Open Systems Interconnection Research Articles

Cross Layer QoS Guaranteed Fault Tolerance for Data Transmission in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network comprises several small nodes distributed randomly in an area under observation. These nodes sense the assigned physical phenomenon occurring around it and reports back to the base station. WSN is increasingly applied in defense, industrial, health care applications etc. Some applications envisage movement of the nodes. This results in frequent alteration of network topology leading to dynamic network partitioning. Hence, the routing of data from source to sink faces more routing disruptions. Maintaining application specific quality of service (QoS) in terms of Packet delivery ratio in such Mobile wireless sensor network (MWSN) environment is a daunting task. This cannot be achieved by focusing on a solution in only a single layer of sensor network protocol stack. Instead, by incorporating different techniques in each layered OSI protocol stack, a single coherent framework is proposed in this paper. This paper proposes prediction based coding in application layer, opportunistic routing in network layer, Laplacian scaling based on round trip time measurement in session layer. The proposed cross layer solution ensures application specific QoS guaranteed fault tolerance in MWSN.

IoTSim-SDWAN: A simulation framework for interconnecting distributed datacenters over Software-Defined Wide Area Network (SD-WAN)

Software-defined networking (SDN) has evolved as an approach that allows network administrators to program and initialize, control, change and manage networking components (mostly at L2-L3 layers) of the OSI model. SDN is designed to address the programmability shortcomings of traditional networking architectures commonly used in cloud datacenters (CDC). Deployment of SDN solutions have demonstrated significant improvements in areas such as flow optimization and bandwidth allocation in a CDC. However, the benefits are significantly less explored when considering Software-Defined Wide Area Networks (SD-WAN) architectures in the context of delivering solutions by networking multiple CDCs. To support the testing and bench-marking of data-driven applications that rely on data ingestion and processing (e.g., Smart Energy Cloud, Content Delivery Networks) across multiple cloud datacenters, this paper presents the simulator, IoTSim-SDWAN. To the best of our knowledge, IoTSim-SDWAN is the first simulator that facilitates the modeling, simulating, and evaluating of new algorithms, policies, and designs in the context of SD-WAN ecosystems and SDN-enabled multiple cloud datacenters. Finally, IoTSim-SDWAN simulator is evaluated for network performance and energy to illustrate the difference between classical WAN and SD-WAN environments. The obtained results show that SD-WAN surpasses the classical WAN in terms of accelerating traffic flows and reducing power consumption.

Enterprise Network Hardware Refresh

It is essential to keep the Network Hardware up and running in good condition to support enterprise applications connectivity. Network performance plays a critical role in providing adequate bandwidth to the collaboration tools for an organization. The average life of the some of the network equipment ranges between 3-5 years, however some may last more than 5 years based on the type of hardware and technology used. The older technology may add performance barriers in the enterprise network. Performing a Network hardware refresh can be a tedious and complicated task depending on the amount of devices and the architecture. Let us try to understand how to perform a hardware refresh for your Network that function in an enterprise and the types of devices that function in different layers in an OSI model.

FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE OF THE LOAD BALANCER IN CLOUD MICROSERVICE ARCHITECTURES

Scalability is a fundamental characteristic of any cloud-based microservice architecture. In the modern world, any service that is designed to provide services to a wide number of consumers should be characterized by good scalability and fast response speed. Potential users will never want to suffer constant errors, lost requests, denial of service, and other problems associated with a lack of service performance. Research subject: load balancing system in query processing and interaction within the cloud microservice architecture. Method: implementing additional elements in the cloud microservice architecture to provide load balancing. Core results: a number of popular load balancing algorithms in cloud microservice structures are compared, and options for upgrading in cloud microservice architectures for traffic balancing at different levels of the OSI model are proposed. Practical relevance: the study solved the problem of increasing the volume of processed requests without using a proportional increase in hardware resources.

