Open Window Research Articles

Improving summer cooling in the Egypt hot/dry arid region utilizing a Trombe wall system: A field investigation

Air conditioning systems consume a large amount of generated electrical energy. Meanwhile, countries face an energy crisis due to the weakening of fossil energy, the world's largest energy source. Researchers were compelled to look for alternate energy sources and realized that solar energy was one of the most viable options. Also, it was found that solar energy may be used to power certain straightforward systems, such as Trombe walls, in place of air conditioning units. The Trombe wall is getting a lot of publicity and has been demonstrated to be very important and influential in today's environment preservation and energy conservation. The present work aims to extend the Trombe wall systems by installing them on residential structures. For a good design that suits the climate of the city of Sohag in Upper Egypt, a test chamber attached to the Trombe wall is set up in the summer, where different designs of Trombe wall configurations and operating conditions are studied. Five patterns of air gates (A, B, C, D, E) between a brick wall and wooden board slots are evaluated. Three different air gaps for Trombe air cavity distances of 100, 200, and 300 mm are examined. Test runs are assessed in two air entry modes via the window opening (mode-I) and the top hatch in the door (mode-II). The experiments are carried out on certain summer days for different summer months: June, July, August, September, and October. The most noteworthy findings revealed that the Trombe solar wall system in Sohag city had the optimum set-up circumstances with an air gap distance (XAG = 300 mm), air entry through window opening (mode-I), air gate arrangement (pattern-D), and plywood air spacing (WPW = 100 mm).

Seismic behavior of a new fabricated concrete grating composite wall structure in rural residences: Shaking table test and finite element analysis

To promote the application of prefabricated concrete structures in the field of rural residences, this paper proposes a new fully fabricated concrete grating composite wall structure (FFCGCW). A 2:3 scaled single-story model with door and window openings was designed, and a shaking table test was carried out to study the seismic performance of the FFCGCW structure. Three types of seismic waves were selected to analyze the failure modes, dynamic response, displacement response, strain response, and acceleration response of the structure under four peak ground accelerations (PGAs). The experimental results indicated that the FFCGCW structure had a large stiffness and could work in an elastic state at PGA = 0.4 g. At PGA = 0.8 g, the maximum inter-story drift was 1/600, and the natural frequency decreased by 9.4 %. The structure just entered a plastic state, and no overall failure occurred when loaded to 0.8 g. The cracks mainly occurred on the concealed beam at the upper end of the window, the corner of the door opening, the floor slab, and the column base, but they did not continue to develop and no collapse occurred. Compared to cast-in-situ concrete structures, FFCGCW structural components use bolt-connected keyed joints, which are convenient for construction and have similar seismic performance. During the earthquake, the bolt gaskets constantly deformed, the pre-tightening force of the bolt decreased, and the keyed joints allowed for mutual displacement between structural components to dissipate energy. Meanwhile, a simplified shell-element finite element (FE) simulation method was proposed for the grating wall, and the experimental data was verified by the FE analysis, with errors within 10 %.

Residential proximity to major roadways and hearing impairment in Chinese older adults: a population-based study

BackgroundWith rapid urban sprawl, growing people are living in the vicinity of major roadways. However, little is known about the relationship between residential proximity to major roadways and hearing impairment (HI).MethodsWe derived data from the 2018 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, and included 13,775 participants aged 65 years or older. Multivariate logistic regressions were employed to examine the association between residential proximity to major roadways and HI. The effects of corresponding potentially modifiable factors were studied by three-way interaction analyses. Sensitivity analyses were performed to verify the robustness of the results.ResultsThe prevalence of HI was 38.3%. Participants living near major roadways were more likely to have a higher socioeconomic status. An exposure-response relation between residential proximity to major roadways and HI was observed (Ptrend < 0.05). Compared with individuals living > 300 m away from major roadways, the adjusted odds ratios (OR) were 1.07 (95% CI: 0.96–1.24), 1.15 (95% CI: 1.07–1.34), and 1.12 (95% CI: 1.01–1.31) for those living 101–200 m, 50–100 m, and < 50 m away from the roadways, respectively. Particularly, the association was more pronounced among individuals exposed to carbon monoxide (CO) pollution or opening windows frequently (Pinteraction < 0.05). Three-way interaction analyses confirmed that participants exposed to CO pollution and frequently leaving windows open had the highest OR of 1.73 (95% CI: 1.58–1.89).ConclusionsThis nation-wide cohort study suggested that residential proximity to major roadways was significantly associated with an increased exposure-response risk of HI in Chinese older adults. Exposure to CO pollution and opening windows frequently might strengthen the relations.

