Port Opening Research Articles

Design of a novel impulse turbine for exhaust energy recovery in a commercial load carrier single cylinder diesel engine

A significant fraction of the fuel energy supplied in a diesel engine is wasted into the atmosphere through the exhaust gases. Although most modern-day diesel engines are turbocharged, a few remain naturally aspirated. Due to technical challenges, single-cylinder engines are not turbocharged and remain naturally aspirated (NA). The intermittent and pulsated exhaust gas flow tends to choke the turbine and increase the back pressure. On the other hand, supercharging a single-cylinder engine leads to superior performance at the expense of fuel efficiency, as a significant fraction of the energy is wasted in the exhaust. The current study employs a novel crank shaft coupled impulse turbine for effective exhaust energy recovery in a supercharged, high-speed, commercial single-cylinder diesel engine. This novel impulse turbo-compounded and supercharged engine layout was simulated using a 1D model developed using AVL BOOST software. Based on the results of the 1D model, the impulse turbine design was carried out. A CFD simulation of the impulse turbine was carried out using commercially available CONVERGE. The major design parameters, including blade profile, blade width, nozzle shape, size and angle, blade angles, blade speed, number of blades, and turbine outlet port opening, were optimized using the CFD software. The simulated results showed that the designed impulse turbine generated 2.67 kW of power, enhancing the power output of the supercharged engine by 21% at the rated operating condition. The turbine efficiency was 68%, considering the available kinetic energy at the exhaust. Simulation results indicate that the impulse turbine compounded supercharged engine could generate 15.4 kW of power, 45% higher than the base NA engine brake power output.

Introduction of kerosene during the port opening period and formation of distribution structure within Korea

Introduction of kerosene during the port opening period and formation of distribution structure within Korea

Dirty Tracks Across the Border: Global Operations of Extraction, Labour and Migration at a Railway Station on the Bihar–Nepal Border

This article is based on an ethnography of the railway siding at Raxaul Junction railway station, a town on the Bihar–Nepal border, which finds itself at the intersection of a massive logistical exercise by China in the form of the Belt Road Initiative, counter-logistical apparatus building by India and incremental hardening of an otherwise ‘open’ border by Nepal. The article will analyse in detail the intricate network of the labour market that operates at and through the railway siding. It will also trace the origins of commodities used in the cement factories in the industrial corridor of Nepal that are extracted from some of the most deprived regions of India at great human and social costs. Finally, I will describe some of the latest exercises in logistical operations such as containerisation, opening of a new land port, the Integrated Check Post in Raxaul and operationalisation of a new dedicated freight corridor from Vishakhapatnam port to Raxaul, which is reconfiguring the logistical arrangements away from Kolkata and Haldia port and their implications on labour and labour practices. The Raxaul railway siding will be, hence, studied on multiple scales: global, national and local. The article will also try to understand the transformation of this very peculiar border town located on a unique border. This transformation is creating new labour processes, migratory processes and networks, and new modes of production of workers’ subjectivities and resistance along the global logistical apparatus and supply chains. It will also open up the possibilities of thinking conceptually about ‘South Asian Border Systems’.

Concept of operation of the Agile Robot Transporter for ITER in-vessel maintenance

ITER machine availability is crucial for fusion reactors in order to be the main source of electricity, which is affected by many aspects. This paper focuses on maintenance aspects of the machine. As the plasma facing components inside the fusion reactors become highly activated caused by the neutrons generated by fusion reactions, maintenance of the fusion reactors needs to be done by remote means. In order to increase machine availability, it is required to have efficient maintenance scenario in terms of time and effort, which can be achieved through effective in-vessel remote handling (RH) operations, simplified maintenance of the RH system itself, well-coordinated logistics, and trained personnel, etc. All these aspects need to be investigated during the design phases, which requires a well-defined concept of operation of the RH systems. This paper describes the concept of operation of the Agile Robot Transporter (ART), an ITER in-vessel RH system, that is under development to carry out neutron and optical diagnostic calibrations, and removal/replacement of the blanket first wall samples. Based on the functional analysis of the required in-vessel tasks, system requirements are defined. Among them, key requirements to improve RH operation efficiency are identified and the ART is designed accordingly. Efficient deployment and removal operations of the ART are crucial so that it requires less vacuum vessel (VV) port opening and less cask transportation, which reduces needs for hands-on operations resulting in less human radiation exposure. Various and flexible tool exchange and storage concepts are proposed that allow parallel operations between the in-vessel and ex-vessel RH systems. Modular and re-configurable design is proposed for easy RH system maintenance, and effective rescue operations to rescue the RH system when it fails.

