being unable to move forward due to obstacles during earthquakes. Through this program, unmanned vehicles can adjust their angles by identifying obstacles. This article uses Arduino software for programming, achieving automatic recognition of programs from different angles. Thus achieving precise angle control and exploring the differences in programs from different perspectives. Compared to traditional manual driving, unmanned obstacle avoidance vehicles can reduce risks and accidents, thereby improving road safety. In the event of an earthquake, there may be obstacles such as building collapse and accumulation on the road, which brings difficulties and risks to the driving of vehicles. Through this design, unmanned vehicles can use sensors such as lasers or cameras to perceive the surrounding environment in real-time, and use algorithms to determine and recognize the position and shape of obstacles. Once an obstacle is found, the unmanned vehicle will automatically adjust its angle to bypass or cross the obstacle, ensuring the safe driving of the vehicle. The design uses Arduino software for programming, which is an open source electronic prototype platform with easy to learn and use features. By programming, unmanned vehicles can be accurately controlled based on different angles and obstacle shapes. This can improve the maneuverability and adaptability of unmanned vehicles, enabling them to flexibly respond to various road conditions and obstacles.

Artificial Intelligence in STEM Education: Interactive Handson Environment using Open Source Electronic Platforms

This article describes an interactive methodology to teach Artificial Intelligence (AI) through the contructivism philosophy of learning by doing, using, open source electronic platforms, like Arduino, Snap Circuits, Raspberry Pi and Circuit Playground, with an interactive hands-on approach Workshops. These are provided to high school and non-engineering students by (previously trained) engineering students volunteers. The methodology proposed is designed to highlight, in different learning activities, key concepts about Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI abstractes the human intelligence processes through algorithms and computer systems, taking advantage of the amount of data generated nowadays to create innovative, effective, efficient, accurate and at low cost solutions, applied in different fields. The main purpose is to motivate the participants to explode its creativity, improving their innovation skills to provide solutions for XXI century problems, better quality of life, health, among others. A survey will be conducted for the students to find insights about effectiveness of the proposed methodology to better acquire knowledge about AI knowledge. We encourage instructors to use similar interactive hands-on methodologies and to include AI concepts with STEM activities into general education courses. Other concerns of AI, is about the fairness of these algorithms, the inclusion and diversity is a key player in how these systems are built, and it can have consequences as the person perspective when building it The idea of the need for diversity and inclusion of the AI field.

Technology for Alcoholic Detection and Accident Prevention

According to risk assessments of getting into an accident, drinking, and driving are one of the leading causes of motor vehicle accidents. Eliminating drunk drivers off the road might potentially save many lives. This article proposes a straightforward in-vehicle alcohol detection system that analyses data from six MQ-3 alcohol sensors using an optimizable shallow neural network (O-SNN). The results of the experimental evaluation show a high-performance detection system, which has a detection accuracy of 99.8% and an inferencing delay of 2.22 seconds. The proposed model may therefore be successfully applied in the Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety (DADSS) system, which seeks to broadly deploy alcohol-sensing devices, to precisely identify in-vehicle alcohol with minimum inference overhead. 75% of all crashes are the result of drunk driving. Based on recent government research, drunk driving is at fault for 75% of all accidents on the road. Every 40 to 70 minutes, an accident occurs in smaller cities. According to government estimates, not using a seat belt results in 100 accidents and 25–27 fatalities. This project is constructed using the open-source electronics platform Arduino. It can read data from light sensors and convert it into outputs that start a motor. As a result, there is limited inference regarding drinking in vehicles. The suggested approach might be used to correctly identify drivers who are under the influence of alcohol.

Security Evaluation of Arduino Projects Developed by Hobbyist IoT Programmers

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on cheap hardware and the easy-to-use software Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Nowadays, because of its open-source nature and its simple and accessible user experience, Arduino is ubiquitous and used among hobbyist and novice programmers for Do It Yourself (DIY) projects, especially in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain. Unfortunately, such diffusion comes with a price. Many developers start working on this platform without having a deep knowledge of the leading security concepts in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Their applications, often publicly available on GitHub (or other code-sharing platforms), can be taken as examples by other developers or downloaded and used by non-expert users, spreading these issues in other projects. For these reasons, this paper aims at understanding the current landscape by analyzing a set of open-source DIY IoT projects and looking for potential security issues. Furthermore, the paper classifies those issues according to the proper security category. This study's results offer a deeper understanding of the security concerns in Arduino projects created by hobbyist programmers and the dangers that may be faced by those who use these projects.

