Open Box Research Articles

Use of Sub-Atmospheric Pressure Storage to Improve the Quality and Shelf-Life of Marmande Tomatoes cv. Rojito.

In this study, the feasibility of storing Marmande tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum, cv Rojito) under hypobaric conditions was evaluated. The fruits were sorted into four lots of 72 fruits each. One lot was considered as a control, and the fruits were kept in the open box, while the fruits of the rest of the three remaining lots were enclosed in airtight containers and subjected to 101, 75 and 50 Kpa, respectively. Control fruits and airtight containers were kept at room temperature, and every three days from the beginning of the experiment the following main quality parameters were analysed: ethylene production rate, firmness, colour, total solids content, ascorbic acid, total phenolics and pigments, as well as a sensory analysis carried out by panellists. The results show that sub-atmospheric storage led a reduction in ethylene production, which was associated with a delay in ripening. The differences in the evolution of pigments were very significant, while a large degradation of chlorophylls was observed in the control fruits and in those kept at 101 kPa, in the fruits kept at 75 kPa and 50 kPa the degradation was much slower. In relation to carotenoid pigments, it was observed that sub-atmospheric treatments delayed their appearance compared to control and 101 kPa fruits. In relation to other quality parameters, it was found that control fruit and fruit held at 101 kPa softened more rapidly than fruit under sub-atmospheric conditions, whose loss of firmness was more gradual with differences found only at 9 and 12 days of storage with respect to fruit firmness at harvest. The appearance of these fruits was evaluated with the same score as at the time of harvesting, during 9 of the 12 days of the experiment, then a positive effect of sub-atmospheric treatments was also found in the sensory analysis. The results suggest that sub-atmospheric storage could be a suitable method of increasing the shelf-life of fruits.

Three-Dimensional Fracture Analysis of Large Opening Box Girder With Crack Damage Under Bending and Torsion Loads

Abstract This work aims to investigate the complex fracture behavior of a large opening box girder (LOBG) using three-dimensional (3D) finite element method (FEM). A numerical model is developed to simulate the fracture of LOBG under individually or jointly applied torsion and bending loads. The crack damage is introduced into the side plate and bottom plate of LOBG. The influencing factors such as crack angles, crack locations, and load types are emphatically discussed. Additionally, the crack growth angles are also predicted during the analysis. The results present that the large opening can generate significant effects on the crack growth of the side plate crack (SPC) and the bottom plate crack (BPC). Under the condition of torsion or hogging, SPC grows more easily than BPC, while BPC is relatively prone to grow under sagging condition. Compared with the torsion condition, the initial crack angle can significantly reduce the stress intensity factor (SIF) under the bending condition. Furthermore, the cracks that gradually approach transverse frames are also more likely to induce mode I fracture under torsion conditions. These findings from the present study can reveal insights for a better understanding of fracture behavior for LOBG.

Ranitidine Alleviates Anxiety-like Behaviors and Improves the Density of Pyramidal Neurons upon Deactivation of Microglia in the CA3 Region of the Hippocampus in a Cysteamine HCl-Induced Mouse Model of Gastrointestinal Disorder

Elevated levels of histamine cause over-secretion of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl), leading to gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and anxiety. Ranitidine is an antihistamine drug widely used in the management of GI disorders, as it works by blocking the histamine-2 receptors in parietal cells, thereby reducing the production of HCl in the stomach. While some reports indicate the neuroprotective effects of ranitidine, its role against GI disorder-related anxiety remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effect of ranitidine against anxiety-related behaviors in association with changes in neuronal density in the hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA)-3 region of cysteamine hydrochloride-induced mouse model of GI disorder. Results obtained from the open field test (OFT), light and dark box test (LDBT), and elevated plus maze (EPM) test revealed that ranitidine treatment reduces anxiety-like behaviors in experimental animals. Nissl staining and immunohistochemical assessment of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule (Iba)-1 positive microglia in cryosectioned brains indicated enhanced density of pyramidal neurons and reduced activation of microglia in the hippocampal CA-3 region of brains of ranitidine-treated experimental mice. Therefore, this study suggests that ranitidine mediates anxiolytic effects, which can be translated to establish a pharmacological regime to ameliorate anxiety-related symptoms in humans.

