Open Time Research Articles

443P Assessing inter and intra-rater reliability of video hand opening time in myotonic dystrophy

443P Assessing inter and intra-rater reliability of video hand opening time in myotonic dystrophy

Validation of MLC leaf open time calculation methods for PSQA in adaptive radiotherapy with tomotherapy units.

Treatment delivery safety and accuracy are essential to control the disease and protect healthy tissues in radiation therapy. For usual treatment, a phantom-based patient specific quality assurance (PSQA) is performed to verify the delivery prior to the treatment. The emergence of adaptive radiation therapy (ART) adds new complexities to PSQA. In fact, organ at risks and target volume re-contouring as well as plan re-optimization and treatment delivery are performed with the patient immobilized on the treatment couch, making phantom-based pretreatment PSQA impractical. In this case, phantomless PSQA tools based on multileaf collimator (MLC) leaf open times (LOTs) verifications provide alternative approaches for the Radixact® treatment units. However, their validity is compromised by the lack of independent and reliable methods for calculating the LOT performed by the MLC during deliveries. To provide independent and reliable methods of LOT calculation for the Radixact® treatment units. Two methods for calculating the LOTs performed by the MLC during deliveries have been implemented. The first method uses the signal recorded by the build-in detector and the second method uses the signal recorded by optical sensors mounted on the MLC. To calibrate the methods to the ground truth, in-phantom ionization chamber LOT measurements have been conducted on a Radixact® treatment unit. The methods were validated by comparing LOT calculations with in-phantom ionization chamber LOT measurements performed on two Radixact® treatment units. The study shows a good agreement between the two LOT calculation methods and the in-phantom ionization chamber measurements. There are no notable differences between the two methods and the same results were observed on the different treatment units. The two implemented methods have the potential to be part of a PSQA solution for ART in tomotherapy.

Identification of African rice genotypes with early morning flowering trait to avoid heat stress

Abstract Early morning flowering (EMF) is a desirable trait in rice to avoid heat stress as temperatures in early morning hours are low compared to afternoon and flowering is the most sensitive stage to heat exposure. Cultivated rice accessions including both Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa were phenotyped for an EMF trait in 2016–2018 in two locations viz. Cotonou in Benin Republic and Ibadan in Nigeria. The initial screening was done in Cotonou in three phases in 2016 dry season, 2017 wet season and 2017 dry season, respectively. The 2093 accessions used in initial screening were subdivided into three groups based on flowering duration ensuring that each accession was grown under conditions which were best suited to their flowering duration. Further screening was done in Ibadan in 2018 dry season and 2018 wet season. Out of 2093 accessions taken in the initial screening only 1754 accessions germinated out of which only 64 accessions exhibited EMF phenotype consistently across the cultivated years, seasons and locations. Among the 64 accessions exhibiting EMF phenotype, 15 accessions also showed an early peak in spikelet opening time (EPSOT) trait, more than 80% flowering before 09:00 h. We conclude that 15 O. glaberrima accessions identified possessing both the EMF and EPSOT traits are suitable donors for use in breeding for heat escape in rice.

Comparative Efficacy of Intraoperative Patient State Index vs. Bi-Spectral Index in Patients Undergoing Elective Spine Surgery with Neuromonitoring Under General Anaesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Various electroencephalogram-based monitors have been introduced to objectively quantify anaesthesia depth. However, limited data are available on their comparative clinical efficacy in various surgical procedures. Therefore, we planned this study to compare the relative efficacy of patient state index (PSI) vs. Bi-spectral index (BIS) assessment in patients undergoing elective spine surgery under general anaesthesia. This prospective, parallel-group, single-center study included patients undergoing major spine surgery with neuromonitoring. Patients were randomized into two groups, i.e., group B (undergoing surgery under BIS monitoring) and group P (undergoing surgery under PSI monitoring). The primary objective was to compare the time to eye opening after stopping anaesthetic drug infusions. The mean propofol dose required for induction in group B was 130.45±26.579, whereas that in group P, it was 139.28±17.86 (P value 0.085). The maintenance doses of propofol and fentanyl required for surgery were also comparable between the groups. Time to eye opening was 12.2±4.973 in group B and 12.93±4.19 in group P, with a P value of 0.2664 (U-statistic-684.50). The intraoperative PSI and BIS had similar clinical efficacy in terms of the dose of propofol required for induction, time of induction, maintenance dose of propofol and fentanyl, time of eye opening, and recovery profile in patients undergoing elective spine surgery under neuromonitoring.