Design optimization of office building envelope by developed farmland fertility algorithm for energy saving

This study focuses on designing sustainable buildings with a specific emphasis on reducing energy consumption and optimizing costs. To address the time-consuming nature of simulation software like TRNSYS and Energy Plus, a novel meta-heuristic optimization algorithm called the Developed Optimization Algorithm of Farmland Fertility (DFFA) is provided. The DFFA algorithm is utilized to optimize parameters related to the building envelope, encompassing walls, windows, and glass curtain walls, aiming to minimize energy demand and construction expenses. Comparative analysis with other approaches such as EPO, LOA, MVO, and FFA demonstrates significant reductions in energy consumption and building design costs achieved by employing the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, the DFFA algorithm yields the desired results within fewer iterations. By increasing the surface area of the glass curtain wall and total window space, improvements in natural ventilation and interior lighting are observed. Despite similar window opening measurements across the compared methods, the suggested algorithm surpasses others when it comes to overall cost and energy efficiency. The total cost reduction compared to the initial design amounts to 39 %. Thus, the DFFA algorithm proves to be more effective in conserving energy in buildings compared to other analyzed procedures. This research serves as a case study and presents a promising method applicable to designing various building types under different weather conditions in future projects.

Assessing residential PM2.5 concentrations and infiltration factors with high spatiotemporal resolution using crowdsourced sensors.

Building conditions, outdoor climate, and human behavior influence residential concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). To study PM2.5 spatiotemporal variability in residences, we acquired paired indoor and outdoor PM2.5 measurements at 3,977 residences across the United States totaling >10,000 monitor-years of time-resolved data (10-min resolution) from the PurpleAir network. Time-series analysis and statistical modeling apportioned residential PM2.5 concentrations to outdoor sources (median residential contribution = 52% of total, coefficient of variation = 69%), episodic indoor emission events such as cooking (28%, CV = 210%) and persistent indoor sources (20%, CV = 112%). Residences in the temperate marine climate zone experienced higher infiltration factors, consistent with expectations for more time with open windows in milder climates. Likewise, for all climate zones, infiltration factors were highest in summer and lowest in winter, decreasing by approximately half in most climate zones. Large outdoor-indoor temperature differences were associated with lower infiltration factors, suggesting particle losses from active filtration occurred during heating and cooling. Absolute contributions from both outdoor and indoor sources increased during wildfire events. Infiltration factors decreased during periods of high outdoor PM2.5, such as during wildfires, reducing potential exposures from outdoor-origin particles but increasing potential exposures to indoor-origin particles. Time-of-day analysis reveals that episodic emission events are most frequent during mealtimes as well as on holidays (Thanksgiving and Christmas), indicating that cooking-related activities are a strong episodic emission source of indoor PM2.5 in monitored residences.

Influence of Window Roller Blinds on Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings in Serbia

Abstract Roller blinds are devices that are retracted and wrapped in a box above the window opening and are used to protect against the solar radiation. Those are the wellknown devices with distinct advantages over the fixed external dimming elements. The influence of external blinds on the internal thermal environment in climatic conditions in the Republic of Serbia, the city of Kragujevac, was considered in this research. An external blind was installed in the test room and its influence on the internal temperature was compared with the internal temperature of the room without the blind. Real-time monitoring was carried out in February and August 2023. The results presented in this paper show that the blind reduces the temperature in summer by 3.57ºC and increases it in winter by 1.76ºC. The cooling load can be reduced by about 20%, and the heat load by about 15%.