Information consistency as response to pre-launch advertising communications: The case of YouTube trailers

IntroductionPre-launch advertising communications are critical for the early adoption of experiential products. Often, companies release a variety of advertising messages for the same product, which results in a lack of information consistency. Research on the effect of advertising communications with different message content is scarce. Further, most studies on information consistency rely on experimental methods, leaving the actual effect of consumer response on product adoption unknown.MethodsTreating online comments to movie trailers as consumer response to advertising communication, we propose a natural language processing methodology to measure information consistency. We validate our measurement through an online experiment and test it on 1.3 million YouTube comments.ResultsOur empirical results provide evidence that information consistency driven by trailer-viewing is a key driver of opening box office success.DiscussionInsights deriving from this study are important to marketing communications research, especially in contexts where early product adoption is critical.

Experiences of the International In-Training Examination (I-ITE) by Rwandan pediatric residents – a survey-study describing candidate feedback

Background: The University of Rwanda is the only African residency to have implemented the pediatric International In-Training Examination (I-ITE) as a tool to monitor resident knowledge acquisition. The objective of this study was to better understand the acceptance and relevance of this exam to residents from this setting and their perceptions regarding this assessment tool. Methods: A retrospective, survey-study was undertaken to describe candidate feedback. Immediately on completing the I-ITE residents provided feedback by filling in an electronic questionnaire comprised of four closed Likert questions and an open text box for free-text feedback. Participants were pediatric residents from the University of Rwanda, the only university in Rwanda with a pediatric residency program. Quantitative analysis of the Likert questions was undertaken descriptively using SPSS. Free-text feedback was coded and analysed employing a phenomenological approach, with coding and analysis undertaken by two researchers. Results: Eighty-four residents completed a total of 213 I-ITE sittings during the five exam cycles undertaken during the study period. The survey was completed after 206 of the 213 exam sittings, giving a response rate of 97%. Five themes emerged from the qualitative analysis; 1) undertaking the I-ITE was a positive experience; 2) exam content; 3) formative nature of the assessment; 4) challenges to completing the exam; 5) practicalities to undertaking the exam. Conclusion: Qualitative feedback demonstrates that the I-ITE, a standardized, and independent exam, produced by the American Board of Pediatrics, was valued and well accepted by Rwanda pediatric residents. Its formative nature and the breadth and quality of the questions were reported to positively contribute to the residents' formative development.

The Impact of a Smartphone Application and Internet Resource Usage on Dental Education

Background: Smartphones are being used for several educational purposes. The Internet serves a vital role in the dissemination of information. Objectives: This observational cross-sectional study aimed to identify the most common smartphone applications/health Internet sites visited by dental care providers in the KSA and to assess factors that impact on the choices of the Internet site/applications by dental care providers. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional web-based survey was used. Data on demographics and smartphone usage were collected. Besides, participants were able to add their suggestions at the end of the study using a free open box. The statistical significance was at P > 0.05. Results: A total of 151 valid responses were collected. Of these, the majority were female (57.6%). All the participants had a smartphone, and 36.4% spent 6 to <8 h surfing. Google Scholar (81.5%) was the most used source for finding information, followed by PubMed (69.5%) and Wikipedia (49%). Almost 95.4% of participants used their smartphones to read scientific papers. Nearly 71.5% of respondents said that they used their smartphones for social networking. Conclusions: Most dental care providers regularly use smartphone applications/health Internet sites for education and research. In this study, we found many Internet sites and applications commonly used by the interns, which can be reviewed, updated, and utilized by the curriculum committee and included in the teaching process as this will save time and effort in training.

