Opening Statement Research Articles

Jurors Who Lie on Voir Dire

You have spent several hours selecting a jury in a civil case. In accordance with the usual Maryland procedure, the jurors were sworn and the trial judge conducted the voir dire, permitting counsel to ask only a few follow-up questions. One question the court asked the potential jurors is whether they ever have been a plaintiff or defendant in a civil or criminal case. Some answer affirmatively and are questioned at the bench. Others remain silent. A jury is selected.Overnight, you discover that three of the jurors have failed to disclose their prior involvement in litigation. The next morning, you bring this to the attention of the court. Further voir dire is conducted and each of the jurors, after some prodding, admits their litigation histories. One says he didn’t hear the question. One says she thought that since her litigation had been resolved several years ago, there was no need to disclose it. The third provides no excuse. You have already used your peremptory challenges. Accordingly, you now challenge the three jurors for cause. You tell the judge that because neither opening statements nor any evidence have yet been presented, now is the time to replace these jurors.

Historic Cities and the Venice Charter: Contributions to the Sustainable Preservation of Urban Heritage

The Preservation of Urban Heritage: An Idea from Modern TimesThe Opening statements of the International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites-commonly known as The Venice Charter 1964-tell us about the scope and depth of its origins. They express the concern for history and its material expressions, which is:Imbued with a message from the past, the historic monuments of generations of people remain to the present day as living witnesses of their age-old traditions.1They articulate the universality of the values of this heritage.People are becoming more and more conscious of the unity of human values and regard ancient monuments as a common heritage.2With these considerations in mind, the charter articulates the challenge for architects and technicians of historic monuments gathered in 1964 in Venice as holding:The common responsibility to safeguard ... [the historic monuments] . .. for future generations . .. [and] ... to hand them on in the full richness of their authenticity.3In its conceptual makeup, the charter is a product of its time. It is strongly influenced by the ideals of the international movement in architecture and is the embodiment of a reaction to the romantic reconstruction and improvement approach used by the conservators of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This is evident in the charter's call for the recourse to all the sciences in the practice of conservation and restoration in Article 2, and it is also present in many of its detailed recommendations. A few are worth mentioning: the monuments should be intervened with minimally, and any intervention should show respect for the original materials (Article 9); and when interventions are needed, each should bear a clear contemporary stamp so as to differentiate it from the monument's original material(s) and/or design (Article 9).The charter also departed from the early tradition that focused on the preservation of an individual monument and recognized in Articles 1, 6, 7, and 14 that the preservation of a monument should also encompass the preservation of its setting. Moreover, it indicates in Article 5 that the preservation of a monument is facilitated if it is put to some socially useful purpose.4 The Venice Charter provided scholars and practitioners with internationally agreed upon principles to guide the preservation and restoration of ancient buildings, but allowed each country to apply the established principles within the framework of its own culture and traditions.Much has happened in fifty years and it is most appropriate to take a fresh look at the Venice charter. The focus here is to trace the charter's contribution to the study and practice of urban heritage preservation and the challenges that the profession currently faces. This endeavor, however, would be incomplete if no proper consideration were given to the different charters, norms, recommendations, conventions, resolutions, and other documents approved by ICOMOS and UNESCO in the last fifty years that expanded the scope of the international concern for our material and intangible heritage and provided guidelines for its preservation. The list is long and varied, each making its unique contribution to expand the scope of the concern for material heritage. This is the case for the Nara Document on Authenticity of 1994, which provides this broad perspective and stresses that authenticity is the essential, qualifying factor concerning the values of heritage. It specifies that authenticity includes the monument's form and design, materials and substance, use and function, traditions and techniques, location and setting, and spirit and feeling. Most of the other documents further expand the concepts of urban heritage preservation from individual monuments to neighborhoods and towns.The Preservation of Historic Neighborhoods and Towns: A Growing ConcernThe recommendations of the Burra Charter of 1979 extend beyond the individual monument and include the preservation of places of cultural significance. …