Combination of Hybrid Cryptography In One Time Pad (OTP) Algorithm And Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC) In Securing The Whatsapp Communication Application

Whatsapp is a cross-platform messaging application that allows us to exchange messages without SMS fees, because WhatsApp uses the same internet data package for email, web browsing, and more. The WhatsApp application reportedly has improved the security system of applications that are end to end encryption (E2EE). This proves that the WhatsApp manager paid considerable attention to privacy and security issues for its users. In addition, it also implies an important matter where business actors have begun to realize that the application of cryptographic services is part of a very promising business strategy or even determines the present and future consequences. The consequence of implementing E2EE is the description encryption process that takes place at the application layer (OSI layer). Cryptography is a study that studies methods to send messages in secret (that is, encrypted or disguised) so that only the intended recipient of the message can decode and read the message. For this reason, cirptography is one method that can implement E2EE on whatsapp. One Time Pad (OTP) is a type of symmetry algorithm, each key is only used for one message. If the key is random (cannot be reproduced) and only used once, then the algorithm is perfectly safe. The MAC (Message Authentication Code) is an identifier to prove the authenticity of a document obtained by using meaningless messages obtained from processing some of the contents of the document using a private key .

Vehicle communication network in intelligent transportation system based on Internet of Things

With the rapid development of modern cities, relatively backward traffic management methods, inadequate road planning and construction, and the surge in car ownership, the problem of “urban traffic congestion” has become a problem faced by modern urban management. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is gradually becoming the research direction for solving the problem of traffic congestion in various countries around the world. Based on the above background, the purpose of this article is to study the vehicle communication network in the intelligent transportation system based on the Internet of Things. This paper uses OPNET Modeler software to build a vehicle movement model. OPNET Modeler uses a layered network simulation method. From the perspective of the protocol, the node module complies with the OSI standard of the open system interconnection model. From bottom to top, it is the physical layer, MAC layer, ARP layer, IP encapsulation layer, IP layer, TCP layer, and service layer. In a multi-hop scenario of vehicle self-organizing network in an intelligent transportation system based on the Internet of Things, simulation experiments show that when the vehicle is running at low speed, the wireless network coverage problem of the vehicle self-organizing network on the ground, especially In terms of the design and configuration of the roadside unit, the distance of the roadside unit should be maintained between 500 m and 600 m. At this time, the overall performance of the vehicle self-organizing network is stable. AODV protocol is superior to DSR protocol in terms of throughput, average network delay, routing load, packet loss rate, and average routing hops, and is more suitable for network communication needs.

ORCHESTRA: Supercharging Wireless Backhaul Networks Through Multi-technology Management

Today’s and tomorrow’s networks are becoming increasingly complex and heterogeneous with a large diversity of devices and technologies. To meet growing demand, and support client mobility there is need for intelligent mechanisms like multi-technology load balancing and handovers. Current solutions, like Multipath Transmission Control Protocol (MPTCP), fail to provide a fine-grained, coordinated, and transparent answer to this heterogeneity, while the lower layers of the Open Systems Interconnection stack simply ignore it by providing full separation of layers. Therefore, we introduce ORCHESTRA, a data link layer framework for the management of multi-technology networks and devices, enabling packet-level dynamic handovers, load balancing, and duplication across network technologies. The framework is the first of its kind in providing fine-grained packet-level control across different technologies in a network-wide manner. Moreover, it works on top of existing standards without the need for hardware changes. This is achieved through a fully transparent virtual Medium Access Control layer and a Software-Defined Networking controller with global intelligence. The framework is implemented in a prototype running on off-the-shelf hardware and we demonstrate its features across different IEEE 802.11 technologies and 4G (Long Term Evolution). We demonstrate that ORCHESTRA outperforms MPTCP and allows for real-time inter-technology handovers and that overall throughput and reliability are improved in wireless networks.