Entanglement-based observables for quantum impurities

Quantum impurities exhibit fascinating many-body phenomena when the small interacting impurity changes the physics of a large noninteracting environment. The characterisation of such strongly correlated non-perturbative effects is particularly challenging due to the infinite size of the environment, and the inability of local correlators to capture the build-up of long-ranged entanglement in the system. Here, we harness an entanglement-based observable - the purity of the impurity - as a witness for the formation of strong correlations. We showcase the utility of our scheme by exactly solving the open Kondo box model in the small box limit, and thus describe all-electronic dot-cavity devices. Specifically, we conclusively characterise the metal-to-insulator phase transition in the system and identify how the (conducting) dot-lead Kondo singlet is quenched by an (insulating) intra-impurity singlet formation. Furthermore, we propose an experimentally feasible tomography protocol for the measurement of the purity, which motivates the observation of impurity physics through their entanglement build-up.

PP145 Improving Patient Expert Involvement In The Lifecycle Of Health Technology Assessments To Build Public Confidence In Decision-Making

IntroductionInvolving patients in the health technology assessment (HTA) lifecycle is a core principle at the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). We include both patient organizations and patient experts, which helps build public confidence in healthcare decision-making. We continually work with patient experts to improve their experience and ability to participate by seeking patient expert feedback after every committee meeting.MethodsWe sent patient experts an anonymous experience survey containing a five-point Likert scale and open text boxes to capture qualitative data. The survey covered their overall experience, interaction with the committee Chair, and the support they received from both NICE and the Public Involvement Programme (PIP).In the 2019 to 2020 period we sent out 59 questionnaires and received 29 responses (47%), all of which were from medicines HTA committee participants. In the 2020 to 2021 period we sent out 120 questionnaires and received 65 responses (54%), of which 64 were from patient experts who attended medicines HTAs and one was from a medical devices HTA committee participant.ResultsGood or excellent experiences were reported by 90 percent of patient experts. The four main success factors noted were: good support before meetings; being welcomed and respected; well organized meetings; and patient expert input being valued. Areas for further improvement included: providing better briefing before meetings; allowing more time to review documents; providing more technical support; and giving more consideration to the opinions of patient experts.ConclusionsAs a result of the feedback received, the PIP now holds monthly group briefing meetings for patient experts. We also publish the anonymized feedback from the patient experts quarterly in a newsletter for committee members and share the data with internal NICE teams. Additionally, NICE aims to: send committee papers out earlier; have the option of holding a technical engagement call before committee meetings; and develop a feedback mechanism to ascertain the impact of patient input.

Parameterization of generic positive sequence models to represent behavior of inverter based resources in low short circuit scenarios

The connection of large inverter based resources (IBR) in transmission systems is often located geographically and electrically far away from load centers. This, coupled with the displacement of synchronous machine plants, results in a reduction of the network short circuit strength at the point of connection. Under these conditions, state-of-the-art positive sequence simulation platforms and models can have difficulties maintaining numerical stability and/or providing an accurate representation of IBR plant dynamic behavior. As a result, computationally heavy time domain electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations may be required to evaluate these systems. In this paper, a recently developed improved generic positive sequence model is parameterized to provide a representation of IBR behavior in low short circuit networks. Comparisons against generic and detailed EMT models demonstrate the suitability of the improved positive sequence model to study practical stability issues experienced with presently in-service plants. Such a model can provide some of the accuracy of an EMT representation with a much lower computational burden. The performance of the positive sequence model is validated against the behavior shown by both open white box and closed black box EMT domain models from around the world. • Showcase the ability of improved positive sequence inverter resource models to represent oscillatory behavior observed in power systems. • Illustrate the importance of parameterization of the generic positive sequence models. • Illustrate the possibilities of extending the applicability of positive sequence simulation tools for stability studies of larger power systems.