CAN‐THUMBS UP: Recruitment in the Virtual Era

AbstractBackgroundThe Brain Health Support Program (BHSP) of the CAN‐Thumbs Up Study is an online, interactive educational intervention designed to increase dementia literacy, self‐efficacy and address modifiable lifestyle risk factors. Recruiting for a virtual study presented both opportunities and challenges. This included the need to attract participants through means beyond referrals from medical clinics, as well as opportunities to reach geographically diverse Canadian population less feasible with in‐person evaluations.MethodsA comprehensive recruitment strategy for a virtual environment was implemented. A central website provided any interested candidate with study information, and a link to register and provide basic demographic information via a secure form. Potential participants were directed to the website via traditional recruitment through CCNA specialty clinics or existing cohorts, through geotargeting mailing to specific target populations throughout Canada, social medial advertising, partner organizations, and a coordinated National press release.ResultsThe study had an 8‐month open recruitment window. During this time 964 participants agreed to be contacted through our online portal. Of these, 18‐81 were consented to enroll in the study per month. A total of 7,569 geotargeted postcards were sent, with 153 individuals agreeing to be contacted for the study (2%). Social media advertising generated 974 clicks, with 6.8% subsequently agreeing to be contacted for more information. The majority of participants enrolled in the study came from existing clinical cohorts, CCNA clinical sites, and partner organizations. The recruitment cohort was from a diverse geographical location, 45% urban, 35% suburban, and 20% rural. Overall, the target cohort of 350 subjects was successfully enrolled by the end of the recruitment period.ConclusionRecruitment for the BHSP intervention demonstrates the value of relatively underutilized clinical trials recruitment strategies, such as geotargeted mailing, and social media advertising. We also show the value of a centralized web site for initial screening of interested participants. While traditional recruitment methods still directed the majority of participants to the recruitment website, geotargeted mailing, social advertising, partner organizations, and earned media can all be scaled up, and will likely play a major role in future recruitments efforts in the broader CAN‐Thumbs Up Study.

Building Ventilation Optimization Through Occupant-Centered Computer Vision Analysis

Abstract Buildings consume about 40 % of all energy. Ventilation plays a significant role in both the energy consumption of buildings and the comfort of occupants. To achieve energy efficiency and comfort, smarter ventilation control algorithms can be employed, such as those with feedback based on CO2 levels. Furthermore, by knowing the current number of people in a space, ventilation can theoretically be adjusted to maintain a constant CO2 level without wasting energy when people are not present. An additional benefit of such control could arise due to occupants’ habits. For example, if a person senses elevated CO2 levels, even if the ventilation system has started operating more intense, they might choose to open a window, potentially compromising energy efficiency. Therefore, if the control algorithm were to maintain a constant CO2 level, occupants may be less likely to open windows. In our work, we explore a model in combination with a custom monitoring system based on computer vision to implement such control. The monitoring system combines outside and inside CO2 sensors with precise people counting based on computer vision to provide data to the model. The model relies on the mass balance equation for CO2 and considers the historical data of the number of occupants and their activities to estimate the overall CO2 generation in indoor spaces. The results suggest that the model can effectively forecast CO2 dynamics with an absolute deviation of 40 ppm. However, it was observed that the analysis of the actual air exchange level could be compromised by several factors.

Open Window Mapping of Accessory Pathways: A Literature Review and Practical Guide

Catheter ablation is the treatment of choice for patients with symptomatic accessory pathways (APs) causing recurrent atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia or in situations where APs conduct rapidly, posing a risk of sudden cardiac death. Conventional AP mapping relies on point-by-point assessment of local electrograms looking closely for pathway electrograms or early atrial or ventricular electrograms, which may be challenging and time consuming. Recently, open window mapping (OWM) using 3D navigational systems has emerged as a novel technique to help localise and ablate APs. OWM has significant advantages over conventional point-by-point mapping techniques. The purpose of this review is to summarise the currently available literature on the OWM technique and to highlight the technical aspects and mapping considerations for OWM, including specific cases demonstrating its utility.

Dynamic modeling of airflow rate through window openings based on CO2 data

Better estimation of air change rate in naturally ventilated buildings is a key for supporting passive summer thermal comfort strategies. In window aired configurations, this estimation is challenging either with measurements or building simulation methods. In this study, we describe and apply the state space modeling methodology based on the carbon dioxide concentration (CO2) mass balance equation to a simple test case with numerically generated data. We show that a two-state CO2 / Air Change Rate model is suitable. As a modeling novelty, we demonstrate the benefit of improving the formulation with a variable diffusion term for the air change rate state equation. From the test case study findings, we emphasize that a lower interior-exterior CO2 difference results in weaker performance and we list some prospects for future work.