APPLICATION OF THE SLIDING WINDOW MECHANISM IN SIMULATION OF COMPUTER NETWORK LOADING PARAMETERS

The subject of the study in the article is the data transfer processes in computer networks from the point of view of the network performance indicators, in particular, overload parameters. The purpose of the work is to create a simulation model of the behavior of a computer network, taking into account the mechanism of the sliding window and to demonstrate its work using a test example in combination with the previously proposed algorithms. The following tasks are solved in the article: analysis of the network as a complex multilevel system and isolation of the problems related to the transport layer of the OSI model; consideration of tasks that are solved by the transport layer of the data network; creation of the mechanism of modeling of functions of sliding window; demonstration of model work. The following research methods are used: basics of system analysis, models of network functioning, simulation modeling method. The following results were obtained: Based on the results of previous studies, the article proposes a new model of computer network behavior over a period of time. This model is based on the principles of simulation modeling, which became possible because of the certain fractal properties of incoming traffic, that is one of the initial data for the simulation. In the process of development, the seven-level OSI model was taken as the basic network model and its four lower levels were selected. Ensuring reliable information transmission at all protocol levels is based on the mechanisms of acknowledgement and sliding window. The proposed model can reduce the amount of user data directly for each of the directions in a proportion directly proportional to their utilization of the specified congested channel. It is proposed to use a correction vector for each direction of information transmission in the model. Conclusions: The adequacy of the developed model is confirmed on the basis of practical calculations of the test case. The practical value of this model is the ability to predict bottlenecks when creating a computer network, or vice versa, to point out the redundancy of certain solutions in order to save significant funds in the future for providers and operators of communication services.

Design the Connection Creation Bluetooth Techniques using Packet Switching

An existent result from the exchange is working. However, we are sharing unique practices to fast our creativity; it develops controlling partners by the people it abuts to, with our unhindered and the creation about us. Three-Way Handshake strategy has used in this paper to the connection creation method. TCP and affiliation creation strategies have recycled related to formal progress outline connection creation. Now every course utilizing parcel exchanging systems and 4-areas are generally required that is Finish (FIN) and Acknowledgment (ACK). Opening the reason for existing techniques is about used handset toward training. It is indicating an association to make in this paper. FIN exchanging has been powerful not only in refining the accounts of information correspondences, but also it might be in alluring consistency or reasonable versatility. Bluetooth rules are utilizing affiliation development for this paper. When we share original practices and rapid our originality, we construct controlling associates by the individuals we’re adjoining to, with our unrestricted and the creation about us, and through ourselves. Ordinary procedure is creating and linking among TCP client with server includes 3- phases consumer refers SYN communication; server refers communication that associations ACK used for consumer’s SYN and encloses server’s SYN; then consumer directs ACK for server’s SYN. It is named TCP Three Way Handshake. It is joining formation connectionless communication to comparative features. Difference among connectionless combine connection oriented broadcast could proceeds residence at numerous coatings of Open System Interconnection Orientation Model. TCP has connection oriented carrying protocol. UDP has connectionless protocol

A Novel Security Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks with Cooperative Communication

This paper builds upon the foundation and clarifies specifications for a necessary security protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with cooperative communications. It is designed to enhance performance and resiliency against cyber-attacks. Recent literature has shown that developing a WSN with Cooperative Communication greatly increases the performance of the network, but also exposes new vulnerabilities. The technique operates by transmitting packets of data to neighboring relay nodes in a cooperative fashion to reach the destination. In this paper, we consider security issues in WSNs with cooperative communication on each layer of the OSI model: physical layer, data link layer, network layer, service (topology) layer, and application layer. For each layer, we clarify the main task, enumerate the main attacks and threats, specify the primary security approaches and techniques (if any), and discuss possible new attacks and problems that may arise with the use of cooperative communications. Furthermore, we show for some attacks (e.g., jamming, packet dropping, and wormhole) that using cooperative communication improves the network resiliency and reliability. Finally, we propose a security protocol that addresses many of these shortcomings, while outlining the remaining issues that need further work and research.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Routing technique for data transmission under jammer in multi-hop wireless network