OP16 Learning From Engagement With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Community Organizations In The Health Technology Assessment Lifecycle

IntroductionInvolving patients and community organizations in the health technology assessment (HTA) lifecycle is a core principle at the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and helps build public confidence in the healthcare decision-making. From 2019 to2021 NICE assessed a HIV-1 medicine for the first time. This presented new opportunities and challenges for engaging with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) community organizations who hadn’t participated in a NICE HTA before. To understand their experience, we collected feedback on the impact and experience of community involvement throughout the assessment.MethodsWe used a mixed-method approach using a survey and qualitative feedback from the committee lay member, community experts, and the community organizations. An impact survey was sent to key committee members, the NICE technical team and Associate Director. It included Likert scale questions and open text boxes to capture both quantitative and qualitative data. Additionally, qualitative feedback was gathered throughout the assessment’s lifecycle from the NICE team and the community stakeholders.ResultsResults from the impact survey showed that the community input: had significant impact on the evaluation (100% (n=5)); helped interpret the other evidence and information (80% (n=4)); provided new evidence (60% (n=3)); and, was consistent with the other evidence (40% (n=2)). Examples of impact included highlighting the population heterogeneity, stigma, side effects and the effects of frequent clinic attendance. The key feedback from the qualitative data from the community organizations and experts in terms of their experience were: early support and support throughout from the NICE team; NICE’s flexibility in involving them; and, meaningful inclusion of their evidence in the committee slides.ConclusionsBoth the NICE committee and the community stakeholders recognized that the community input was valued and had an impact on the decision-making. To ensure meaningful community engagement, support and flexibility from NICE were required throughout the assessment. This level of engagement will be adopted in future for community organizations new to medicines HTAs at NICE.

Machine learning and data-driven prediction of pore pressure from geophysical logs: A case study for the Mangahewa gas field, New Zealand

Pore pressure is an essential parameter for establishing reservoir conditions, geological interpretation and drilling programs. Pore pressure prediction depends on information from various geophysical logs, seismic, and direct down-hole pressure measurements. However, a level of uncertainty accompanies the prediction of pore pressure because insufficient information is usually recorded in many wells. Applying machine learning (ML) algorithms can decrease the level of uncertainty of pore pressure prediction uncertainty in cases where available information is limited. In this research, several ML techniques are applied to predict pore pressure through the over-pressured Eocene reservoir section penetrated by four wells in the Mangahewa gas field, New Zealand. Their predictions substantially outperform, in terms of prediction performance, those generated using a multiple linear regression (MLR) model. The geophysical logs used as input variables are sonic, temperature and density logs, and some direct pore pressure measurements were available at the reservoir level to calibrate the predictions. A total of 25,935 data records involving six well-log input variables were evaluated across the four wells. All ML methods achieved credible levels of pore pressure prediction performance. The most accurate models for predicting pore pressure in individual wells on a supervised basis are decision tree (DT), adaboost (ADA), random forest (RF) and transparent open box (TOB). The DT achieved root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 0.25 psi to 14.71 psi for the four wells. The trained models were less accurate when deployed on a semi-supervised basis to predict pore pressure in the other wellbores. For two wells (Mangahewa-03 and Mangahewa-06), semi-supervised prediction achieved acceptable prediction performance of RMSE of 130–140 psi; while for the other wells, semi-supervised prediction performance was reduced to RMSE > 300 psi. The results suggest that these models can be used to predict pore pressure in nearby locations, i.e. similar geology at corresponding depths within a field, but they become less reliable as the step-out distance increases and geological conditions change significantly. In comparison to other approaches to predict pore pressures, this study has identified that application of several ML algorithms involving a large number of data records can lead to more accurate prediction results.

A Survey on Medical Explainable AI (XAI): Recent Progress, Explainability Approach, Human Interaction and Scoring System.