A Practitioner’s Perspective on the Kenya I and Kenya II Cases Before the ICC

On 10 September 2013 the International Criminal Court (ICC) began hearing a case against William Ruto, Deputy President of the Republic of Kenya, and Joshua Sang. The related case against the President of Kenya, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, was scheduled to begin in November 2013 but has since been postponed until October 2014. Both cases are noteworthy since they are the first against sitting politicians. Unsurprisingly, they have not been without controversy. These trials are challenging for the Court, not least because the Kenyan government recently passed a resolution withdrawing from the ICC and repealing its domestic legislation criminalizing international crimes, arguing that Kenya needed to restore it sovereignty and resist neo-colonialism. Although this withdrawal does not affect the current cases before the Court, it certainly makes cooperation with Kenya for the purpose of further investigations more difficult. Karim A.A. Khan, QC, formerly the defense counsel of Muthaura and currently the lead defense counsel of Ruto, raised these issues in an interview taking place one week before his opening statements in the Kenya I case. These same issues and concerns were also raised with Adesola Adeboyejo a lead prosecutor in the Kenya II case in December 2013.

ON BEING A CLIENT

Last month a social worker whom I had never met, and with whom I was having my first contact as a client (per telephone) said to me, as an opening statement, “Well, first of all I need to tell you that I think you are crazy!”

Pragmatic Aspects of Personal Pronouns in Courtroom Discourse

Aiming to shed light on the under-studied monologic genre of the opening statement, this research explicates how lawyers position themselves in...

Management of dry eye in UK pharmacies.

To investigate the ability of pharmacy staff in the United Kingdom (UK) to diagnose and treat dry eye. A mystery shopper technique to simulate a patient with presumed dry eye was used in 50 pharmacy practices in major towns and cities across the UK. Pharmacies were unaware of their involvement in the study. With the exception of a predetermined opening statement to initiate the consultation, no further information was volunteered. Questions asked, diagnoses given, management strategy advised and staff type was recorded immediately after the consultation. The mean number of questions was 4.5 (SD 1.7; range 1-10). The most common question was the duration of symptoms (56%) and the least common was whether the patient had a history of headaches (2%). All pharmacy staff gave a diagnosis, but the majority were incorrect (58%), with only 42% correctly identifying dry eye. Treatment was advised by 92% of pharmacy staff, with the remaining 8% advising referral directly to the patient's GP or optometrist. Dry eye treatments involved topical ocular lubrication via eye drops (90%) and lipid based sprays (10%). However, only 10% gave administration advice, 10% gave dosage advice, 9% asked about contact lens wear, and none offered follow up although 15% also advised GP or optometrist referral. There is a need for improved ophthalmological training amongst pharmacists and pharmacy staff and establishment of cross referral relationships between pharmacies and optometry practices.

Preliminary Remarks to the Work of Art between Scholarship and Worldview

The essay is based on the conference session “The Work of Art between Scholarship and Worldview,’ chaired by Martin Warnke, at the Twelfth Congress of German Art Historians (1970). The first part comprises his opening statement, explaining the session’s aim to denounce the ideological content and the false claim to scholarly objectivity in German art history before and after 1945. This is followed by a reflection on the need for a reprocessing of art-historical material. Warnke concludes that the “immature” state of the discipline is partly due to the emigration of Germany’s best art historians during the 1930s, and that the “corpse” left behind needs to be examined.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Italian version of the Voice Activity Participation Profile.

The Vocal Activity Participation Profile (VAPP), originally developed in English, is a self-assessment tool used to measure individuals' voice activity limitation and participation restriction. Based on the fact that the cultural/linguistic adaptation is an essential step of validating a protocol in another language, the purpose was to linguistically and culturally adapt the VAPP into Italian. The adaptation was performed in accordance to the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Medical Outcomes Trust. The translation was performed by one bilingual speech-language pathologist and by one bilingual interpreter, who knew about the purpose of this project. A bilingual English teacher, who had not participated in the previous step, performed the back translation. A committee composed by three speech-language pathologists specialized in voice and one laryngologist compared the forward and backward translations, to assess for any discrepancies. A final version was produced and called Profilo di Attività e Partecipazione Vocale (PAPV). A "not applicable" option was included to each item and was administered to 17 individuals with voice problems, six males and 11 females, aged between 21 to 55 years. All items were relevant, as no patients chose the "not applicable" option. However, four individuals, who had a lower educational level, did not fully understand the instructions of the opening statement. Therefore, the questionnaire was further reviewed and adjusted to clarify the information. Otherwise, no items were changed and/or deleted. The PAPV kept the same structure as the original version. The cultural equivalence of the Italian VAPP was demonstrated and entitled PAPV, whose validation is currently in process.