CFD simulation of double-pass solar dryer with air return

An indirect solar dryer was designed and manufactured in Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire. It is equipped with three parameters including two air intake ports, a fan and a removable hot air recovery system. Vacuum CFD simulations were performed in order to observe the influence of these parameters on the effectiveness of the device. The fan switched off speeds of 9 m/s and made the air distribution uniform in the drying cabin. The natural convection operation made it possible to reach 62°C in the drying chamber compared to 55°C for the forced convection operation. The unique opening of the low air intake port in operation accentuates the temperature variations in the cabin compartments with differences of + 5°C from one level to another. The hot air return system has a positive impact on temperature trends because it allows values of 65°C to be reached inside the chamber, ideal for drying agri-food products. However, this recovery reduces the air velocity in the cabin, which is a disadvantage for the performance during products. This problem could be solved by increasing the fan power.

Experimental Investigation of the In-Cylinder Flow of a Compression Ignition Optical Engine for Different Tangential Port Opening Areas

The push for decarbonization of internal combustion engines (ICEs) has spurred interest in alternative fuels, such as hydrogen and ammonia. To optimize combustion efficiency and reduce emissions, a closer look at the intake system and in-cylinder flows is crucial, especially when a hard-to-burn fuel, such as ammonia is utilized. In port fuel injection ICEs, airflow within cylinders profoundly affects combustion and emissions by influencing the air–fuel mixing phenomenon. Adjusting intake port openings is an important factor in controlling the in-cylinder airflow. In previous experiments with a transparent cylinder, tangential and helical ports demonstrated that varying the helical port’s opening significantly impacts flow velocities, swirl ratios, and swirl center positions (SCPs). In this study, we used a particle image velocimetry technique to investigate how the tangential port’s opening affects intake and in-cylinder flows. Flow velocities were assessed at different planes near the cylinder head, evaluating streamline maps, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and SCPs. Under the given experimental conditions, swirl flows were successfully generated early in the compression stroke when the tangential port opening exceeded 25%. Our findings emphasize the importance of minimizing TKE and SCP variation for successful swirl flow generation in engine cylinders equipped with both tangential and helical ports.

Implementation of Port Knocking with Telegram Notifications to Protect Against Scanner Vulnerabilities

The opening of the service port on the Mikrotik router provides an opening for hackers to enter the Mikrotik service to access the router illegally. This research aimed to close certain ports that are gaps for hackers and uses port knocking and telegram bots. The Telegram bot was used as a message notification to managers in real-time to provide information that occurs when the vulnerability scanning process is carried out to find and map weaknesses in the network system. Searching for weaknesses also includes looking for open router service ports such as ports 22, 23, 80, and 8291. This research used the Network Development Life Cycle method, which started from analysis design and prototype simulation to implementation. The research results after testing were able to secure local network service ports against vulnerability scanners on routers using the port knocking method, and testing attack schemes carried out from each scheme could run well on the router’s local network and obtain notifications via telegram bots in real time to administrators. This research contributes to administrators’ ability to secure networks so irresponsible people do not easily infiltrate them.