The emerging field of eXplainable AI (XAI) in the medical domain is considered to be of utmost importance. Meanwhile, incorporating explanations in the medical domain with respect to legal and ethical AI is necessary to understand detailed decisions, results, and current status of the patient’s conditions. Successively, we will be presenting a detailed survey for the medical XAI with the model enhancements, evaluation methods, significant overview of case studies with open box architecture, medical open datasets, and future improvements. Potential differences in AI and XAI methods are provided with the recent XAI methods stated as (i) local and global methods for preprocessing, (ii) knowledge base and distillation algorithms, and (iii) interpretable machine learning. XAI characteristics details with future healthcare explainability is included prominently, whereas the pre-requisite provides insights for the brainstorming sessions before beginning a medical XAI project. Practical case study determines the recent XAI progress leading to the advance developments within the medical field. Ultimately, this survey proposes critical ideas surrounding a user-in-the-loop approach, with an emphasis on human–machine collaboration, to better produce explainable solutions. The surrounding details of the XAI feedback system for human rating-based evaluation provides intelligible insights into a constructive method to produce human enforced explanation feedback. For a long time, XAI limitations of the ratings, scores and grading are present. Therefore, a novel XAI recommendation system and XAI scoring system are designed and approached from this work. Additionally, this paper encourages the importance of implementing explainable solutions into the high impact medical field.

Residual ultimate strength of large opening box girder with pitting corrosion damage under torsion and bending loads

ABSTRACT In this paper, the residual ultimate strength of large opening box girder with pitting corrosion under combined loads is investigated by ABAQUS software. A primary investigation was first conducted to compare the influences of corrosion types. Afterwards, effects of some studied parameters including the depth, density, volume, and location of the pit, which may affect the ultimate strength, were analyzed based on a series of FE results. It was concluded that the relative corroded volume loss has a non-negligible effect on the residual ultimate strength. For torsion and sagging cases, the side plates' pits significantly reduce the ultimate strength. For the hogging case, the effect of bottom plate pitting on the ultimate strength should be paid attention to. The interaction relationship between torsion and bending moment was analyzed. An interaction equation is proposed for evaluating the ultimate strength of large opening box girders with pitting damage under combined loads.

Yield and quality of green leaves of edible species of <i>Allium</i> L. depending on the type of packaging, storage time and temperature

Relevance. The genus Allium L. attracts the attention of researchers due to the presence of valuable medicinal, nutritional and decorative properties, adaptive capabilities, resistance to pests and diseases, ecological plasticity in its representatives, which contributes to the competitiveness of species and the manifestation of a high degree of adaptation outside natural areas and wide geographical distribution. Allium resources in Russia are a potential source of genes for expanding the genetic base of agricultural crops.The aim of the work was to establish the yield and change in the quality of green leaves of Allium species introduced into the Moscow region during short-term storage, depending on the type of packaging, storage period and temperature. 4-5-year-old plants of 4 species (A. altyncolicum, A. chyatophorum, A. nutans and A. turkestanicum) were grown on the collection plot of perennial onions of All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Growing – branch of the FSBSI FVSC.Results. In the conditions of the Moscow region, the yield per leaf generation varied from 2.7 kg/m2 (A. altyncolicum) to 4.9 kg/m2 (A. cyathophorum). The maximum yield of marketable products was noted in hermetically sealed plastic bags when stored for 10 days at a temperature of +6...8oС in a refrigerator with controlled conditions: A. turkestanicum – 70.0%, A. cyathophorum – 75.5%, A. altyncolicum – 84.9%, A. nutans – 92.9%. However, an increase in the dry matter content (10.1-15.5%) was found during storage in an open polymer box in all tested species. The maximum content of vitamin C during storage in hermetically sealed bags with a density of 100 μm was found in A. altyncolicum (37.1 mg%) and A. nutans (42 mg%). In other species, the maximum value of this indicator was noted before storage. A slight increase in the amount of sugars after storage for 10 days was noted in species with a linear leaf shape when stored in a polymer box.

