Opening Procedure Research Articles

The Buccofacial Wall of Maxillary Sinus: An Anatomical Consideration for Sinus Augmentation

This study aimed to quantify the thickness of the buccofacial wall of the maxillary sinus where sinus augmentations are often performed. Fourteen sites located 15 and 20 mm superior to the anatomical cervical line (named as groups H15 and H20, respectively) and along the long axes of the mid and the interproximal of two premolars and two molars were measured from 74 Korean hemiface cadavers. The buccofacial wall of the maxillary sinus was thinnest at the area between the maxillary second premolar and first molar in groups H15 and H20. The lowest mean thickness was 1.2 mm in both groups. The walls were thicker in males than in females, with statistically significant gender differences found at four and two sites on the anterior horizontal reference in groups H15 and H20, respectively. However, the thickness did not differ significantly with age or laterality. Incomplete septa were found in seven of the 74 specimens, and they were present in the area between the first and second molars in six (86%) of these cases. These observations indicate that anatomical characteristics of the buccofacial wall thickness of the maxillary sinus need to be considered when performing a window opening procedure for sinus augmentation.

Two surgical methods used in 90 patients with intracranial subdural empyema

We studied the efficacy of two surgical methods used for the treatment of intracranial subdural empyema (ISDE) at our centre. A cross-sectional study (1999–2005) of 90 patients with non-traumatic supratentorial ISDE revealed that the two surgical methods used for empyema removal were burr hole/s and drainage (50 patients, 55.6%) and a cranial bone opening procedure (CBOP) (40 patients, 44.4%). Patients in the CBOP group had a better result in terms of clinical improvement (chi-squared analysis, p = 0.006) and clearance of empyema on brain CT scan (chi-squared analysis, p < 0.001). Reoperation was more frequent among patients who had undergone burr hole surgery (multiple logistic regression, p < 0.001). The outcome and morbidity of ISDE survivors were not related to the surgical method used ( p > 0.05). The only factor that significantly affected the morbidity of ISDE was level of consciousness at the time of surgery (multiple logistic regression, p < 0.001). We conclude that CBOP and evacuation of the empyema is a better surgical method for ISDE than burr hole/s and drainage. Wide cranial opening and empyema evacuation improves neurological status, gives better clearance of the empyema and reduces the need for reoperation. Level of consciousness at the time of presentation is a predictor of the morbidity of ISDE. Thus, aggressive surgical treatment should occur as early as possible, before the patient deteriorates.

Annexe 2. Résultats de l’enquête de pratique HAS-SFETD (extraits)

Twenty 2,3-disubstituted quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives 1–20 were successfully synthesized in moderate to good yields (25–82%). Their syntheses were based on a one pot tandem ring opening procedure followed by iodine-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of isatoic anhydride with aldehydes, using water as the only solvent under both classical and microwave irradiation conditions. Cytotoxicity assays of the prepared compounds against three human cancer cell lines (HeLa, MCF-7, and A549) indicated that 2, 3, and 20 possessed moderate activities against MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 47.2 μM, 43.9 μM, and 44.9 μM, respectively). Good cytotoxic activities against A549 cells were observed for 3 and 8 with IC50 values of 30.7 μM and 29.8 μM, respectively, which were comparable to the positive control, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, IC50 = 27.9 μM). Furthermore, compound 4 exhibited slightly stronger activity (IC50 = 23.6 μM) than the positive control 5-FU against the A549 cell line.

Comparison of implant survival rate by sinus lifting technique in implantation with sinus lift

Purpose: The purpose of this study was comparison of survival rate of implant as two sinus elevation techniques and when window opening procedure had done it was comparison of survival rate of implant between the procedure of implantation after 6 month of sinus elevation to allow healing period and that of implantation with sinus elevation simultaneously. Material and Methods: All 79 of patients treated at DanKook University Dental Hospital Dept. of Periodontics for 164 implantation of maxillary posterior edentulous area with sinus elevation. Sinus elevation technique was divided of the technique : Osteotome technique and window opening technique. Result: 14 implants among 96 implants was failed implants of using osteotome for sinus elevation whereas one implant of 68 implants was failed of using window opening technique. Conclusion: Window opening technique had higher survival rate than osteotome technique. In case of window opening, there was no significant difference of immediate implantation and delayed implantation. (J Korean Acad Periodontol 2008;38:445-452)

Sudden failure of implantable pulse generators: cause of failure and examination / Plötzlicher Ausfall von implantierbaren Stimulatoren: Ausfallsursache und Überprüfung