THE USE OF A CAR WINDSHIELD RUBBER BLADE TO MAKE A MOTORIZED WHITEBOARD ERASER

Innovation from scrap materials can go beyond expectations. For this reason, the objective of this study is to create a motorized whiteboard eraser out of a car windshield rubber blade from a broken car. With the help of Arduino Uno and Arduino Interface, an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software, was able to help read the coding and inputs in causing the wiper move with a switch, battery and motor. The results of the study showed that the time of executing the command was 0.35 seconds after turning the switch on, while the distance covered in centimeters by the motorized whiteboard eraser was 75cm. It is also noted that after four rounds of horizontal swiping directions it had totally erased the writings on the whiteboard. Further, in terms of the speed of erasing the writings, the shortest time was 0.0852 miles per hour. Proving its efficacy on erasing various percentages of shaded parts it is recorded that in 50% shaded part it took a minute and six seconds, while in 75% shaded part it took one minute and 20 seconds, lastly, in a 100% shaded it could totally be erased in a span of one minute and 36 seconds. As a result, it is recommended to increase the speed of the motorized whiteboard eraser by utilizing a bigger motor with a higher RPM capacity. Moreover, it is advised that the whiteboard eraser be improved in order for the rubber blade to entirely adhere itself to the whiteboard in order to have less constraints on erasing. It is also recommended that you choose a lighter material than PVC in order for the eraser to operate smoothly.

Arduino in agriculture and the teaching of mathematics

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform designed for creating interactive projects. Arduino agriculture refers to the practice of using Arduino microcontrollers in the field of agriculture. In agriculture, Arduino is commonly used for various applications such as automated irrigation systems, soil moisture monitoring, temperature and humidity control, plant health monitoring, and more. By the other hand using Arduino in mathematics teaching can be an innovative and engaging way to enhance students' understanding and practical application of mathematical concepts. Teaching mathematics through Arduino in agriculture offers several benefits: The aim of this work is to show that the applications of the Arduino board are very varied, and that it can be used efficiently in the teaching of mathematics, relating both disciplines agriculture and mathematics. From the unsystematic and elementary literature review, it can be concluded that there are enough research options, in which application projects in agriculture and livestock are implemented using the Arduino board and that can also be used for teaching mathematics, thus fulfilling the objective of this work is to highlight the possibility of the aforementioned. Therefore, it is suggested to follow this line of research that promises to be very productive.

UV germicidal rays working with timer and motion sensors

As a result of coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic, the public has become actively involved in bodily sanitation. The “New Normal” lifestyle now focuses on cleanliness and disinfection to prevent the spread of germs. This research designed and programmed a microcontroller for a UVC disinfection system using an Arduino board as an open-source electronic platform operated with a motion sensor (PIR) and timer control module (RTC). The optical properties of an 8 Watt (W) UVC source were measured. The four UVC sources investigated had wavelengths ranging from 251 to 577 nm. A UVC wavelength of 251 nm eradicates germs but also destroys tissues and is harmful to humans. Experimental result showed that UVC intensity decreased with distance from the source according to the exponential decay function. A control system, installed inside a building to kill germs when there are no humans or pets, can control UVC light source operation with a maximum power of 2kW. Operational time can be adjusted by setting on the control case, while as an additional level of safety, the system can be turned off if a motion sensor detects movement. Movement detection distance at an angle of -90 to 90 degrees was recorded. Result gave 11 m detection distance at an angle of 0 degrees, with more than 3 m detection distance at -45 to 45 degrees, as suitable for installation above a door. This timer and motion sensor-operated UV germicidal ray system can be safely deployed to keep rooms germs free.

FEEDING SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS USING AN OPEN-SOURCE ELECTRONIC PROTOTYPE PLATFORM

This article sought to present a study of an automatic feeder for domestic animals in cases of absence of the owner, serving water and feed, using an open-source software and hardware electronic prototyping platform, that is, without any obstacle related to patents and generally relatively low cost. The motivation for this work is due to the fact that we are looking for a low-cost open-source solution for an efficient system with functions to guarantee the ability to control and monitor this feeding, being an essential security method and can be used for every domestic pet. The methodology consists of approaching the functions of each component of this system and their integration, resulting in a demonstration by simulation with the assembly of the project, executing the feeding of food and water as planned. It concludes with the demonstration that the project is feasible, making it an incipient solution for others, such as feeding systems for larger animals, using appropriate programs and components.

Design and prototyping of an automated didactic medicine dispenser

This project focuses on the principles of Arduino UNO, which is an open-source electronic platform that helps build a wide variety of projects without having expert programming knowledge. It is known that medicine, treatments and medications in general are constantly evolving thanks to the advancement of technology and science; therefore, this project has focused on that area through the construction of a medical dispenser that can contribute to the experience of the employees and the user. Each user will have an identification document with their predefined treatments and medications so that they can personally purchase all these products by simply placing their card near the dispenser, it will read the information and return the product. In short, having an Arduino as the brain of this project can facilitate any day-to-day task and help create devices that can regulate any dispensing process, reduce costs, and help people get their product without waiting too many hours in a hospital, primary reason for the construction of this project.