Commentary on ‘Comparison of Three Contemporary Risk Scores for Mortality Following Elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Repair’

In the study by Grant et al., three contemporary risk scores are externally validated using a cohort of aneurysm repairs from a database held in the North West of England. The authors state that all three demonstrate good calibration and discrimination for predicting in-hospital mortality following elective abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair, although in a cohort with only 32 deaths. As the authors say in their opening statement, there are no widely used scoring systems in clinical practice to guide whether a patient should, or should not, undergo intervention for an AAA. There are a number of reasons for this and all should continue to be used with caution. Firstly, none of the scoring systems have been deemed reliable enough to use as an individual patient decision-making tool, especially for endovascular repair, where anatomical variables are ignored. Secondly, the techniques of aneurysm repair, and the associated operative mortality, have changed dramatically over the last few years and continue to evolve, with increasing reliance on endovascular techniques, centralization of surgery to high volume centres, and subspecialty status for vascular surgery. This has occurred in tandem with a quality improvement programme for AAA repair, which has demonstrated a dramatic improvement in outcomes. In the latest unit report of outcomes from AAA repair, published in 2013, the mortality had dropped to 1.8%, with a mortality from endovascular aneurysm repair of only 0.8%. This is already lower than the mortality in the cohort used to validate the scoring systems in the current paper. The very low perioperative mortality, especially for

Arthur Miller: Self and Tragedy

Editor's Note: At the 2014 Modem Language Association Annual Convention in Chicago, the Miller Society organized a special round table session, Arthur Miller: Self and Tragedy, that discussed cognitive approaches to Miller's work. Presided by David Palmer, the session brought together the cognitive literary scholars, Patrick Colm Hogan and Bruce McConachie and the Miller scholars: Stephen A. Marino and Matthew C. Roudane. The following is an edited transcript of the session.Palmer: Welcome. This session is the beginning of events leading up to the Society's celebration of the centennial of Miller's birth in October 2015. The core idea for our round-table discussion this evening is quite simple: bring together two scholars who specialize in cognitive approaches to literature and two scholars who specialize in the works of Miller and let them discuss how cognitive approaches provide insights into Miller's vision of tragedy and how Miller's plays reveal the workings of the human mind, in particular how a person develops a sense of self.Miller's plays seem especially well-adapted to this discussion because of the way Miller structured his tragedies. As Ben Brantley, the theater critic of The New York Times, noted in a recent issue of The Miller Journal (Vol. VII, 1 & 2, Fall 2012, 2), Every one of Miller's plays is steeped in a sense of guilt that taints each of its characters; they all take place 'after the fall.' The crisis that prompts the collapse of the narrative that constitutes a person's self generally takes place in Miller's plays before the action begins. Miller approaches tragedy not as a depiction of the moment a character confronts his flawed self-narrative but as a depiction of his characters' floundering to find a new psychological equilibrium the confrontation has occurred, after the fall. This certainly is true of the Keller family in All My Sons (1947), of Willy Loman in Death of a (1949), of John Proctor in The Crucible (1953), and of Quentin in After the Fall (1964). The same pattern is seen in many others of Miller's plays and is what makes these plays such suitable subjects for a cognitive approach to literary interpretation, in particular our understanding of crises in a person's sense of self. This is the general theme our panelists will discuss.We'll begin the round table with brief opening statements from the two cognitive scholars and follow these with statements from the Miller scholars. There then will be a discussion among the panelists, and we hope to have 25 minutes at the end of the session for an open discussion with the audience.McConachie: I've entitled my opening remarks Salesman and Literary to indicate my general endorsement of this approach to literary criticism and my application of it to Miller's Death of a Salesman. I would modify literary Darwinism in a couple of ways, however, which I hope we can talk about during the discussion.In Graphing Jane Austin: The Evolutionary Basis of Literary Meaning (2012), authors Joseph Carroll and Jonathan Gottschall, plus their two co-authors, summarize the results of their web-based survey questioning hundreds of readers about their response to nineteenth-century British novels. The four literary Darwinists draw several conclusions, three of which are particularly relevant to our purposes today. First, following the work of others, they state that story-telling and listening helped small bands of our evolutionary predecessors to survive. Second, these stories endorsed egalitarian norms through an agonistic structure that favored such values over the norms that promoted individual success. Third, the literary Darwinists demonstrate that we are still telling these kinds of stories, which continue to communicate the biocultural norms we learned in our hunter-gatherer past.Let's look more closely at these conclusions before moving to Salesman. The authors make a strong case that our ancestors adopted altruistic norms around 100,000 years ago to ensure the social cohesion and survivability of their bands. …

MOOCs and Technology to Advance Learning and Learning Research Opening Statement

MOOCs have fueled both hope and anxiety about the future of higher education. Our objective in this symposium is to surface and explore some of the open questions which have arisen in the MOOC debates. In this symposium, ten authors examine different aspects of MOOCs and technology to advance learning and learning research.