Using a Triple Sensor Collocation Approach to Evaluate Small-Holder Irrigation Scheme Performances in Northern Ethiopia

This study uses a triple-sensor collocation approach to evaluate the performance of small-holder irrigation schemes in the Zamra catchment of Northern Ethiopia. Crop water productivity (CWP), as an integrator of biomass production and water use, was used to compare the overall efficiencies of three types of irrigation systems: traditional and modern diversions, and dam-based irrigation water supply. Farmer-reported data often rely on observations, which can introduce human estimation and measurement errors. As a result, the evaluation of irrigation scheme performance has frequently been insufficient to fully explain crop water productivity. To overcome the challenges of using one single estimation method, we used a triple-sensor collocation approach to evaluate the efficiency of three small-scale irrigation schemes, using water productivity as an indicator. It employed three independent methods: remotely sensed data, a model-based approach, and farmer in-situ estimates to assess crop yields and water consumption. To implement the triple collocation appraisal, we first applied three independent evaluation methods, i.e., remotely sensed, model-based, and farmer in-situ estimates of crop yields and water consumption, to assess the crop water productivities of the systems. Triple-sensor collocation allows for the appraisal and comparison of estimation errors of measurement sensor systems, and enables the ranking of the estimators by their quality to represent the de-facto unknown true value, in our case: crop yields, water use, and its ratio CWP, in small-holder irrigated agriculture. The study entailed four main components: (1) collecting in-situ information and data from small-holder farmers on crop yields and water use; (2) derivation of remote sensing-based CWP from the FAO WaPOR open database and time series; (3) evaluation of biomass, crop yields and water use (evapotranspiration) using the AquaCrop model, integrating climate, soil data, and irrigation management practices; (4) performing and analysis of a categorical triple collocation analysis of the independent estimator data and performance ranking of the three sensing and small-holder irrigation systems. Maize and vegetables were used as main crops during three consecutive irrigation seasons (2017/18, 2018/19, 2019/20). Civil war prevented further field surveying, in-situ research, and data collection. The results indicate that remote sensing products are performed best in the modern and dam irrigation schemes for maize. For vegetables, AquaCrop performed best in the dam irrigation scheme.

Influence of variable enhanced LIVC miller cycle coupled with high compression ratio on the performance and combustion of a supercharged spark ignition engine

A novel variable enhanced late intake valve closing (LIVC) Miller cycle with asynchronous valve opening was proposed. Relevant tests were carried out in a supercharged spark ignition (SI) engine with high compression ratio, which mainly included the effects of variable valve timing on performance and combustion characteristics, as well as the comparison with the baseline engine. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of different intake and exhaust opening timing on the performance and combustion characteristics of the enhanced LIVC Miller cycle with asynchronous valve opening, and further explore the energy saving potential of this Miller cycle. The results showed that the application of variable enhanced Miller cycle effectively improved the anti-knock ability and pumping loss of the engine with high compression ratio. On the one hand, the optimization of pumping loss substantially improved the fuel economy under small load conditions. On the other hand, better combustion performance and air-fuel ratio could be achieved at medium and high loads. Meanwhile, the exhaust valve should be opened as earlier as possible to achieve the best fuel economy. Correspondingly, under optimal valve timing, compared with the baseline engine, the asynchronous intake valve opening variable enhanced Miller cycle engine with high compression ratio had a fuel economy optimization of more than 3.5 % under all loads, and the maximum fuel economy optimization was 12.74 % under the condition of 11 bar.

Multi-objective optimization design of low-power-driven, large-flux, and fast-response three-stage valve

Intrinsically safe solenoids drive solenoid valves in coal mining equipment. The low power consumption of these solenoids limits the response time of the solenoid valves. Additionally, the low viscosity and high susceptibility to dust contamination of the emulsion fluid often lead to leakage and sticking of hydraulic valves. This study proposes a low-power-driven, large-flux, fast-response three-stage valve structure with an internal displacement feedback device to address these issues. The critical parameters of the valve were optimized using a novel multi-objective optimization algorithm. A prototype was manufactured based on the obtained parameters and subjected to simulation and experimental verification. The results demonstrate that the valve has an opening time of 21 ms, a closing time of 12 ms, and a maximum flow rate of approximately 225 L/min. The driving power of this structure is less than 1.2 W. By utilizing this valve for hydraulic cylinder control, a positioning accuracy of ± 0.15 mm was achieved. The comparative test results show that the proposed structural control error fluctuation is smaller than that of the 3/4 proportional valve.