The value and general execution of jammers create them an indispensable hazard for wireless sensor networks. In the multi-hop wireless network, jammers be able to obstruct the broadcast of consumer messages in the transitional nodes alongside the way, one may utilize jamming insensible routing after that occupy first layer mechanisms (e.g. spread spectrum) to restrain the jamming. The novel technique is introduced hybrid ERS-RIP (efficient route selection—routing information protocol) for data transmission under jammer in multi hop wireless sensor networks. Efficient route selection is to maintain minimum cost to identify the routes. For route selection the energy cost and trustable path must be measured. RIP is a distance vector routing protocol presence in the application of OSI layer and is to measure the optimal path between sources to destination. RIP gives updating occasionally regarding network exchange. When the jammers are found, then the network area nodes are choose alternate path with secure and monitor the energy of these path and the packets are send safely with the help of routing protocols to destination node. This algorithm explains in which provides the route based on the jammer detection path. This ERS-RIP algorithm works based on the quality of the optimal link. The performance of the proposed methodology is estimated by its end-to-end delay, throughput, packet delivery rate, packet loss rate and node life time. Results show that the performance of hybrid ERS-RIP is considerably improved than the existing algorithms ERS, ESA, and DSR. The Performance analysis of existing techniques is 80.5, 81.6, 83.4 and hybrid ERS-RIP is 85.5.

Building Upon NB-IoT Networks: A Roadmap Towards 5G New Radio Networks

Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a type of low-power wide-area (LPWA) technology standardized by the 3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> -Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and based on long-term evolution (LTE) functionalities. NB-IoT has attracted significant interest from the research community due to its support for massive machine-type communication (mMTC) and various IoT use cases that have stringent specifications in terms of connectivity, energy efficiency, reachability, reliability, and latency. However, as the capacity requirements for different IoT use cases continue to grow, the various functionalities of the LTE evolved packet core (EPC) system may become overladen and inevitably suboptimal. Several research efforts are ongoing to meet these challenges; consequently, we present an overview of these efforts, mainly focusing on the Open System Interconnection (OSI) layer of the NB-IoT framework. We present an optimized architecture of the LTE EPC functionalities, as well as further discussion about the 3GPP NB-IoT standardization and its releases. Furthermore, the possible 5G architectural design for NB-IoT integration, the enabling technologies required for 5G NB-IoT, the 5G NR coexistence with NB-IoT, and the potential architectural deployment schemes of NB-IoT with cellular networks are introduced. In this article, a description of cloud-assisted relay with backscatter communication, a comprehensive review of the technical performance properties and channel communication characteristics from the perspective of the physical (PHY) and medium-access control (MAC) layer of NB-IoT, with a focus on 5G, are presented. The different limitations associated with simulating these systems are also discussed. The enabling market for NB-IoT, the benefits for a few use cases, and possible critical challenges related to their deployment are also included. Finally, present challenges and open research directions on the PHY and MAC properties, as well as the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of NB-IoT, are presented to foster the prospective research activities.

Energy-Efficient Biocooperative Video-Aware QoS-Based Multiobjective Cross-Layer Optimization for Wireless Networks

Video streaming is becoming increasingly popular due to the emergence of different video applications and services and the exponential growth in demand for multimedia applications. Streaming video over an error-prone network is technically challenging due to unpredictable channel conditions and demands for different types of quality of service (QoS) from various types of applications. The traditional Open System Interconnection (OSI) layered approach is designed for data transfer, and it performs specific operations independent of other layers. This approach may not work efficiently for wireless video streaming applications in which video quality is greatly affected by the network condition, link quality, and ability of the system to adapt to the channel conditions. This paper is primarily aimed at developing an algorithm to enhance video streaming over wireless local area networks using a biocooperative video-aware QoS-based multiobjective cross-layer optimization (MO-CLD) approach. First, the wireless video streaming optimization problem is formulated and modeled. To solve the optimization problem, we proposed a bioinspired optimization algorithm to jointly optimize the source rate and packet rate loss using dual decomposition. The simulation results show that the proposed biocooperative multiobjective optimization scheme using particle swarm optimization (PSO) relatively maintains and enhances the video streaming quality in error-prone transmission environments to ultimately support wireless multimedia applications and services. More importantly, the end-to-end delay and complexity are reduced significantly, which eventually lead to improvements in the scheme efficiency and video quality compared to basic cross-layer optimization (B-CLD).