“A Space for the Spiritual”: A Roundtable on Race, Gender, and Islam in the United States

This roundtable features leading thinkers on Islam and gender. The contributors provide brief opening statements on their work on Islam, race, and gender. The roundtable includes a discussion of key terms in the field, whether the scholars identify as Muslim American or American Muslim, and the relationship between feminism and Islam.

Interactive patterns of the opening statement in criminal trials: A historical perspective

This study examines the discursive history and interactive aspects of the opening statement in Anglo-American courts. Informed by the concepts of stance and engagement, the study explicates the process of conceptual interaction which turns the jurors into co-constructors of the discourse, thereby making the opening statement fictively dialogic. Drawing upon 51 opening statements as recorded in Proceedings of the Old Bailey, between 1759 and 1789, the qualitative and quantitative analysis reveals that interactive devices are an integral part of the genre, and that pronouns appear to occur most frequently, followed by the lawyers’ use of attitude markers, questions, and reported discourse, respectively. With these devices, the lawyers are likely to be able to prime the jury into viewing the events and participants in a given direction.

How to sell yourself

Whether you are applying for a job online or sending a CV and covering letter, follow these tips to ensure you get noticed. Before you start, think of four or fi ve key points you would like to get across about yourself and include these in your opening statement or profi le, says RCN careers adviser Cathy Taylor. ‘Include bullet points of your key skills and achievements.’ If you are asked to supply your CV for a job application, make sure to tailor it using key words relevant to the post. ‘Do not use the same CV for every job,’ says Ms Taylor. Candidates are often let down by incomplete or poorly written applications, according to Michele Gardner, lead nurse for recruitment at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust in London. ‘We would expect to see a thorough application, full contact details, the skills the individual can apply to the person specifi cation – and no spelling errors’ (see box). John Lees, author of How to Get a Job You’ll Love, says a CV will be screened into a yes or no pile in about 20 seconds. ‘Include all important points on the fi rst page so you end up in the yes pile. Think of the fi rst page of your CV as an advertisement, strong enough to stand alone.’ Supporting information should be used to back up how and why you are suitable for the job. The NHS Jobs website says your supporting information could include details of: Your current duties and responsibilities. Experience, skills and knowledge relevant to the post. Details of any voluntary work. Research, publishing or presentation experience. Any other relevant clinical care or clinical audit experience. Guy’s and St Thomas’ is one of many trusts using values-based questions in the job application process, says Ms Gardner. Such employers are looking for a good fi t between the applicant and the organisation’s ethos. Evidence in your application of your ability to refl ect on your values and your practice will serve you well. Ms Gardner says: ‘If the candidate is a newly qualifi ed nurse, we would like to see some concise refl ection on their clinical placements. But be sure to respect patient confi dentiality.’ Ms Taylor urges candidates to include key words used by a potential employer on their website, in recruitment information or from conversations with them. ‘Use action words in your application: initiated, established and organised. Numbers make an impact too: “I managed a team of 20”, for example.’ Previous convictions must be declared and Ms Gardner advises applicants to give a clear description of any offence. Finally, asking someone to check your application can be invaluable. After hours of preparing a CV, it is easy to miss a spelling error NS