Features of the Operation of Anchor Plates for Fixing Windows under the Action of Wind Loads

Numerical and laboratory studies have been carried out to study the static operation of anchor plates under the action of wind loads. Numerical studies of the operation of a standard anchor plate under the action of a compressive load acting perpendicular to the plane of the window have shown that its carrier is several times less than the force that occurs at the attachment points of window blocks when peak wind loads are applied to them. At the same time, the existing experience in the operation of window blocks shows that anchor plates in the vast majority of cases retain their bearing capacity throughout the entire working life of the window block. This indicates that the simplified design scheme of the anchor plate used in practice does not fully reflect its actual operation as part of the window structure. This statement was verified during laboratory tests of a window block with typical design fixed with anchor plates to a frame that simulates a window opening. It is established that the static operation of the anchor plate is significantly influenced by both the fastening of the window frame with mounting foam and the limitation of anchor plates deformations by window slopes. The issue of calculating anchor plates for the effect of wind loads should be considered by the professional community in order to develop both common approaches to the calculation of such fasteners and the fundamental possibility of their use for windows installation, especially in unique buildings.

LIGHTING STUDY IN CLASSROOM AT MTS AL MUTTAQIN PLEMAHAN KEDIRI

Lighting is very important in the classroom. The layout or orientation, window openings and area of the building must be considered so that sunlight entering the classroom can meet the standart. The purpose of this study was to find out how much light intensity is in the classroom and whether it is in accordance with SNI standards, so that it is comfortable for learning. This research method uses qualitative methods by observing interviews and quantitative methods by using simulations. The results showed that first grade class has an average of 1000 lux for 08.00 AM however, towards 12.00 PM the intensity of incoming light decreases to an average of 100 lux. Second grade has an average of 500 lux for 08.00 AM but towards 12.00 PM the intensity of incoming light decreases until it has an average of 100 lux. Grade three has an average of 300 lux at 14.00 PM and towards 16.00 PM the light intensity only decreases slightly so that it has the same average. The results of the interviews showed a lack of lighting during learning activities. The conclusion is that the average intensity value in the class measured is sufficient, but the distribution is uneven, so artificial lighting is needed.

Occupants' interaction with building services: Development of a camera-based method for detailed monitoring of windows, shadings, and lights

Several energy gains or losses in buildings are influenced by occupant interactions with building services, such as lighting or HVAC systems, thermostat settings, and window and shading operations. Occupant behavior is usually triggered by discomfort, nevertheless actions taken to restore comfort can have an impact on final energy demand. Thus, an accurate energy assessment for both new and retrofit building design must properly account for occupant behavior, based on reliable models developed from real case studies and detailed monitoring. This work presents a new approach for continuous and non-intrusive monitoring of window opening angle, shading position, and lighting operation to determine the net air exchange area for ventilation. A camera-based device and a post-processing algorithm are developed, and a monitoring campaign over 6 month is carried out to showcase the monitoring system. The device consists of a camera setup connected to a microprocessor, and a dedicated script which enables the device to track window opening, shading movement and lighting operation through target and object identification. Results of the prototyping case study show that the proposed system can effectively detect window opening angles and shutter positions, dealing with multiple windows and shutters simultaneously and allowing the deployment of the benefits of continuous monitoring. The explored application is the direct use of the collected data for the calculation of natural ventilation rates from the net exchange area (EN 16798-7) over long term datasets. As future development, the monitoring system will be used to develop accurate behavioral models based on the experimental data to analyze and suggest the occupant’s response to discomfortable conditions in order to improve indoor air quality and save energy.

Reproduction and experience of a classic Japanese-style room and sound environment

The structure of buildings and rooms changes with countries and eras. Cultural properties, classical literature, and music were created in specific periods and are connected to the present day. Reproducing architectural structures and environments that reflect the period in which the classical literature and music were created can help us understand the creative environment of the time. As room structures have changed, room acoustics have naturally changed as well. In this study, The open conditions, common to the opening and closing of doors and windows, resulted in the sound resonating well. The calculation results also showed that the sound attenuates from the sound source to the edge of the wall, but seems to be amplified around the wall. This means that the sound attenuates with distance from the sound source. This can be explained by the fact that the waves reflected from the wall were included near the wall. Next, experiments were conducted to reproduce roughness. The results showed that roughness can be reproduced by limiting the range of frequencies. In other words, one design condition for the reproduction method was presented based on the assumption that the room was touched.