Experimental study and statistical analysis of system performance parameters of a household freezer

The present research comprehensively examines the influences of different input variables, such as cabinet load level, ambient temperature, relative humidity, door opening time and day, on the output parameters of frosting amount, recovery time, and total energy consumption of the upright domestic freezer following the door opening operation. Moreover, a holistic statistical methodology, which is known as the GLM-ANOVA, was implemented for determining the parametric experimental results. Meanwhile, the effects of binary interactions between the input factors on the output parameters were extensively evaluated using statistical methods. As a consequence, the amount of frost increases with an upward gradient as the load level within the cabinet escalates from 25 °C to 32 °C. Both the duration of door openings and the relative humidity level have a double impact on the frosting. Moreover, the duration required for the system to recover from half load to full load more than doubles with an increase in ambient temperature from 25 °C to 32 °C. On the other hand, at an outdoor temperature of 25 °C, the recovery time demonstrates a close to linear relationship with the load level of the cabinet. Furthermore, the duration of door openings and the load capacity within the cabinet are considered two important factors that simultaneously influence the daily energy consumption. The infiltration of ambient air into the freezer compartment and the presence of moisture in the air substantially increase the energy consumption, especially when the relative humidity fluctuates between 30 % and 65 % and the door opening duration stretches from 10 to 20 s, respectively.

Evaluation of basalt fibers and nanoclays to enhance extrudability and buildability of 3D-printing mortars

A study of the rheological and fresh mechanical properties of fly ash-cement 3D printing (3DP) mortars with six types of nanoclays (NC) as rheology modifiers, two sepiolites, three attapulgites and one bentonite, and reinforced with short basalt fibers (BF) was carried out. Fresh mortar properties were evaluated with a flow table test (FTT), cylindrical slump test (CST) and cone-penetration test (CPT) on samples left at rest and stirred before testing. Squeeze test (SQT) was carried out on samples cast-in-the-mold and 3D printed to compare the effects of 3DP on the fresh mechanical behavior. Extrudability was assessed with an electrical barrel extrusion device. NC and BF enhanced mortar cohesion by preventing water drainage and improving material extrudability. NC increased shear yield stress (τ0) over time on samples left at rest, enhancing reversible thixotropy. Besides, NC required larger amounts of superplasticizer, increasing open time windows. Among NC, Sepiolite in powder form showed the best fresh mechanical performance on 3DP samples. BF enhanced extrudability due to the bridging effect but also shows mechanical synergies with some NC. 3DP samples showed lower compressive yield stress and Young modulus evolution over time (σ˙ and Ė) than cast-in-the-mold samples, due to their layered structure.

Osmanthus fragrans Ethylene Response Factor OfERF1-3 Delays Petal Senescence and Is Involved in the Regulation of ABA Signaling

Osmanthus fragrans is widely used in gardening, but the short flowering period of O. fragrans affects its ornamental and economic value. ERF, as a plant ethylene response factor, is an important link in the regulation of plant senescence. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the functional role of OfERF1-3 within the petals of O. fragrans. Specifically, the OfERF1-3 gene was cloned and subjected to rigorous sequence analysis. Subsequently, to evaluate its expression patterns and effects, gene overexpression experiments were carried out on both Nicotiana tabacum and O. fragrans. The results showed that OfERF1-3-overexpressing tobacco plants exhibited longer petal opening times compared with those of wild plants. Measurements of physiological parameters also showed that the flowers of overexpressed tobacco plants contained lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) than those of the wild type. There was a lower expression of senescence marker genes in overexpressed tobacco and O. fragrans. A yeast two-hybrid assay showed that OfERF1-3 interacted with OfSKIP14 in a manner related to the regulation of ABA. In summary, OfERF1-3 can play a delaying role in the petal senescence process in O. fragrans, and it interacts with OfSKIP14 to indirectly affect petal senescence by regulating the ABA pathway.

Mitochondrial Function and Resistance to Oxidative Stress in the Kidney during Pregnancy.