President's Page:IADC Pride: The Trial Academy

Going to Boulder, Colorado with my family was my first introduction to the IADC Trial Academy. Back in the 1980s, my father served on the IADC Trial Academy faculty, and I can still recall his favorite story from that experience. One of the students in his small group stood up to deliver her opening statement on the first day, but nothing came out of her mouth. Consumed with stage fright, the woman was speechless. Over the course of the week, the student gained confidence in her own abilities, learned more trial techniques to add to her tool chest and, in general, developed a much better understanding of the art of persuasion. At last, on the final day of the Trial Academy, she delivered a beautiful, articulate and persuasive closing argument. Upon finishing, the small group of students gave the woman a standing ovation. The student has gone on to enjoy a highly successful career as a trial lawyer trying cases all around the country for major corporations. Many IADC members can share similar stories about their experiences as students or faculty members at the Trial Academy. The dedication of the faculty and the commitment of its students produce incredible results and serve as the foundation of the premier trial advocacy program in the country. Like many, I can attest to the personal and professional satisfaction I experienced as both a student and faculty member. Indeed, a member of this year's Trial Academy, Marc Williams, stated the following: Serving on the faculty of the IADC Trial Academy was one of the highlights of my career as a lawyer. The camaraderie of the faculty forges a bond that will remain long after the week is over. I feel like I learned as much as the students. It was an experience that I'll never forget. Over the past forty-one years, more than 3,500 students have attended the Trial Academy with the express purpose of improving their trial skills. Students have come from all over the world, including all fifty states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Canada, Brazil and Ireland. The Trial Academy's widespread and historical achievement is amazing but not surprising. Its backbone is the IADC membership itself--a group of the finest trial lawyers in the world who recognize the importance of giving back to our profession by training the next generation of trial lawyers. IADC members who serve as faculty prepare well in advance of the opening day in order to develop effective methods of instruction and to produce superior demonstrations for the students. Faculty members then spend more than a week out of the office and away from their families working all day with their students to give each one of them the best instruction possible. The amount of time our members dedicate to the Trial Academy year after year cannot be overstated. Their time and commitment to the IADC and the Trial Academy is a testament to the quality and character of every faculty member, and it makes me proud to be a member of this organization. On August 1, 2013, I attended the Closing Dinner of the 41st Trial Academy. The exhilaration and excitement among the students and faculty was palpable and brought back wonderful memories from my own personal experiences at Boulder and Palo Alto. After seven days of intensive faculty instruction and videotaped student demonstrations, the students and the faculty celebrated the great accomplishments that each had achieved during the week. …

Latin Justice

Latin Justice

Stroke: Highlights of Selected Articles

<i>Stroke:</i> Highlights of Selected Articles

Sovereign Erotics: A Collection of Two-Spirit Literature ed. by Qwo-Li Driskill, Daniel Heath Justice, Deborah Miranda, and Lisa Tatonetti (review)

Reviewed by: Sovereign Erotics: A Collection of Two-Spirit Literature ed. by Qwo-Li Driskill, Daniel Heath Justice, Deborah Miranda, and Lisa Tatonetti Andrew Uzendoski Sovereign Erotics: A Collection of Two-Spirit Literature. Edited by Qwo-Li Driskill, Daniel Heath Justice, Deborah Miranda, and Lisa Tatonetti. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2011. 223 pages, $26.95. Heteropatriarchy, imposing a totalizing measure of modern sexuality, is the baseline for settler-colonial society. Therefore, powerful stories of indigenous sovereignty, Two-Spirit conceptions of gender, sexuality, and community have consistently been targeted throughout the expansion of settler-colonialism. Nevertheless, Two-Spirit artists and activists persist in contemporary Native America: they continue to practice and represent tribal-specific gender constructions and social systems. A recent surge in both artistic production by queer Native people and critical scholarship dedicated to Two-Spirit issues was the impetus for the editors to assemble Sovereign Erotics: A Collection of Two-Spirit Literature. Defined by the editors as an “assertion of the decolonial potential of Native two-spirit/queer people healing from heteropatriarchal gender regimes,” a theory of Sovereign Erotics recognizes the myriad ways that colonial power has tethered settler colonialism to non-Native modern sexualities—and that a queer Native/Two-Spirit critique can offer crucial insight and support for decolonization projects (3). Sovereign Erotics is a valuable tool for scholars and educators interested in exploring the tribal-specific concerns of queer Native writers as well as the intersections between Native American and Euroamerican literatures. Exploring the crossroads of imperialism and sexuality, Maurice Kenny reveals how a copy of Tarzan, a literary relic of colonial exoticism given to him as a present during his childhood, once gave contours to his then nascent personal expression of sexual desire: “I have it still, / re-read it a year ago, / remembered / how important / it was to my dreams” (77). Guided by the belief that the erotic structures the social in crucial ways, this collection juxtaposes private scenes of intimacy (“Clementines” by Deborah Miranda) with narratives set in public spaces such as a school playground (“Kid” by Carrie House) and a Halloween party at a New Orleans bar (“Ghost Dance” by Chip Livingston). The four sections—“Dream/Ancestors,” “Love/Medicine,” “Long/Walks,” and “Wild/Flowers”—organize Sovereign Erotics thematically. The first section serves as a bridge between older generations and [End Page 353] young Two-Spirit writers. Originally written in 1981, Paula Gunn Allen’s “Some Like Indians Endure” sets the framework for the collection’s intergenerational dialogue. She searches outside of heteronormative temporalities for anticolonial histories as well as commonalities with non-Native communities. Her prospective opening statement—“I have it in my mind that / dykes are indians”—materializes into a conceptual foundation later in the poem: “Because the only home / is each other / they’ve occupied all / the rest / colonized it: an / idea about ourselves is all / we own” (21). This poem is echoed by the following piece in the collection, Kim Shuck’s “Warrior.” Shuck’s final lines emphasize the collaborative process necessary for this recovery work: “How about this: / Help me pull the bullets from the trees. / Learn my language / I’ll learn your history” (26). The third section’s centerpiece, “Ander’s Awakening,” is Daniel Heath Justice’s prequel to his separately published trilogy The Way of Thorn and Thunder: The Kynship Chronicles (2011). This prequel allows us to better value how Justice conceptualizes decolonization by creating a fantasy setting that is radically informed by Two-Spirit legacies. Justice’s piece represents one of the fundamental objectives of Sovereign Erotics: to serve as a critical horizon for young readers trying to imagine better lives in the here and now. Andrew Uzendoski University of Texas at Austin Copyright © 2013 Western Literature Association