Applications of Mixed Reality with Unity and Arduino

: in a fast-developing world of augmented reality and virtual reality, where advancement in both AR and VR has been unprecedent. there is a case to be made with mixed reality also. Basically, mixed reality a form of augmented reality where physical interactions can be made with computer generated objects placed in the user’s environment using physical input methods. This can have a profound impact on the way augmented reality application are developed and can open a world of endless possibilities for AR applications.
 In this paper, a study of mixed reality application development is carried out using Unity as a development environment for mixed reality applications, along with Arduino for the development of different input/output methods used within the experience.
 Unity is a game development engine that can be utilized to develop AR/VR/MR applications. The extensive toolkit in Unity enables developers to create applications with 3d models that can be experienced though AR glasses or devices capable of AR. Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Using Arduino microcontrollers and a variety of sensors, input and output methods, AR experiences can be made interactable physically.

A Calibration Technique for Bi-axial Shake Tables with Stepper Motor

Shaking tables are frequently used to determine the dynamic behavior of structures in the laboratory environment. In order to obtain realistic results in experimental studies, table response and performance should be consistent with the desired motion. In this multidisciplinary study, an application of a new method for determining and calibrating the mechanical response of a developed bi-axial displacement controlled shake table according to the desired motion data is presented. The bi-axial shake table's electro-mechanical components consist of stepper motors, ball screw sets, linear ball bearings, and linear potentiometers positioned on both axes for displacement measurements. For the control and data acquisition (DAQ) unit of the shake table, an open-source electronic prototyping platform Arduino was used. From several experimental results, it was seen that, with the presented calibration method, harmonic and earthquake simulations could be achieved with a relative root mean square error (relative RMS error) of less than 5% for desired displacement-time histories.

Construction of a Rotation Acquisition System using Arduino and Scada Supervisory Software

This work presents the development and implementation of a System for Acquisition of Rotations composed of an open-source Arduino electronic prototyping platform and a Supervision and Data Acquisition System (SCADA). This system obtains instantaneous values for frequency, linear velocity, and angular velocity, and the graphical representation of said instantaneous values is in real-time. Thus, the proposed system is a mediator of learning for the teaching of Circular Movement Uniform, with theoretical/practical interaction essential in classes for understanding the content.

A low-cost, accessible, and high-performing Arduino-based seawater pH control system for biological applications

In the last two decades, the need for seawater pH control methodologies paralleled the rise in attention to the biological impacts of ocean acidification. Many effective and high-performing systems have been created, but they are often expensive, complex, and difficult to establish. We developed a system that is similarly high performing, but at a low cost and with a simple and accessible design. This system is controlled by an Arduino Nano, an open-source electronics platform, which regulates the flow of CO2 gas through electric solenoid valves. The Arduino and other inexpensive materials total ∼$150 (plus CO2 gas and regulator), and a new treatment can be added for less than $35. Easy-to-learn code and simple wire-to-connect hardware make the design extremely accessible, requiring little time and expertise to establish. The system functions with a variety of pH probes and can be adapted to fit a variety of experimental designs and organisms. Using this set up, we were able to constrain seawater pH within a range of 0.07 pH units. Our system thus maintains the performance and adaptability of existing systems but expands their accessibility by reducing cost and complexity.

EDUROVs: A Low Cost and Sustainable Remotely Operated Vehicles Educational Program

EDUROV is an educational underwater robot proposal from the researchers of the Oceanic Platform of Canary Islands (PLOCAN) and the Computer Vision and Robotics research group of the University of Girona (VICOROB), launched in January 2012 with the support of the Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (FECyT). This program has evolved in the last decade in order to make it more sustainable, allowing the teleoperation of underwater vehicles from anywhere in the world. EDUROVs have passed through several phases, beginning with a basic electronics robot, followed by the incorporation of open-source electronic prototyping platforms and finally reaching the current state of teleoperation. Results based on 1–5 Likert scale questions show that both students and teachers consider the program useful to introduce technical and scientific concepts. It is concluded that the use of low-cost materials and tools that are easy to obtain, following education on sustainability approaches, also makes them possible for use in high schools, and science teachers can easily carry out the activity. Moreover, the possibility of remote teleoperation of underwater vehicles, together with the collaboration among groups of students in different locations that are in contact through these online tools, allows one to motivate students to work on the project from a different perspective.

Design of Interactive Device on Climate Warming Based on Arduino, an Open-source Hardware

Nowadays, new media art has flourished as the focus of contemporary art and its creative potential has been greatly unlocked by Arduino, a convenient and fast open-source electronic prototyping platform. It is the application of Arduino that makes artworks more dynamic and appealing, so it is easier for viewers to resonate with the emotions that the artworks convey. Moreover, as the relationship between human society and the ecological environment has become increasingly closer, environmental issues have sparked heated discussions, in which designers and artists also participate with their unique artistic language. The device, “City Countdown”, stands as an artistic creation and it is designed in accordance with the reflection on the current global warming and is supported by Arduino, an open-source hardware platform. This artwork intends to achieve the interaction between viewers and itself, so as to guide people to realize the negative impact of human activities on climate change, and to further reflect on the today’s human life.