We demonstrated that the serum of pregnant rats increases viability of kidney epithelial cells and promotes their proliferation. The intensity of oxidative stress in the kidneys was also reduced during pregnancy, but only in rats that were not exposed to acute ischemic kidney injury. This decrease in oxidative stress was not associated with changes in transmembrane mitochondrial potential, the size of mitochondria, time of opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), mitochondrial respiration rate, antioxidant activity, or nitric oxide level.

Effect of different anesthesia depths on perioperative heart rate variability and hemodynamics in middle-aged and elderly patients undergoing general anesthesia

BackgroundTo analyze the effects of different anesthesia depths on perioperative heart rate variability and hemodynamics in middle-aged and elderly patients undergoing general anesthesia, and to provide a basis for clinical application.MethodsA total of 111 patients with gastric cancer who were treated with epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia were selected as the study subjects, and the patients were randomly divided into group A, group B and group C. The bispectral index (BIS) was maintained by adjusting the infusion speed of anesthetics, the BIS of group A was maintained at 50 ~ 59, the BIS of group B was maintained at 40 ~ 49, and the BIS of group C was maintained at 30 ~ 39. The high-frequency power (HFP), low-frequency power (LFP), total power (TP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were measured before anesthesia induction (T1), immediately after intubation (T2), 3 min after intubation (T3), and 6 min after extubation (T4). The cognitive function of the patients was evaluated before and 48 h after surgery.ResultsThe HFP, LFP/HFP, TP, HR, DBP and SBP between the three groups at T1 ~ T3 are significantly difference from each other (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in spontaneous breathing recovery time, eye opening time and extubation time among group A, B and C groups, and group B had the lowest spontaneous breathing recovery time, eye opening time and extubation time (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions during anesthesia between the three groups. The cognitive function score of group B was significantly higher than that of group A and group C (P < 0.05).ConclusionsBIS maintenance of 40 ~ 49 has little effect on perioperative heart rate variability and hemodynamics in middle-aged and elderly patients undergoing general anesthesia, which is helpful for postoperative recovery.

Сравнительная характеристика затрат рабочего времени врача-челюстно-лицевого хирурга, оказывающего помощь в стационарных условиях, в условиях организационного эксперимента.

In the system of organization of provision of specialized medical care on the profile of maxillofacial surgery there are significant changes in connection with the digitalization processes, the introduction of new medical-diagnostic technologies, the development of surgical interventions, that has a significant effect on the working time of the doctor – maxillofacial surgeon. Purpose of the study is to study the working time of the doctor-maxillofacial surgeon, who provides assistance in stationary conditions with the help of photochronometric measurements in dynamics before and after the introduction of organizational measures. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in 2018 and 2023, before and after the introduction of organizational measures, on the basis of the department of maxillofacial surgery of the Penza regional clinical hospital. N. N. Burdenko». Doctors-maxillofacial surgeons took part in the study. The following methods were used: analytical, photo-time, organizational experiment, statistical. In the course of the photo chronometric research, all activities were studied: main activity, document processing, support activities, work, other activities, personal time required, unencumbered time. Results and Discussion. Analysis of the data obtained showed that doctors-facial surgeons in 2018 conducted an average of 9.75+0.1 hours at the workplace, which is 1.95 hours above the norm. According to the results of the study the article reveals an imbalance of working time expenditure, significant time spent on unusual functions (provision of medical assistance in the reception department, completion of medical documentation)There’s a lot going on. Problems in the regulation of work of doctors-maxillofacial surgeons, as well as shortcomings in the organization of medical care on the profile of «maxillofacial surgery» were revealed as a result of the photochronometric researchIt was possible to identify the main directions for improving the provision of specialized assistance in the field of PF. After the behavior of organizational arrangements (change of localization of the department, staffing, new patient routing, strengthening of continuity) The results of a repeated photochromic study conducted in 2023 showed that the structure of the working time expenditure has changed significantly: the share of main activities has decreased from 61,46% in 2018 to 59.7% in 2023, the duration of work with medical documents increased from 16.3% to 20.1%, costs for support activities decreased from 14,63% to 7.6%, The cost of performance increased from 4.59% to 5.6%, personal time required increased from 0.86% to 2.0% respectively. In 2023 there is no open time (late to work). The organizational changes made have had a positive impact on the quantity of quality of the bed. The average duration of treatment in 2018 was 7.92 days, and in 2023–5.53 days. In 2018, the pre-operative bed day was 1.05 days, and in 2023–0.17 days, decreased by 6.2 times. Conclusions. It was found that the organizational changes, directly related to the opening of the regional center of maxillofacial surgery, allowed to change the routing of patients, improve the continuity with specialists of dental, traumatological, oncological, pediatric profile, rational use of personnel resources, provide assistance to children. The optimization of doctors’ activities has had a positive impact on the quantity and quality of the bed. A comparative description of the work time spent before and after the organizational experiment shows that the activity of the surgeonmaxillofacial round-the-clock hospital has changed significantly due to the reduction of the cost of performing unusual functions.

