Abstract
The illegal trade of Joseon’s red ginseng showed difference due to the implementation of international agreements and the engagement of foreign merchants after opening port.BR Chinese merchants in Joseon entered the illegal manufacturing and smuggling of red ginseng in connection with Koreans after opening port. They had smuggled red ginseng to Shanghai and Yantai, etc., and had sold it at high prices, making a lot of profit. Most of Joseon
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