A sudden failure of implantable pulse generators used for spinal cord stimulation occurred in two patients. To identify the cause of this failure, an intensive destructive analysis of the explanted devices was carried out. A functional diagnosis was carried out by inspecting amplitude, pulse width and frequency on each output channel of the implantable pulse generators. Later, the titanium case of the pulse generators was opened by laser cutting to minimise any additional mechanical stress during the opening procedure. The functional test for both pulse generators showed faultless behaviour. Using light and electron microscopy, hairline cracks could be identified in the electrical connection between battery and electronic circuit. In both devices, the cracks spread through the whole bond wire in the connection to the plus pole of the battery and partially also to the minus pole. The analysis showed that both devices failed by broken bond wires. The electrical connection to the battery exists just by the spring characteristic of the wires. A push to the implant causes a short-term disconnection, resulting in a power on reset of the device. Manufacturing or design issues, allowing micromotion between battery and the hybrid part, may be the reason for this problem.

Trading mechanisms and interday and intraday volatility in an order-driven market with a separate auction opening procedure

Trading mechanisms and interday and intraday volatility in an order-driven market with a separate auction opening procedure

Computer program for determining fluorescence resonance energy transfer efficiency from flow cytometric data on a cell-by-cell basis.

The determination of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) with flow cytometry (FCET) is one of the most efficient tools to study the proximity relationships of cell membrane components in cell populations on a cell-by-cell basis. Because of the high amount of data and the relatively tedious calculations, this procedure should be assisted by powerful data processing software. The currently available programs are not able to fulfill this requirement. We developed a Windows-based program to calculate fluorescence resonance energy transfer efficiency values from list mode flow cytometry standard (FCS) files. This program displays the measured data in standard plots by generating one- and two-parameter histograms on linear or logarithmic scales. A graphical gating tool allows the user to select the desired cell population according to any combination of the parameter values. The program performs several statistical calculations, including mean, S.D., percent of the gated data. We have implemented two types of data sheet for FRET calculations to aid and guide the user during the analysis: one with population-mean-based autofluorescence correction and the other with spectrum-based cell-by-cell autofluorescence correction. In this paper, we describe the gating algorithms, the file opening procedure and the rules of gating. The structure of the program and a short description of the graphical user-interface (GUI) are also presented in this article.

Computer program for determining fluorescence resonance energy transfer efficiency from flow cytometric data on a cell-by-cell basis

The determination of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) with flow cytometry (FCET) is one of the most efficient tools to study the proximity relationships of cell membrane components in cell populations on a cell-by-cell basis. Because of the high amount of data and the relatively tedious calculations, this procedure should be assisted by powerful data processing software. The currently available programs are not able to fulfill this requirement. We developed a Windows-based program to calculate fluorescence resonance energy transfer efficiency values from list mode flow cytometry standard (FCS) files. This program displays the measured data in standard plots by generating one- and two-parameter histograms on linear or logarithmic scales. A graphical gating tool allows the user to select the desired cell population according to any combination of the parameter values. The program performs several statistical calculations, including mean, S.D., percent of the gated data. We have implemented two types of data sheet for FRET calculations to aid and guide the user during the analysis: one with population-mean-based autofluorescence correction and the other with spectrum-based cell-by-cell autofluorescence correction. In this paper, we describe the gating algorithms, the file opening procedure and the rules of gating. The structure of the program and a short description of the graphical user-interface (GUI) are also presented in this article.

A facile approach to diosgenin and furostan type saponins bearing a 3β-chacotriose moiety

Combination of a one-pot coupling technique and the use of benzyl ethers as permanent protecting groups offered a short and simple route to dioscin-type saponins. This strategy in combination with a mild reductive opening procedure of the spiroketal function in diosgenin also offered a convenient approach to bidesmosidic furostan type saponins. Me 3N·BH 3/AlCl 3 promoted acetal opening of 3- O-TBDMS-protected diosgenin gave the 26-OH acceptor 9 into which a benzylated β-glucose moiety was introduced by a S N2-type imidate coupling. After cleavage of the silyl ether, the 3β- O-glucose and the 4- O-linked rhamnose of the chacotriose unit were introduced by a NIS/AgOTf-promoted one-pot coupling sequence utilising thioglycoside donors and their different reactivity in different solvents. After removal of a benzoyl group, the same coupling conditions were also used for the coupling of the second 2- O-linked rhamnose unit. The target substance was obtained after cleavage of the protecting benzyl ethers under Birch-type conditions, which did not affect the double bond in the steroid skeleton.

