Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model Research Articles

PARSECS_RT: A real-time PARSECS-based communication protocol stack for critical sensing applications

The real-time characteristics of modular systems have been a long sought-after goal in many industries including automotive, aeronautics or mobile robotics. Yet scientists and practitioners are still struggling to find widespread implementation solutions that may accommodate diverse inter-modular real-time communication requirements. In an attempt to cover this research gap, the current paper proposes a real-time version of the PARSECS protocol for low-end devices. Our new protocol, coined as PARSECS_RT, was designed according to Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model. It offers a full communication stack from the physical layer to the application layer on top of the SPI interface in order to provide a stable, hard real-time communication platform. PARSECS_RT was evaluated in real and simulated environments providing promising results.

Design and implementation of energy-aware cross-layer routing protocol for wearable body area network

PurposeA wireless body area network (WBAN) plays a crucial role in the health-care domain. With the emergence of technologies like the internet of things, there is increased usage of WBAN for providing quality health services. With wearable devices and sensors associated with human body, patient’s vital signs are captured and sent to doctor. The WBAN has number of sensor nodes that are resource constrained. The communications among the nodes are very crucial as human health information is exchanged. The purpose of this paper aims to have Quality of Service (QoS) with energy aware and control overhead aware. Maximizing network lifetime is also essential for the improved quality in services. There are many existing studies on QoS communications in WBAN.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, with the aim of energy-efficient WBAN for QoS, a cross-layer routing protocol is designed and implemented. A cross-layer routing protocol that is ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV)-based, energy and control overhead-aware (AODV-ECOA) is designed and implemented for energy-efficient routing in WBAN. The cross-layer design that involves multiple layers of open systems interconnection reference model, which will improve energy efficiency and thus QoS.FindingsImplementation is simulated using the network simulator tool, i.e. NS-2. The proposed cross-layer routing protocol AODV-ECOA shows least bandwidth requirement by control packets, leading to less control overhead, highest packet delivery ratio and energy efficiency. The experimental results revealed that AODV-ECOA shows better performance over existing protocols such as AODV and POLITIC.Originality/valueAn efficient control overhead reduction algorithm is proposed for reducing energy consumption further and improves performance of WBAN communications to realize desired QoS.

A Precise Model to Secure Systems on Ethernet Against Man-In-The-Middle Attack

Internet protocol (IP) is a part of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) /IP suite that operates below the network layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model and is employed as an interface between the network and data link layer. The address resolution protocol (ARP) is a protocol used by IP for mapping an IP address to the corresponding media access control address that is a hardware address harnessed to identify the source and destination of each frame sent on the Ethernet. The man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack is a kind of the Ethernet attack that can be carried out depending on ARP cache-memory poisoning to intercept communications between two systems on Ethernet, and it could, without difficulty, be applied when the attacker is in control of a router along normal point of traffic. To secure systems on Ethernet as well as to prevent ARP cache-memory poisoning, it is necessary to have a good prevention model of MITM attacks. In this article, using the client/server-based intrusion detection system (CSIDS), a precise model to prevent ARP poisoning attacks is proposed and implemented. Our analysis is adequately characterized by implementing a real-time analysis for the received ARP packets, and in the case of detection of a suspicious ARP packet, a resolution message will be exchanged between system parts on the same network. To evaluate the ability of detection and prevention of CSIDS, we design and implement a novel protocol. At the same time, we compare the performance between CSIDS with the standard operations of ARP. Our experimental results reveal that our methodology completely protects hosts against cache poisoning attacks. We further show the effectiveness of our technique in identifying the abnormal ARP packets.

Analysis of Seven Layered Architecture of Osi Model

A Computer network is an association of network devices to data communication. Various networks are associated together to shape an internetwork. OSI is an open access system interconnection reference model, is a generally excellent arrangement characterized protocol determinations. OSI model has seven layers; each layer can have a few sub-layers. Network reference models were created to address these difficulties. Two helpful reference models are Open System Interconnection (OSI). Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) fill in as protocol design subtleties the communication between applications on network devices.

Developing Telecommunication Strategies Based on Scenarios in the Information Community

The authors propose a new approach to the analysis of the correspondence of information needs of a community and capabilities of satisfying them by available resources of telecommunication systems. It is based on introducing such categories as Information Services Scenario and Telecommunication Strategy. The dialectic sequence of determining the optimal telecommunication strategy based on the given Information Services Scenario is revealed in the level space of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. A systematic correspondence between the diversity of information needs and limited resources of telecommunication systems and technological capabilities based on categories of applied information theory for telecommunications is established.

The modeling of the secure intra-layer interaction in wireless computer networks by the facilities of the formal grammars’ and languages’ theory

This way to describe the protocol data units translation in the transition between the PMD and PLCP sublevels of the open systems interconnection reference model physical layer, based on the models of regular grammars and languages, provides an adequate representation of this interaction. There is proposed in order to simulate the safe interaction of these sublevels on considering them as objects interact in a secure information transmission system to apply above model with the easing of restrictions, where production rules are imposed regularity restriction, and they act as components of the asymmetric encryption system feedforward function

Cross-layering between physical layer, medium access control, and routing in wireless ad-hoc networks

Routing is a key issue in wireless ad-hoc networks. The goal of an efficient routing strategy is to set up routes so that the overall quality of communications will be the best possible. While the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model advocates for a clear separation of routing, access, and physical layers, in this paper we show that in scenarios with strongly faded communications, cross-layer interactions have to be carefully considered. More precisely, we compare the performance of the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing algorithm with that of one of its physical layer-oriented variants, denoted as AODV. It will be clearly shown that no single routing strategy is always optimal and that an intelligent information fusion at the Medium Access Control (MAC) level can be very beneficial.