ENTIMOS: Decision Support Tool Highlights Potential Impact of Non-intravenous Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis on Patient Care via Clinical Scenario Simulation.

Administration of intravenous (IV), high-efficacy treatments (HETs) for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) poses a high resourcing and planning burden on infusion centres, resulting in treatment delays that may increase the risk of breakthrough disease activity. Simulation tools can be used to systematically analyse capacity scenarios and identify and better understand constraints, therefore enabling decision-makers to optimise patient care. We have previously applied ENTIMOS, a discrete event simulation model, to assess scenarios of patient flow and care delivery using real-life data inputs from the neurology infusion suite at Charing Cross Hospital London. The model predicted that, given current capacity and projected demand, patients would experience high-risk treatment delays within 30 months. This study aimed to address key healthcare challenges for MS patient care management as seen from a neurologist's perspective. We used ENTIMOS to predict the impact of several distinct and clinically plausible scenarios on patient waiting times at the same MS infusion suite and to quantify mitigation strategies needed to assure continuity of care. We used real-world experience of an expert neurologist to identify five clinical scenarios: (1) switching patients to a subcutaneous (SC) MS treatment of the same therapeutic agent, in the same hospital setting; (2) extending opening times to the weekend; (3) reducing the number of infusion chairs (to simulate social distancing measures applied during the coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] pandemic); (4) increasing demand for infusions; and (5) increasing the scheduling approval time. Patient waiting time for next due infusion and time to high-risk treatment delays (≥ 30 days) were the main analysed model outputs. Previously published base case results were used as reference. All hypothetical scenarios were run over a 3-year horizon (with the exception of scenario 1, which was run over a 3- and 5-year horizon). Strategies to mitigate treatment delays were analysed and discussed. Switching 50% of patients to SC treatment of the same therapeutic agent administered in hospital postponed the predicted high-risk treatment delays to shortly beyond the 3-year simulation timeframe (month 38). Weekend opening reduced waiting times from 20 days to 4 days and prevented treatment delays, however, at elevated labour costs. Reducing the infusion chairs increased waiting time to 53 days on average and 86 days at the end of the simulation, leading to high-risk treatment delays within 6 months. An increased demand for infusions increased waiting time to 26 days on average and 47 days at the end of the simulation, leading to high-risk treatment delays within 22 months. Prolonged scheduling approval time did not reduce the waiting time, nor postpone the high-risk treatment delays. Decision makers need transparency on capacity constraints to better plan resourcing at infusion suites and MS treatments. Our results showed that various mitigation measures, such as increasing capacity by additional infusion chairs per year and transferring patients to other infusion suites, may help prevent treatment delays. Switching patients from IV to an SC version of the same therapeutic agent reduced the waiting time moderately and postponed high-risk treatment delays. It was insufficient to prevent high-risk treatment delays in the long term.

Room-temperature flexible phase change material with high emissivity and high enthalpy for building energy saving

Summer heatwave events become more and more frequent, building cooling load continues to rise, and the traditional cooling method using air conditioning consumes a lot of energy. New technologies and materials with high efficiency, energy saving and low cost are urgently needed to solve the problem of high energy consumption in buildings. In this paper, by combining phase change storage technology with passive cooling technology of sky radiation, a new type of high-emission flexible composite phase change material (CPCM) was prepared using polypropylene hollow fiber (PP hollow fiber), Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene (SEBS) and paraffin wax (PA). The prepared CPCM with excellent thermophysical properties, including a latent heat of 175.19 J/g, room temperature flexibility, the contact angle of the hydrophobic test of 129.15°, and the infrared emissivity of the atmospheric window of 0.942. The cooling experiment results show that the maximum temperature difference between CPCM and the environment is 2.6 °C lower than the ambient temperature. In addition, the simulation results show that the external surface temperature of the CPCM roof can be reduced by 23.15 K at the highest compared with a common roof, and the maximum energy saving can reach 13.24 W/m2. Compared with the high emissivity roof without CPCM, the external surface temperature is further reduced by 0.47K, the delay time is 50min, and the maximum energy saving can reach 0.76 W/m2. It's worth getting excited that CPCM can delay the opening time of air conditioning for 10 days. In addition, the application efficiency of cities in typical climate regions is simulated, and outstanding energy-saving efficiency is obtained, among which the maximum saving energy in Guangzhou is as high as 20.16 W/m2. The successful preparation of the novel CPCM material provides a new direction for the development of radiation-cooling technology.