Network security in OSI model

The following are some of the most important topics and security control strategies at various scales. Of course, some items can be removed on a smaller scale. Nevertheless, if security is very important, it is better to work on all of the following: Access control, Anti-virus and anti-malware software, Software security, Performance analysis and benchmarking and prevent leaks and information dissemination, Security information and event management and Virtual Private network and wireless network security & security web.

ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ В БЕЗДРОТОВИХ СЕНСОРНИХ МЕРЕЖАХ

The problem of information security in wireless sensor networks is considered in this paper. An analysis of existing recommendations for information security in wireless sensor networks. It was found that one of the key problems of information security is the hardware limitations of the sensor nodes of the network. It is substantiated that the use of more complex cryptographic protection mechanisms will increase the load on the network. Safety requirements and their description are given. The main groups and types of information security threats in wireless sensor networks are considered. The classification of attacks and protection of wireless sensor networks according to the OSI model is presented. The existing solutions for information security are considered and analyzed. The shortcomings and vulnerabilities of the considered solutions are revealed. The method of public key cryptography is considered, the main advantages and disadvantages of this method are revealed. The analysis and comparison of ECC and RSA encryption methods are carried out. It is substantiated that the use of ECC in wireless sensor networks is more efficient than RSA. The method of cryptography with a symmetric key is considered, the main advantages and disadvantages of this method are indicated. It was found that cryptographic methods using a symmetric key are more priority for use in wireless sensor networks. Cryptographic key management protocols in wireless sensor networks are considered. The classification of key management protocols is given. Secure routing protocols are considered. The classification of secure routing protocols is given. Methods of secure data aggregation are considered. Contradictions between the requirements for confidentiality and data aggregation have been revealed. The method of intrusion detection is considered, the main advantages and disadvantages of this method are revealed. The results of this work should be used in the design of wireless sensor networks.

Mitigating Denial of Service Attacks with Load Balancing

Denial of service (DoS) attack continues to pose a huge risk to online businesses. The attack has moved from attack at the network level – layer 3 and layer 4 to the layer 7 of the OSI model. This layer 7 attack or application layer attack is not easily detectable by firewalls and most intrusion Detection systems and other security tools but have the capability of bringing down a well-equipped web server. The wide availability and easy accessibility of the attack tools makes this type of security risk very easy to execute, very prolific and difficult to completely mitigate. There have been an increasing number of such attacks against the web server infrastructures of many organisations being recorded. The aim of this research is to look at some layer 7 application DDoS attack tools and test open source tools that offer some form of defense against these attacks. The research deployed open source load balancing software, HAProxy as a first line of defense against Denial of Service attack. The three components of the popular free open source data analysis tool, Elastic stack framework- Logstash, Elasticsearch and Kibana were used to collect logs from the web server, filter and query the logs and then display results in dashboards and graphs to help in the identification of an attack by analysing the visually displayed log data. Rules are also setup to alert the business of anomalies detected based on pre-determined benchmarks.

Network infrastructure development for the «Smart Home» system using Z­-Wave technology

Ready-made solutions for building the network infrastructure of the «Smart Home» system are analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages are revealed. The article discusses in detail the use of Z-Wave technology in building a network for «Smart Home». The plan of building a new network infrastructure is formulated. Based on the analysis, a network infrastructure was developed for the Smart Home system using Z-Wave technology. Z-Wave was introduced to the market in 2003 by Zensys, acquired five years later by Sigma Designs, which now licenses the technology and remains a major supplier of Z-Wave chips. Addressing all the critical needs of the emerging smart home segment, it has become a leading international wireless standard for residential automation management and automation. To date, there are more than 1300 certified devices on the market and around 35 million compatible units are mature and proven technology. Simple Z-Wave covers all layers of the core OSI model for network communications, from the physical layer to the application layer. Unlike the vast majority of the leading wireless solutions, the protocol provides full compatibility between the various branded products based on it. This would be impossible without determining the level of applications, but also without the clear standard and certification programs installed by Z-Wave Alliance. Z-Wave was designed to allow individual nodes to send messages until they reach their final destination. Extending the range of the wireless network significantly, even today, networks are considered essential to providing reliable coverage in building automation. First of all, the Z-Wave network is capable of sending messages through up to 4 repetitive nodes. This alone limits potential applications in a smart home environment, as commercial and office space often require wider network coverage.