SISTEM PERENCANAAN RUMAH CERDAS BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS

The Internet of Things concept is based on expanding the use and benefits of the internet by embedding controllers and sensors that can connect and share data continuously. A Smart Home prototype that can control door locks, lights and electrical pathways with easy control access. In this design, the device that will be used is an IoT-based controller, namely nodeMCU with connected actuators, namely servo motors, relays, and an IR sensor. The method used is to press a button on the web page and the system will respond to the request from the web page and convert it into an action, namely locking the door, or cutting off the electricity. To access it globally, by opening port forwarding on the router you can then access the web page of the smart home system prototype via the connected IP address so that the system can be controlled via the internet. With this system, it is hoped that users can increase time efficiency.

Differences in residual volume above different tracheostomy tube cuffs depending on tube structure, tube tilt angle, and liquid viscosity

IntroductionProper management of aspirated material above the tracheostomy tube cuff is crucial to prevent complications, such as aspiration pneumonia. This study aimed to thoroughly examine the effects of aspirated liquid viscosity, suction port positioning, and tube tilt angle on residual volume above the cuff (RVAC).MethodsFive types of tracheostomy tubes (approximately 9 mm outer diameter) were placed through a transparent cylinder with an inner diameter of 18 mm. The cuff was inflated to completely seal the interior of the cylinder. Four liquids with different viscosities were poured onto the cuff, and the liquid above the cuff was suctioned from the side port. The cylinder was angled at 90° and 20°, and each test was performed thrice to determine the average RVAC.ResultsAfter side-port suctioning, some liquid residue was observed on the cuff of all tracheostomy tubes. The RVAC increased with higher liquid viscosity. The tubes with a longer distance from the suction port opening to the cuff top exhibited more RVAC. Moreover, the RVAC was almost the same regardless of the cylinder angle for tubes with a suction port on the lateral side. However, tubes with backside ports showed a decreased RVAC with cylinder tilt.ConclusionsThis study underscores the persistence of residual material on cuffed tracheostomy tubes even with regular subglottic secretion drainage. This emphasizes the need for specialized tracheostomy tube development aimed at reducing post-suction RVAC. Improved designs can potentially minimize complications associated with residue accumulation.

수정된 후기수용모형(PAM)을 적용한 AR도슨트 해설서비스품질이 지속사용의도에 미치는 영향

Recently, AR docent services have become increasingly common in many tourist destinations. In particular, AR docent services are often a key feature of smart tourism cities that try to provide convenient and differentiated services for tourists by integrating advanced information and communication technology into tourism services. AR docent services combine immersive AR technology with the commentary service of face-to-face docents and cultural tourism commentators usually found in art galleries, museums, and other tourist attractions. Based on the Extended Post Acceptance Model, this study aimed to examine the qualities of AR docent services recognized by tourists using the services and the determinants of their intention to continue using the services. The Incheon Opening Port area was selected as the research context. The area is located in Incheon, the first smart tourism city designated in South Korea, and is known for its abundant historical and cultural resources (e.g., Incheon Chinatown). AR docent services are provided at 12 locations around the Opening Port area via mobile apps. To implement the study, a survey was conducted on tourists who experienced using AR docent services around the area (e.g., Incheon Chinatown), and data analysis included a total of 190 effective responses. The empirical analysis rejected three of the seven hypotheses. Among the AR docent service qualities, it was confirmed that Convenience and Information Service Accuracy had positive effects on the perceived usefulness. However, Information Timeliness and Information Currency did not have positive effects on perceived usefulness. Perceived usefulness had a positive effect on satisfaction, but did not affect the continuance intention. Finally, a positive relationship between satisfaction and continuance intention was confirmed. Therefore, this study explored the qualities of AR docent services that have recently been spreading in tourist destinations and identified their impacts on satisfaction and continuance intention. Based on these findings, theoretical and practical implications can help smart tourism cities that want to establish AR docent services.