The Impact of Flow Patterns Due to the Cold Lahar Flooding of Mount Semeru on the Collapse of the Bridge Connecting Malang District and Lumajang District

The flow patterns that occur in rivers as a result of falling cold lava often cause damage here and there. This incident cannot be separated from the large volume of water mixed with material that crosses the open channel which is caused by input water supply or water supply from river reservoirs crossed by cold lava. by water researchers for water mixed with volcanic eruption material suspended above. The event of water flowing through a river is influenced by the presence of the surface profile of the river bed and the various widths of the river that occur. If a volume with a certain viscosity is given, a thick flow will be formed that can be seen on the surface of the river, while that which is not visible to the naked eye above the water surface is called thick viscosity. If the runoff of cold lava material that occurs in the channel is not measured, it will result in wild jumps. The wild and viscous jumping structure that has been arranged can be observed as to how the flow pattern occurs. To avoid not detecting the flow pattern, water measuring structures are needed, one of which is a threshold with openings below or what is known as flow above the threshold along with existing bridge buildings around it. This sluice gate is easy to operate manually. The need for water operations with excess water availability is not an easy thing to calculate, because of the influence of depth and jumps that occur around the bridge, hydraulic jump patterns often ignore this measurability, this will be an obstacle if there is a large supply of cold lava. mixed with rainwater during peak conditions in the drainage process. Observations of this completion need to be proven by carrying out model tests using a tool known as the Threshold which produces a water jump along with the material. This requires further investigation for research in the model channel. For modeling thresholds and bridges connecting between plains, this tool provides instruments and many threshold treatments as well as regulating pressurized water with a pump at a certain flow rate in a measurable manner. To analyze the height of building damage, determine the flow pattern, speed by observation, test results with valve openings on certain pumps, researchers tested and measured the position of cold lava deposits one by one, the position of the slope of the river in certain sections, starting with an opening of 0.5; 0.75, read the instrument, move the threshold position from a bridge distance of 20 cm, 40 cm, to the furthest distance of 240 cm. Make graphs of test results for the threshold of the bridge opening transfer tool by testing the tool and opening 3 times for each pump opening, recording, mapping the depth values, jump length and travel time of the instrument on the test tool. Recommend the results of the analysis of the Threshold and Bridge tests to provide information to bridge construction planners that the test results with various threshold positions in certain conditions have the value of the Glidik II bridge collapse, the jump with the travel time of the speed of passing cold lava. Next, the bridge is determined and the next threshold can be used to determine how severe the damage is to the river. This research is laboratory research with threshold and bridge models. The target of this output is a journal article resulting from a simulation of determining the flow pattern that occurs in the channel by shifting the position of the threshold relative to the location of the bridge from the channel model with various diameter sizes of the model material, the results of which are in the form of a table and graphed on the part modeled in the water laboratory, especially flow with sediment and cold lava material. The results of this section were observed up to the collapse of the bridge at a depth of 4.5 cm with an opening of ½ second to 37 (on the model scale) observed or a depth of 45 meters (on the empirical scale). to then be written in the form of an article to be included in an international journal.