Delirium in Critical Care. By Valerie Page and E. Wesley Ely. Cambridge, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2011. Pages: 235. Price: $35.00.

Delirium in Critical Care, written by Drs. Valerie Page and E. Wesley Ely, two of the leading experts in the field, is a timely and welcome addition to the discussion of this diagnosis, which is extremely troublesome for both physicians and patients alike. One of the most powerful elements of this text is the patient testimony following the forward by David K. Menon. In this very moving opening statement, one can clearly see the burden delirium places on the patient and the value of such a text. Fortunately for the reader, this text offers ample information and advice on how to handle such a difficult, and sometimes elusive, diagnosis.The book is divided into 12 very easy-to-read chapters. Although there is certainly some redundancy between the chapters, each can stand alone and offers valuable information. The book starts with a discussion, answering the question, “What is delirium in critical care?” The authors provide the reader with the history of the disorder, definitions of delirium, and finally, some advices on ways to categorize delirium, which may have implications for outcome. The text then proceeds to a very important discussion of what delirium looks like in the intensive care unit, a topic with which every intensivist should be familiar. The chapters that follow are all enlightening, providing insights into why recognizing delirium is imperative, risk factors for delirium, and how it is diagnosed.The final chapters focus on the prevention and treatment of delirium in the intensive care unit, restraints, and end of life care. We found these chapters to be extremely valuable. However, they are brief and may leave the reader wanting a more thorough discussion. Although at times one wonders why these chapters were not combined into a more comprehensive discussion, readers of all levels will certainly find them informative.Overall, this is an extremely easy-to-read text on one of the most pressing issues facing intensivists today. The strengths of the book lie in its simplicity, clarity, and powerful use of patient testimonies and brief cases to underscore the importance of the topics discussed. Although more references would have been nice, the authors have provided the reader with “further reading” suggestions at the end of each chapter, which complement the text very well. We applaud the authors for writing such a “user friendly,” interesting, and instructive text on this important topic. We strongly recommend this text to anyone who cares for critically ill patients and is looking for clear guidance on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of delirium.

Responses to an opponent’s nonverbal behavior in a televised debate

This study examined audience perceptions of a political candidate’s credibility and likeability as a function of varying the candidate’s responses to an opponent’s nonverbal disparagement during a televised debate. 412 participants watched a purported televised debate between candidates for mayor in a small city in Utah. In all six versions, one debater engaged in strong nonverbal disagreement during his opponent’s opening statement. His opponent responded to the nonverbal behavior with one of six decreasingly polite messages. Results indicated that more direct (i.e., less polite) messages increased audience perceptions of the speaker’s expertise and character compared to providing no response. The results also showed a significant interaction between response type and audience member’s level of trait verbal aggressiveness. The “indirect” and “on-record with redress” responses led to stronger perceptions of speaker composure and extroversion for members high in verbal aggression and the “off the record” strategy led to higher perceptions of extroversion and composure for members low in verbal aggression.