Structural Changes in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex of Dehydroepiandrosterone-Induced Wistar Rat Model of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder in women that is associated with an increased risk of infertility. This study aims to evaluate the neurobehavioral and neurochemical changes along with the associated changes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of the dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS model rats. A total of 12 female juvenile Wistar rats (30 to 50 g) about 22 to 44 days old were divided into 2 groups. The control group received sesame oil while the PCOS group received sesame oil plus DHEA. All treatment was done via daily subcutaneous injection for 21 days. Subcutaneous DHEA-induced PCOS significantly depleted the line crossing and rearing frequency in the open field, along with the percentage of the time in the white box, line crossing, rearing, and peeping frequency in the black and white box, and the percentage of alternation in the Y-maze. PCOS significantly increased the immobility time, freezing period, and the percentage of time in the dark area in the forced swim test, open field test, and black and white box, respectively. The level of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) increased significantly, while norepinephrine depleted significantly with an obvious decrease in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor level in the PCOS model rats. PCOS rats exhibited cystic follicles in the ovaries and necrotic or degenerative like features in the hippocampal pyramidal cells. DHEA-induced PCOS results in anxiety and depressive behavior with structural alteration in rats, possibly through the elevation of MDA, ROS, and IL-6 levels, which also attributes to impaired emotional and executive functions in the mPFC and ACC.

Country-wide solar power load profile for Germany 2015 to 2019: The impact of system curtailments on prediction models

A large (43824 h) country-wide solar power load profile (LP), solar irradiance and meteorological dataset (ten variables) for Germany covering years 2015 to 2019 is compiled and forecast with eight machine learning and deep learning (ML/DL) algorithms. Analysis reveals that system curtailments are likely responsible for some outlying predictions. The adaptive boosting (ADA) and random forest (RF) algorithms outperform convolutional neural networks and other algorithms in supervised prediction and forecasting tasks with the dataset. Once tuned with 2015 to 2018 data, ADA and RF forecast 2019 hourly data with root mean squared error (RMSE) of < 0.03. Similar forecasting accuracy is achieved using smaller datasets of three months of historical data from 2015 to 2018 to forecast hourly LP in each month of 2019. Forecasts for July 2019 are associated with the highest errors (RMSE = 0.41). The transparent open box (TOB) algorithm, because it can reveal details of data matching contributions to each of its forecasts, is used to data mine the July 2019 forecasts and conduct in-depth outlier analysis. It reveals nine extreme outliers that each overestimate LP based on irradiance and meteorological inputs. Analysis suggests that substantial overestimates leading to high RMSE for July 2019 are likely due to system curtailments. It is beneficial to combine less transparent (e.g., ADA and RF) with more transparent (e.g. TOB) ML algorithms to accurately forecast and data mine large solar power data sets. It also indicates that solar LP forecasts cannot always rely on irradiance and meteorological variables in isolation. There is a need to be mindful of system constraints and market conditions when predicting LP on a country-wide basis.

Tameness of definably complete locally o‐minimal structures and definable bounded multiplication

AbstractWe first show that the projection image of a discrete definable set is again discrete for an arbitrary definably complete locally o‐minimal structure. This fact together with the results in a previous paper implies a tame dimension theory and a decomposition theorem into good‐shaped definable subsets called quasi‐special submanifolds. Using this fact, we investigate definably complete locally o‐minimal expansions of ordered groups when the restriction of multiplication to an arbitrary bounded open box is definable. Similarly to o‐minimal expansions of ordered fields, Łojasiewicz's inequality, Tietze's extension theorem and affiness of pseudo‐definable spaces hold true for such structures under the extra assumption that the domains of definition and the pseudo‐definable spaces are definably compact. Here, a pseudo‐definable space is a topological space having finite definable atlases. We also demonstrate Michael's selection theorem for definable set‐valued functions with definably compact domains of definition.

Sit-Stand Desks and Physical Self-care Behaviors in a Family Medicine Residency.