Investigation of back-to-back starting of pumped storage hydraulic generating units

In the present paper the procedure of back-to-back starting of pumped storage hydraulic generating units is investigated and analyzed. The results from simulation as well as from real on-site measurements are presented and compared for a case study of a Greek power station. Main parameters influencing this phenomenon are analyzed and information is given on the physical laws underlying the process. The effects of excitation and the gate valve opening procedure are discussed in particular, along with the torque-speed characteristic of the driving machine. Guidance is developed for the proper selection of the main parameters for a successful start.

Investigation of Back-to-Back Starting of Pumped Storage Hydraulic Generating Units

In the present paper the procedure of back-to-back starting of pumped storage hydraulic generating units is investigated and analyzed. The results from simulation as well as from real on-site measurements are presented and compared for a case study of a Greek power station. Main parameters influencing this phenomenon are analyzed and information is given on the physical laws underlying the process. The effects of excitation and the gate valve opening procedure are discussed in particular, along with the torque-speed characteristic of the driving machine. Guidance is developed for the proper selection of the main parameters for a successful start.

Quantitative analysis of major, minor and trace elements in fluid inclusions using laser ablation–inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry

Microscopic fluid inclusions in minerals are the main source of information about the chemical composition of fluids associated with large-scale material transport in the Earth's interior. Hydrothermal transport processes are responsible for the natural enrichment of metal resources in many ore deposits. For the multi-element analysis of the microscopic fluid inclusions (typically 5–50 µm in diameter), LA-ICP-MS has become one of the most promising techniques owing to the recent progress in laser optics design and the development of high-sensitivity ICP mass spectrometers. The quantitative analyses of 19 major, minor and trace elements covering a concentration range of five orders of magnitude were carried out on 39 single natural fluid inclusions, together with a number of experiments to optimise controlled ablation and to test the calibration procedure. A modified commercial ICP-MS instrument was used together with a prototype ablation system based on a 193 nm excimer laser. In a stepwise opening procedure for complex polyphase inclusions, a small hole (4 µm pit) was first drilled for the partial release of liquid and vapor, followed by complete drilling out using a pit covering the entire inclusion. Controlled ablation improves the reproducibility of element ratios to less than 20% for most major, minor and trace elements measured in an assemblage of cogenetic inclusions (including elements that are initially present as solid precipitates within the inclusion), provided that the entire transient ICP-MS signal is integrated. Element ratios were calculated from integrated intensity ratios using an external standard, either a NIST SRM glass or an aqueous standard solution ablated directly through a plastic film. Absolute concentrations were calculated from the element ratiosviaan internal standard element, whose concentration was determined prior to ablation. Microthermometric measurements of phase transitions were used to determine total salinity from known phase diagrams, by measuring either the depression of ice-melting temperature, or the temperature of dissolution of NaCl crystals. Salinity can be related to the concentration of Na (or in some cases Cl), which serves as the internal standard element for the quantification of trace element concentrations. Calculated limits of detection are in the ng g–1to µg g–1region, depending on the volume of the inclusions. The accuracy of the overall analysis, including internal and external calibration, is typically between 5 and 20%, as demonstrated on alkali elements in synthetic fluid inclusions of known composition.

Comments on "Minimum-latency transport protocols with modulo-N incarnation numbers"

The authors comment on a class of minimum-latency transport protocols that have been analyzed by Shankar and Lee (see ibid., vol.3, no.3, p.255, 1995). The protocols use unique incarnation numbers and caching schemes to reduce the latency of connection setup whenever possible. They discuss three modifications to the protocol. (1) A modification to the opening procedure which eliminates some constraints for the correctness of the protocol. (2) A modification which allows data messages in the opening state of the client to be sent. This reduces the latency in some situations for the price of stricter constraints for correctness. (3) An alternate way of closing connections. Apart from these modifications, they also show that the proofs can be refined to get somewhat less restrictive constraints for the correctness of the protocol.