СЕТЕВОЕ ПОЗИЦИОНИРОВАНИЕ 5G И ВЕРОЯТНОСТНЫЕ МОДЕЛИ ОЦЕНКИ ЕГО ТОЧНОСТИ

The relevance of issues of network positioning in general, and methods of assessing accuracy in particular, is due to the fact that technologies for location estimation by means of infrastructure of deployed and projected mobile radio communication networks have received a new impetus for development. This is due to a number of objective factors in recent years, which are the result of ongoing evolution at the next stage of the transition to 5G networks. If in the networks of previous generations 2G-4G geolocation was an optional service, which developed mainly according to the requirements of emergency services and law enforcement, as well as in scenarios when signals from global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) were unavailable, then for a promising 5G digital ecosystem, network positioning can rightfully be stated as a separate area of research and development. The arguments for this statement are at least two circumstances. First, in recent years, a wide range of geoinformation services has been developed, which are impossible and / or inappropriate to solve exclusively by GNSS systems. It is also indicative that in the latest specifications of the 3GPP partner project, among others, there were explicit requirements for the accuracy and availability of network positioning services, as well as a description of all possible geolocation scenarios with an accuracy of one meter. Secondly, the analysis of foreign sources in recent years has shown that the so-called concept of communication organization based on LAC (Location Aware Communication) positioning data has been developed, according to which location awareness can be used at different levels of the OSI model for improving the efficiency of building and operating radio stations as part of ultra-dense 5G radio access networks. In this paper, positioning scenarios in 5G networks are systematized, as well as probabilistic models and methods for assessing the accuracy of geolocation in relation to the problems of location estimation in 5G networks. In the first part of this paper, scenarios of network positioning for the 5G ecosystem are presented, in particular: specifics of organizing radio communications based on location data are presented; the development trends of positioning technologies in 5G networks are formulated; analyzes 3GPP requirements for positioning in 5G networks. In the second part of this work, the results of the development and software implementation of tools for probabilistic assessment and visualization of positioning accuracy along the scattering ellipse are presented.

Моделирование полезной пропускной способности сети БПЛА при мультипотоковой передаче

This paper investigates the process of multi-stream data transmission from several unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to a ground station. We can observe a mathematical model of the data transfer process at the application level of the OSI model (from flying nodes to a ground station). The Poisson – Pareto packet process is used to describe the multi-stream data traffic. The results of simulation are obtained using the network simulator NS-3. It is considered a system for emulating the process of multi-stream data transmission from UAV to a ground station. Acording to the results of studies for multi-stream data transmission it is clear that the increase of the UAV source nodes which simultaneously transmit data to a ground station needs higher requirements for Goodput.

Securing Cloud Framework from Application DDoS Attacks

With the extensive growth of in the size of data transmitted and received in the cloud, there arises the risk of sensitive data prone to different kinds of attacks. The attacks may be in the form of intrusions trying to hack the data or in the form of some fatal attacks. To focus more, after the extensive use of applications and social media apps, there is a rise in Application DDoS (Distributed Denial-of-Service) attacks. These attacks are called as L7 (Layer 7) of the OSI Reference model, as they target the topmost layer – the Application Layer. Various simulations in the Cloud have concluded that the cumulative energy consumption and huge amount of migrations on the VMs are severely affected by the Application DDoS attacks or the EDoS (Economic Denial of Sustainability) attacks. This paper discusses the various forms of Application DDoS attacks, the mitigation mechanisms for the Application DDoS attacks and compares the results in the simulated cloud environment.