More than 50% of primary care physicians' practice involves sedentary desk work. Growing evidence suggests a link between sedentary workplace behaviors and increased morbidity and mortality. Research on the effects of sit-stand desks in the workplace suggests that sit-stand desks reduce sedentary behaviors. This study examined the use and satisfaction of adjustable desks with a height of sit-stand and their association with physical self-care behaviors among family medicine residents. We conducted a longitudinal cohort survey study at a 9-9-9 family medicine residency after the clinic installed height-adjustable sit-stand desks in January 2020. Standardized questions about the use and satisfaction of adjustable sit-stand desks and physical self-care behaviors were administered in June 2020, December 2020, and December 2021. The survey also included an open text box for feedback. Median time spent standing at the sit-stand desks was 55.0%. The percentage of time standing was similar across June 2020, December 2020, and December 2021. The average satisfaction rate with the desks across all time points was 71.4%. We did not observe significant differences in the proportion of residents' satisfaction with the adjustable desks over time. Residents who reported standing at the adjustable desk reported increased satisfaction with the desks (Kendall's τ=.38, P<.001) and with physical self-care behaviors (Kendall's τ=.25, P<.05). Themes associated with desk dissatisfaction revolved around limited desktop space. Over a nearly 1.5-year period, more than half of family medicine residents reported standing at their adjustable desks and being satisfied with them. Residents who reported standing at adjustable desks also reported increased physical self-care behaviors. Residency programs investing in sit-stand desks may consider options that allow for increased desktop surface space.

Young people and adult stakeholders' reflections on how school staff should support students who self-harm: A qualitative study.

Self-harm is a significant public health issue affecting school communities, students, and families. The school is an ideal environment for early intervention and prevention. This study aimed to explore the views of young people and stakeholders on how school staff should support students who self-harm in the context of developing accessible and acceptable guidelines. The study was nested within a larger Delphi study conducted in New Zealand. Two panels were asked to provide reflection in open text boxes in two questionnaires on how school staff can support students who self-harm. The youth panel included 22 participants between 16 and25 years, and 81.8%identified as female and 18.3% as male. The stakeholder panel (e.g., school staff) included 27 participants over 25 years, and 63.0%identified as female, and 37.0%as male. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key themes. Eight themes were identified; (1) an approach that prioritizes trust, (2) an approach that recognizes students'agency, (3) an individually tailored approach, (4) a whole-school approach, (5) an approach that recognizes role boundaries, (6) an approach that prioritizes safety, (7) a nonpunitive approach, and (8) an appropriately-resourced approach. The eight themes identified highlighted ineffective practices in response to self-harm in schools. The eight themes provide solutions to these practices. Our findings highlighted four recommendations that address ineffective management approaches in response to students who self-harm. These recommendations included using a student-centered approach, a whole-school approach, avoiding punitive approaches, and providing adequate resourcing to schools.

Adenosine protects D-galactose induced alterations in rat model of aging via attenuating neurochemical profile and redox status.

Aging is the process that every organism faces. The aging model of brain has been developed by the use of d-galactose (d-Gal). Adenosine (Ad) being a neuroprotective agent that has been utilized in treatment of various neurological disorders. The aim of current study is to evaluate the outcome of Ad on d-Gal induced neurotoxicity which caused behavioral deficits, memory impairment and oxidative stress. Rats were treated with d-Gal at a dose of 300mg/ml/kg and Ad 1mg/ml/kg; intraperitoneally for 28days. Behavioral assessment was performed after the treatment period. Animals were sacrificed after behavioral tests and their brains were collected, hippocampus were removed for biochemical and neurochemical analysis. The results showed that administration of Ad ameliorates the negative effects of d-Gal induced aging in various behavioral tests and increased the time spent in the open arm and light box in elevated plus maze (EPM) and light dark activity (LDA) tests respectively indicate anxiolytic effect; increased the mobility time in tail suspension test (TST) shows antidepressant effect; decreased escape latencies in Morris water maze (MWM) acquisition trials, increase entries and time spent in the target quadrant suggests improvement in learning ability of animals. Administration of Ad also decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, increased antioxidant enzymes activity; decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, increased 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) metabolism and normalized histopathological alteration in the hippocampus. It is concluded that anxiety, depression and memory impairment induced by d-Gal were protected by Ad through its antioxidant and neuro-modulatory effects.