Investigation on Thermal Runaway Hazards of Cylindrical and Pouch Lithium-Ion Batteries under Low Pressure of Cruise Altitude for Civil Aircraft

Thermal runaway characteristics and hazards of lithium-ion batteries under low ambient pressure in-flight conditions are studied in a dynamic pressure chamber. The influence of ambient pressures (95 kPa and 20 kPa) and packaging forms (cylindrical and pouch commercial batteries) were especially investigated. The results show that the values of heat release, temperature, and CO2 concentration decrease with the reduction in pressure from 95 kPa to 20 kPa, while the total hydrocarbon and CO increase. Without violent fire, explosion, and huge jet flames, the thermal hazards of TR fire under 20 kPa are lower, but the amount of toxic/flammable gas emissions increases greatly. The amount of CO and hydrocarbons varies inversely with the thermal hazards of fire. Under low-pressure environments of cruise altitude, the thermal hazards of TR fire for pouch cells and the toxic/potentially explosive hazards of gas emissions of cylindrical cells need more attention. The performance of TR hazards for two packaging types of battery is also different. Pouch cells have higher thermal hazards of fire and lower combustible/toxic emitted gases than cylindrical cells. The thermal runaway intensity of individual cells decreases under lower ambient pressure, but the burning intensity increases dramatically when thermal runaway occurs in a battery pack. The open time of a safety valve (rupture of the bag) is shortened, but the trigger time for a thermal runaway varies for different formats of batteries under 20 kPa. Those results may be helpful for the safety warning and hazard protection design of Li batteries under low-pressure conditions.

Simulation analyses of the evolution of intra-inflorescence flowering patterns assuming selection on anthesis interval among individual flowers

What conditions select flowering patterns within inflorescences, or variation in the anthesis interval within inflorescences among plants? Under what conditions are gradual blooming and simultaneous blooming, both traits related to floral display size, advantageous? We constructed a simulation model in which the opening times and longevities of individual flowers within inflorescences, the sizes of attractive structures of individual flowers, and the numbers of ovules and pollen grains produced by individual flowers evolve. Individual plants in the population compete for pollinators, and plants are selected by pollinators according to their floral display sizes and amounts of resources allocated to attractive structures. We found that, if the proportion of pollen on a pollinator deposited on a stigma was low, gradual blooming did not evolve even if inbreeding depression was greater than 0.5. This is because the amount of outcross-pollen on pollinators decreased at a low rate during flower visits within a single inflorescence, and the selfing rate was suppressed to a low level even if the floral display size was large. On the other hand, if the proportion of pollen deposition was high, gradual blooming evolved even if inbreeding depression was smaller than 0.5. This may be because gradual blooming can enhance pollen delivery to other plants by reducing the loss of self-pollen by geitonogamy. On the other hand, allocation ratios among floral organs (female and male organs and attractive structures) were independent of the degree of simultaneous and gradual blooming within inflorescences. We concluded that the evolution of gradual blooming is more strongly affected by the proportion of pollen on a pollinator deposited on a stigma than by inbreeding depression.

Sidelobes and sideband minimization in time-modulated array antenna based on chaotic exchange nonlinear dandelion optimization algorithm

Time-modulated array antenna (TMAA) is a new type of array antenna based on time modulation technology. By introducing "time" as the fourth dimensional design freedom into the design of conventional array antennas in three-dimensional space, the array antenna has time modulation characteristics, which better controls the radiation characteristics of the array antenna and achieves the best far-field radiation pattern synthesis. This paper designs a Time-modulated linear array (TMLA) with low sidelobe level (SLL) and low sideband level (SBL) based on the chaotic exchange nonlinear dandelion optimization (CENDO) algorithm. Three optimization methods are studied: firstly, determining the optimal on-time (τnn) for each array element; The second is to determine the optimal on-time (τnn) and optimal uniform array element spacing (d) for each array element; The third is to determine the optimal opening time (ton), closing time (toff), and optimal uniform array element spacing (d) for each array element. To achieve simultaneous reduction of sidelobe level and suppression of harmonic interference. The same array model contains different harmonic frequency radiation. In this article, we only considered two harmonic frequencies, namely the first sideband frequency and the second sideband frequency. Because the harmonic of other sideband frequencies has a very small impact on the radiation of the fundamental wave, it can be ignored. To demonstrate the stronger ability of the CENDO algorithm in optimizing Time-modulated array antennas, and in line with the principle of fairness and impartiality, this paper also simulates different Time-modulated array models and compares the results of the CENDO algorithm with other published literature. It is concluded that this study shows lower SLL and lower SBL in different models. This provides a more scientific and accurate explanation of the superiority of the CENDO algorithm compared to other algorithms in the field of antenna optimization in electromagnetics. At the same time, this also provides great research value and fundamental support for designing high-performance Time-modulated array antennas in subsequent engineering applications.

P242. Comparison of MIS versus open TLIF recovery times using smart device monitoring

P242. Comparison of MIS versus open TLIF recovery times using smart device monitoring