Unveiling the role of osteosarcoma-derived secretome in premetastatic lung remodelling

BackgroundLung metastasis is the most adverse clinical factor and remains the leading cause of osteosarcoma-related death. Deciphering the mechanisms driving metastatic spread is crucial for finding open therapeutic windows for successful organ-specific interventions that may halt or prevent lung metastasis.MethodsWe employed a mouse premetastatic lung-based multi-omics integrative approach combined with clinical features to uncover the specific changes that precede lung metastasis formation and identify novel molecular targets and biomarker of clinical utility that enable the design of novel therapeutic strategies.ResultsWe found that osteosarcoma-bearing mice or those preconditioned with the osteosarcoma cell secretome harbour profound lung structural alterations with airway damage, inflammation, neutrophil infiltration, and extracellular matrix remodelling with increased deposition of fibronectin and collagens by resident stromal activated fibroblasts, favouring the adhesion of disseminated tumour cells. Systemic-induced microenvironmental changes, supported by transcriptomic and histological data, promoted and accelerated lung metastasis formation. Comparative proteome profiling of the cell secretome and mouse plasma identified a large number of proteins involved in extracellular-matrix organization, cell-matrix adhesion, neutrophil degranulation, and cytokine-mediated signalling, consistent with the observed lung microenvironmental changes. Moreover, we identified EFEMP1, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein exclusively secreted by metastatic cells, in the plasma of mice bearing a primary tumour and in biopsy specimens from osteosarcoma patients with poorer overall survival. Depletion of EFEMP1 from the secretome prevents the formation of lung metastasis.ConclusionsIntegration of our data uncovers neutrophil infiltration and the functional contribution of stromal-activated fibroblasts in ECM remodelling for tumour cell attachment as early pro-metastatic events, which may hold therapeutic potential in preventing or slowing the metastatic spread. Moreover, we identified EFEMP1, a secreted glycoprotein, as a metastatic driver and a potential candidate prognostic biomarker for lung metastasis in osteosarcoma patients.Graphical abstractOsteosarcoma-derived secreted factors systemically reprogrammed the lung microenvironment and fostered a growth-permissive niche for incoming disseminated cells to survive and outgrow into overt metastasis.Daily administration of osteosarcoma cell secretome mimics the systemic release of tumour-secreted factors of a growing tumour in mice during PMN formation;Transcriptomic and histological analysis of premetastatic lungs revealed inflammatory-induced stromal fibroblast activation, neutrophil infiltration, and ECM remodelling as early onset pro-metastatic events;Proteome profiling identified EFEMP1, an extracellular secreted glycoprotein, as a potential predictive biomarker for lung metastasis and poor prognosis in osteosarcoma patients.Osteosarcoma patients with EFEMP1 expressing biopsies have a poorer overall survival.

Research Component: Day lighting Integration in Commercial Buildings

Day lighting is defined as the natural maximum light used in a commercial building to illuminate the interior space of the building. The strategy has numerous benefits including energy saving, enhancing interior space, and aesthetics in the structure. Daylighting can be achieved in commercial buildings by the orientation of building windows opening and the material used.

Asthma and Other Respiratory Diseases of Children in Relation to Personal Behavior, Household, Parental and Environmental Factors in West China.