Effects of the size and number of zona pellucida openings on hatching and trophoblast outgrowth in the mouse embryo

The present studies were performed to establish the effects of the size and number of artificial holes produced in the zona pellucida (ZP) on hatching and trophoblast outgrowth in vitro. Limited partial zona dissection (PZD) produced small, narrow incisions, and zona drilling with acidic Tyrode's (AT) across a larger area in the ZP was used to produce bigger round holes. Some embryos were micromanipulated once; others were micromanipulated several times. Blastocysts hatched preferentially through the artificial gaps, but completion of hatching was dependent on the size of the hole. Only 16% (26/167) of PZD embryos migrating through narrow holes hatched completely; the remainder were trapped in a typical figure-eight shape. Seventy-two percent (43/60) of those migrating through larger PZD holes hatched, but trophoblast outgrowth was not observed. Significantly (P less than 0.001) more AT-blastocysts hatched (248/270; 92%) and showed trophoblast outgrowth (176/248; 70%). Simultaneous hatching through several openings was rarely observed in AT-embryos (14/167; 8%), but this did occur in 36% (73/201) of the PZD embryos. Trapping of PZD-embryos could be almost entirely avoided by drilling with AT elsewhere on the ZP. Embryos with multiple holes in their zonae preferentially hatched through the largest opening. The results suggest that the ability of microsurgically treated human embryos to fully hatch in vitro, should be carefully (re)assessed prior to application of clinical micromanipulation systems. Micromanipulated embryos with small holes in their zonae may be rescued by performing an additional more aggressive opening procedure elsewhere on the ZP.

A morphological transformation for sharpening edges of features before segmentation

A gradient-determined grey level morphological opening procedure for edge enhancement is presented. First, the maximum gradient, in the local neighborhood, forms the contribution to the erosion of the centre pixel of that neighborhood. The gradients of the transformed image are then used as contributions to the subsequent dilation of the eroded image. The enhancement procedure is illustrated on sample images representing multiple phases of soil pore structure. Histogram partitioning is applied to the sample images before and after edge enhancement. The resulting segmentation is visually better on the images after enhancement. Stereological measurements made on the segmented images show that the quantity of each phase is preserved but the degree of contact between phases is altered.

A zona opening procedure for improving in vitro fertilization at low sperm concentrations: a mouse model

AbstractMicromanipulation was used for creating a small opening in the zona pellucida without damaging the ooplasm of oocytes. This was applied in mouse in vitro fertilization as a model for inseminating oocytes with low sperm concentrations. It was found that the opening in the zona did not influence the fertilization rate at 105 sperm/ml, but when the sperm concentration was decreased to 104/ml, the oocytes containing the break had a significantly higher fertilization rate and blastocyst development, compared with their intact controls. The zona cracking procedure did not increase parthenogenetic activation nor polyspermic fertilization, although it did promote early hatching of some blastocysts. The birthrate of normal offspring was not affected by exposing oocytes to the zona opening process.

上がくがん治療後の開口障害に対する観血的開口改善術の経験

A surgical opening procedure was successfully performed in a case of severe trismus appeared after the combination therapy of radiation, chemotherapy and salvage operation for treating maxillary cancer.By performing extensive removal of the ascending ramus area, excision of fibrous internal pterygoid and the coronoid process of temporal muscle, and partial resection of coronoid process of mandible and anterior margin of ascending ramus affected by osteomyelitis, the maximum opening area of front teeth increased from 5mm to 28mm. In consequence, maxillofacial prothodontic became possible to perform, resulted in a satisfactorily improved oral function.

An algorithm to construct a compact B-tree in case of ordered keys

The usual insertion algorithm for B-trees [l] leads to the minimum storage utilization in case the keys to be inserted are ordered. The overflow technique can be used to optimize the page utilization but the number of overflow movings to be performed is very high and it involves many storage accesses, in fact every overflow moving affects three pages (the two brother pages and their father page). A construction algorithm for ordered keys is presented in this paper. The algorithm avoids the splitting procedure substituting it by a less expensive page opening procedure and minimizes the number of overflow movings. Furthermore, the obtained B-tree is compact [3], i.e., the number of pages is minimal. A construction algorithm for ordered keys is suggested in [2,3] too, but it requires to know in advance the number of keys and to calculate the final structure of the B-tree before inserting the keys. The algorithm is described in Section 2 and its relevant characteristics are pointed out in Section 3, also comparing it to the classical insertion algorithm.

The replacement problem in relation to orthodontics

<h2>Abstract</h2> The replacement problem can be solved by one of two methods: (1) closure of space, and (2) opening of space to allow replacement by an artificial tooth unit or units. If the space closure is possible, then vertical and horizontal overlap, inequalities of tooth structure, and the labiolingual thickness of teeth are factors to be considered. If the space opening procedure is indicated, the condition of abutment teeth and tissues as to position and quality, plus the relation of the teeth in the opposing jaw are the factors to be considered. Our patients have every right to expect us to render the utmost of our individual and combined abilities. We must continue to strive to give them the best of our knowledge and ability to which they are entitled.