Shutdown dose rates in-cryostat outside the EU-DEMO vacuum vessel

Future fusion reactors using deuterium–tritium fuel will exhibit high fluences of high-energy neutrons inside and around the reactor vacuum vessel (VV). As well as causing material damage, fusion neutrons will activate materials, the decay of which leads to radiation fields in and around the reactor after shutdown. Gamma-ray emission from activated materials is a particular radiological hazard during periods of reactor shutdown. This must be accounted for in the design of the reactor shielding to ensure that risks are reduced as low as reasonably achievable.Recent neutronics work has evaluated the shutdown dose rates (SDDRs) in the EU DEMOnstration power plant (DEMO) around the ports and throughout the cryostat, incorporating prospective shielding improvements to the VV and ports. Prior to the proposed shielding design improvements, calculations for the model including the helium-cooled pebble bed (HCPB) blanket showed that radiation leakage through the blanket and VV leads to biological-equivalent SDDRs (following 12 days’ decay) above 103μSv/h throughout the cryostat, ignoring additional contribution from radiation streaming through the port openings. Inclusion of the proposed VV changes reduces this dose rate to below 100 μSv/h. The work finds an approximate order-of-magnitude reduction in SDDR throughout the cryostat when all proposed shielding improvements are applied, leading to dose rates in the cryostat in the range of hundreds to thousands of μSv/h for the full model. The work shows that to further reduce dose rates inside the cryostat, improving the shielding performance of the ports is required, with particular emphasis on the lower port and the equatorial electron–cyclotron launcher which currently dominate the dose rates.

조선 개항기 서양음악을 전래한 오페르트의 ‘한국음악 평론가’로서의 선구적 면모와 통찰

German merchant Ernst Jacob Oppert(1832~1903), the mastermind of the “Opert Incident” (It refers to his theft of the royal family’s tomb) has been a rash aggressor and traitorous figure in Korean history. It has also been almost entirely negatively evaluated as a very ambitious merchant who tried to monopolize business by pushing through trade pressure and provided the Joseon government with the pretext of severe Catholic persecution. Unlike this previous evaluation, as a result of this study that analyzed Opert’s wrritten records of Korean music in his travelogue, the need for his re-evaluation as a music critic increased. His music writing was highly complete in both form and content levels, making it reasonable to define it as a “music review”. In particular, he praised Koreans’ own musical ear and music fondness, which seems to have demonstrated insight into their outstanding musicality and love for music, which is considered the driving force of the “Myth of K-pop success” among experts these days. The study illuminated his music historical value as the first Westerner to leave an unprecedented record of “Korean Music Criticism” just before the port opening era, which is expected that a new evaluation will be made only in the history of cultural exchange.

Influence of port opening dynamics on the acoustic signature of pneumatic marine seismic sources

Numerical modeling is a powerful tool for predicting the acoustic signature of pneumatic marine seismic sources to maximize low-frequency content and minimize excessively high-frequency content that may harm marine life. Idealized source models often overpredict the peak acoustic pressure, a key quantity in assessing source performance. The dynamics of the shuttle, the mechanical component that controls the early time gas flow rate from the source, contribute to this signal overprediction but often are neglected. We have computed the numerical solution of a quasi-1D model of a large volume source fired underwater. In our model, we couple the shuttle dynamics to the gas dynamics in multiple adjacent chambers in the source. The source is coupled to a spherical bubble through mass and energy conservation conditions. To capture the compressible effect of flow area change in the air exiting the source, we invoke a set of steady-state nozzle flow approximations. We compare model results against data from field tests, where acoustic pressure signals, local pressure within and just outside the source, and temperature inside the source were measured. The maximum value and slope of the initial acoustic pressure peak are overpredicted by the model, but internal pressure and temperature data agree with model predictions. We attribute early time discrepancy between the model and data to unmodeled pressure losses in the gas flow to the bubble and discrepancy over the bubble oscillation timescale to the bubble modeling error. We provide first-order corrections that reduce the model discrepancy in a manner consistent with internal thermodynamic data and quantify the effects of design parameters on the source dynamics.