Asthma and other respiratory diseases, which are of great concern in public health, are paid less attention in areas that are less economically developed. This research aimed to study the prevalence of critical respiratory diseases of children living in West China and figure out the potential influencing factors. A total of 575 children under the age of 14 were recruited from Xinjiang, China, to participate in the study in 2022. Information on activity patterns, socioeconomic and parental factors, and household and surrounding environment situations was obtained using a questionnaire survey. Logistic regression models were applied to estimate the odds ratios of respiratory disease prevalence in relation to behavior patterns, household, parental and environmental factors, respectively. The prevalence of ever doctor-diagnosed asthma, doctor-diagnosed bronchitis and current bronchitis were 4.7%, 19.0% and 14.4%, respectively. The prevalence of doctor-diagnosed pneumonia was 8.2%, which was two times higher in urban than rural areas. Longer annual heating duration was significantly associated with higher risks in children's asthma and bronchitis, with an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 3.363 (95% CI: 1.215-9.298) and 1.267 (95% CI: 1.002-1.601), respectively. Opening the window longer in autumn would lead to higher risks of bronchitis, with ORs of 1.165 and 1.133, respectively, for doctor-diagnosed bronchitis and current bronchitis. Residential air pollution and having a residence close to waste incineration plant or garbage station were, respectively, significantly associated with higher risks of doctor-diagnosed bronchitis and asthma. Parental disease history was associated with a higher prevalence of children's asthma and respiratory diseases, whereas breastfeeding and doing physical exercise were, respectively, significantly associated with a lower risk of asthma. A high prevalence of respiratory diseases in children in West China may be partly attributed to longer annual heating time, opening windows longer in autumn, surrounding environmental pollution, as well as parental disease history, whereas promoting physical activity and breastfeeding could be an effective measure to reduce the risk of childhood asthma in West China.

2330. Ventilation Strategies Based on an Aerodynamic Analysis During a Large-Scale SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in an Acute-Care Hospital

Abstract Background The severity of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has decreased owing to antiviral agents and herd immunity; however, transmission among hospitalised patients could be fatal. Therefore, strategies to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in medical institutions are crucial. This study aimed to investigate ventilation strategies to prevent nosocomial transmission of COVID-19. Methods We retrospectively conducted an epidemiological investigation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak between 12 February and 5 March 2021 in a referral teaching hospital in Korea. The pressure difference and air change per hour (ACH) of the rooms were measured in the largest outbreak ward. Airflow dynamics were measured based on the opening or closing of the outside window and door by using an oil droplet generator, indoor air quality sensor, and particle image velocimetry in the index patient’s room, corridor, and opposite rooms. Results During the outbreak, 283 COVID-19 cases were identified. The largest outbreak occurred at the 8th floor followed by the 9th and 7th floors of the main building. According to an epidemiological investigation, the SARS-CoV-2 spread occurred sequentially from the index room to the nearest room, especially the opposite. The aerodynamic study demonstrated that droplet-like particles in the index room diffused through the corridor and the opposite room through the opening door (Figure 1). The mean ACH of the rooms on the 8th floor was 1.44; the air supply volume was 15.9% larger than the exhaust volume, forming a positive pressure. Compared with the open-door condition, droplet-like particles did not diffuse into an adjacent room facing each other in the closed-door condition. The concentration of droplet-like particles in the ward was lowered during natural ventilation, and their spread to an adjacent room facing the corridor was also reduced (Figure 2). Location of the index patient and detection sensor of the droplet-like particles Relative ratio in measurement of droplet-like particles, PM2.5, concentration according to natural ventilation conditions (A) Window closed/indoor-open (usual condition: ventilation with the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning [HVAC] system without natural ventilation), (B) Window open/indoors closed (condition for improvement: close the door and perform natural ventilation for each room), (C) Window and indoor opening (condition for improvement: opening all doors and windows in all the rooms and maximising natural ventilation). Conclusion The spread of droplet-like particles between rooms could be attributed to the pressure difference between the rooms and corridor. To prevent the spread of transmission between rooms, increasing the ACH in the room by maximising natural and mechanical ventilation is essential. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Influence of window opening on cyclic behavior of precast infill wall with sliding joints

Influence of window opening on cyclic behavior of precast infill wall with sliding joints

Sightings of the witch (Lepidoptera: Araotes lapithis) in Northeast Bangladesh

Biogeographically situated between the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Chinese subregions, Bangladesh is home to over 400 species of butterflies. Lacking sufficient surveys of butterflies, the distribution and occurrence of many species in the country are still not well known. Hence, reports on the sightings of any poorly known butterfly species may help to develop a baseline for designing precise research and open windows for conservation efforts. The global distribution of the witch (Araotes lapithis Moore, 1858) butterfly ranges throughout south and southeast Asia, including India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Myanmar, Philippines and Indonesia. There are few records of the species from different states of northeast India including Assam, Tripura, Nagaland, and West Bengal.