지방 항구도시의 토지이용 변화에 관한 연구 - 전라남도 여수시를 중심으로 -

This study is on the formation and the development process of urban space by referring to the literature in Yeosu where is the important location in logistics & transportation and maritime since the Japanese colonial period. There are many factors and results of the development process in Yeosu by the opening port, railroads, loads and industries. The purpose of this study is to understand the characteristics of the formation process of urban space and the characteristics of physical space in Yeosu. The results are as follow; The urban formation and development process in Yeosu where was a small fishing village in the 1910s is largely divided into four processes. Formation: the population increased due to constructions such as of a railroad, a port, and roads and there were many reclamations around the center of the old city center in the Japanese colonial period. Stagnation: There was no urban development due to stagnation, war, and the Yeo-sun Incident. Expand: the industrialization of the Yeocheon Industrial Complex and Gwangyang Steel and other areas around Yeosu led to a surge in Yeosu's population. To cope with this, the city was expanded through three land readjustment projects and the development of large-scale residential complexes. Decline and Remodeling: Yeosu's urban space declined due to the decline of fisheries and the decrease in marine and railway logistics. And the expansion and improvement of the transportation network for hosting the Yeosu World Expo increased the accessibility of the old city center, transforming it into a tourist city using cultural heritage and nature.

Point of use drinking water filtration: A microfluidic solution providing safe drinking water during flood situation

In this paper, development of a portable bottle cork is discussed which filters grey water in passive mode with gravity driven feed. The treatment process involves inertia based microfluidic filtration, antimicrobial activated carbon (AC) treatment, and ultra-violet (UV) disinfection stages, to ensure the quality of water, safe for drinking purposes. Eighteen water samples (12 lab made, 3 field, and 3 flood) are considered for testing the filtration performance of the device. Microfluidic filtration is employed for size based exclusion of particulates and bypassing. With optimal bypass port opening, the filtration stage has consistently shown >99 % turbidity reduction. A water stable hybrid activated carbon (AC) coating, developed by crosslinking of organic binder with in silver doped AC, is employed for its excellent adsorption performance and anti-bacterial activity (4 Log reduction, LRV in 20 min). Additionally, a UV chamber housing is integrated to destroy the chemical resistant bacteria (6 LRV in 65 s), resulting in adequately safe drinking water. Thirty six individual filtration units are arranged in parallel to filter and treat nearly 50 l of raw water in 4 days of continuous operation. The final prototype takes the shape of a bottle cap so that it can be fitted to any commercial pet bottle making it ideal solution for emergencies like floods, cyclones, and other natural calamities.

Multispecies Ethnography: Life Writing of Marine Animals in Cuthbert Collingwood

Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, Formosa (now Taiwan) was little known to European and American travelers. To explore this terra incognita, plenty of Western explorers, navy investigators, merchants, and naturalist scientists visited Formosa after the opening of Ta-kau Port and Keelung Port for trade in 1860. These travellers made observations and documented the unknown landscapes and species in Formosa and its neighbouring islands. Mostly written in the form of travel journals and natural histories, the works of these Western visitors are pioneering multispecies ethnographies that delineate nineteenth-century Formosa’s flora, birds, land animals and marine animals. This essay focuses on the life accounts and natural histories of an English traveller in this period — Cuthbert Collingwood (1826-1908). It explores the ways Collingwood’s Rambles of a Naturalist on the Shores and Waters of the China Sea represents Formosan marine animals and their habitats. It addresses the following questions: How did Collingwood introduce his readers to understanding marine animals in mid-nineteenth-century Formosa and how did he report his scientific observations on the lives of Formosa’s oceanic species? Did Collingwood evince his appreciation for marine species or express an environmentalist tone? How might Collingwood’s delineation of Formosa’s marine animals reveal an environmental consciousness and proto-ecological sensibilities?

개항 후 청상의 불법 홍삼무역(1883~1894)

The illegal trade of Joseon’s red ginseng showed difference due to the implementation of international agreements and the engagement of foreign merchants after opening port.BR Chinese merchants in Joseon entered the illegal manufacturing and smuggling of red ginseng in connection with Koreans after opening port. They had smuggled red ginseng to Shanghai and Yantai, etc., and had sold it at high prices, making a lot of profit. Most of Joseon

The impact of OFDI reverse technology spillovers on China's energy intensity: Analysis of provincial panel data

Reducing energy intensity is crucial for maintaining national energy security and achieving a green economic transition. Outer circulation creates good external conditions for improving the home country's energy utilization efficiency. Given this, we pioneer the measurement of reverse technology spillovers (RTS) using the data of the domestic enterprise's overseas investment, innovatively construct an instrumental variable involving money supply fluctuations and the modern history of port opening, and adopt the two-stage least squares (2SLS) method to obtain a consistent estimate of the effect on energy intensity at the provincial level. The main findings show that RTS significantly reduces energy intensity, which remains robust after recalculating the dependent variable and the core explanatory variable, shortening the time window, and reducing the sample size. Furthermore, the decline in energy intensity benefits more from technology spillovers obtained by overseas investment activities in areas along the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and technology-intensive and non-resource-intensive industries.

Robotic Kidney Transplantation Under Regional Hypothermia.

The technique of robotic kidney transplantation (RKT) under regional hypothermia is being described. It may be performed in all patients requiring kidney transplantation with some relative contraindications. Unlike open transplantation, RKT is a transperitoneal procedure. Patient lies supine with low lithotomy and 15° to 20° reverse Trendelenburg position. Port placement is like standard radical prostatectomy with a multiport device placed at the umbilicus. The graft after harvest needs special care on the bench to ligate all vascular communications and placed in a gauze jacket for easy handling. After transplant bed preparation, the graft is introduced in peritoneal cavity through the umbilical opening and placed over the bladder flap bed with ice slush for hypothermia. End-to-side vascular anastomoses of renal vein and artery are done with the graft lying in pelvic hollow and renal vessels facing laterally to external iliac vessels. After vascular anastomoses, the graft is rotated laterally to iliac fossa to be fixed with preformed peritoneal flap. A stented ureterovesicostomy to the recipient is done using extravesical technique. The external opening for introducing the graft and the robotic port openings is closed after leaving a drain. Postoperative (PO) care and PO immunosuppression are like the open counterpart, except the treatment of drain, which is removed on second PO day. Obese recipients and multiple graft vessels may be handled comfortably during RKT with described techniques. It is important to follow certain checkpoints to avoid bleeding. With graft and patient survival of 95.2% and 94.5%, respectively, RKT outcomes are noninferior to open technique in the published data. The RKT has less incidence of PO pain, wound infection, and symptomatic lymphoceles.

Distribution of surgical smoke particles within a simulated laparoscopic cavity utilizing an AirSeal® system

An exploratory study was performed to determine the distribution of surgical smoke particulate matter (SSPM) and evacuation times within an AirSeal® System and a traditional insufflation access system in various simulated surgical scenarios. Identified trends showed statistical significance when setting the AirSeal® System to Low smoke evacuation that it reduces the percentage of particulate matter at the Access Port opening. Additionally, it was observed that when utilising a laparoscopic tool a similar trend in particle distributions were seen between either insufflation and access system at the opening of the Access Port and trocar. Evacuation times for SSPM removal within the AirSeal® System showed an overall average to ≥95% reduction of 5.64 min within the surgical cavity, 3.69 min at the Access Port opening, and 3.61 min within the smoke evacuation line. The overall average for the traditional insufflation and access system was 9.38 min within the surgical cavity and 6.06 min at the trocar opening. Results showed that when using the traditional system compared to the AirSeal® System, it resulted in a percent change increase in evacuation times of 66.31% within the surgical cavity and 64.23% at the trocar opening.