Dynamic composition of services for end-to-end information transport

An increasing number of communication technologies in access and core segments of the network belonging to different providers and subject to different network design criteria are making networks complex and difficult to manage. In such networks it is also more difficult to guarantee requested levels of quality of service. Service oriented design can be the answer to problems facing the providers of services for information transport. In this article we propose an end-to-end service composition for information transport based on principles from service oriented architecture (i.e., dynamically composing transport services with characteristics matching the requirements of a given application). SOA principles are similar to those behind the division of labor, and therefore should give providers incentive to adopt them to make better use of resources and increase revenue. As we show, some SOA concepts are similar to concepts in the open systems interconnection reference model, with the key advantages of dynamism and flexibility. We discuss service oriented networks based on transport service composition across access and core segments, and describe access network selection for online gaming. In particular, we show how semantic technologies can be used for layer 2 queries and discuss the advantages of using knowledge bases over traditional approaches.

On the adaptation of CAN BUS network for use in the ship electronic systems

On the adaptation of CAN BUS network for use in the ship electronic systems This paper presents an analysis of application of the CAN - based marine electronics standard NMEA 2000, recently developed one, on board sea-going vessels, especially in the context of small, recreational, sailing and motor craft. The idea and development of the system has been briefly presented. The properties of the CAN network has been described and the use of its functions by the NMEA system, discussed. The discussion has been performed for all layers of the communication protocol, according to the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model worked out by ISO. All the features have been summarized and analyzed in the context of their possible use in various shipboard systems.

Vehicle Ad Hoc networks: applications and related technical issues

This article presents a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art for vehicle ad hoc networks. We start by reviewing the possible applications that can be used in VANETs, namely, safety and user applications, and by identifying their requirements. Then, we classify the solutions proposed in the literature according to their location in the open system interconnection reference model and their relationship to safety or user applications. We analyze their advantages and shortcomings and provide our suggestions for a better approach. We also describe the different methods used to simulate and evaluate the proposed solutions. Finally, we conclude with suggestions for a general architecture that can form the basis for a practical VANET.

Network traffic behaviour near phase transition point

We explore packet traffic dynamics in a data network model near phase transition point from free flow to congestion. The model of data network is an abstraction of the Network Layer of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model of packet switching networks. The Network Layer is responsible for routing packets across the network from their sources to their destinations and for control of congestion in data networks. Using the model we investigate spatio-temporal packets traffic dynamics near the phase transition point for various network connection topologies, and static and adaptive routing algorithms. We present selected simulation results and analyze them.

An Optical Layer Lightpath Management Protocol for WDM AONs

In this work, we propose a control protocol for lightpath management in the optical layer of all-optical networks (AONs). AONs follow a layered structure, as used by various network standards, where each layer communicates with its peer through Protocol Data Units (PDUs). In the context of Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model (RM), a new layer, called optical layer, has been introduced in the AON architecture to manage the lightpath related functions. The optical layer lies in between the physical layer and the data link layer. The objective of this paper is to define a specification for an optical layer protocol for managing lightpaths in AONs. In order to study the dynamics of the optical layer protocol system, we first employ the communicating finite state machine model to represent the protocol. Then a reachability analysis of the model is performed to verify the protocol. This paper shows how the optical layer protocol can be specified formally and made error-free by the step-wise refinement of an initial specification, where validation is done after each refinement.

Networking protocols for space data communications

Space communications organizations, both civil and military, have focused their attention primarily on the physical (layer 1) and data link (layer 2) layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. The need to reduce space operations costs, the expected availability of distributed communications architectures within space vehicles, and the design of increasingly complex space constellations have generated civil and military requirements to provide functions such as end-to-end networking, data protection, reliable delivery and file handling. Under a joint technical effort by the US Department of Defense (DoD) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), space data communications protocols are being developed to provide these functions. The capabilities needed to be provided in these protocols are very much influenced by space communications constraints in areas such as computing resources, data rates, contact time, delay and transmission errors. These new space protocols have been submitted to both the US government and the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) for approval as standards. The commercial space, military tactical, and wireless personal communications communities, which have system and environment constraints similar to those encountered in space data communications, may also benefit from the technology of these space protocols.

VBNS: not your father's Internet

The very-high-performance Backbone Network Service (vBNS) is an important part of ongoing efforts by government, industry, and academia to push the state of the art in Internet technologies and academic research applications. It is dedicated to serving research and education institutions whose scientific endeavors require networking performance not possible or not practical with commercial network services. Currently, the vBNS is implemented as an IP-over-ATM network-that is, its network layer (layer 3 of the open systems interconnection reference model promulgated by the International Organization for Standardization) runs the Internet Protocol on top of the asynchronous transfer mode protocol. Those protocols, in turn, run on a synchronous optical network (Sonet) OC-12-622.08-Mb/s-infrastructure. Though access was originally limited to five supercomputer centers and four network access points, the National Science Foundation's High-Performance Connections program is now expanding the vBNS to reach over 100 institutions. The vBNS also has connections to other research networks, both within the United States and abroad. Before describing the architecture of the vBNS, the services it provides, and the metrics developed to assess its performance, the article reviews the background against which it came into being. It also briefly discusses how the vBNS relates to the Next Generation Internet (NGI) and Internet2.

Industrial communications architectures and their application in a garment computer integrated manufacturing cell

The traditional structure of manufacturing has significantly restricted the effectiveness of integration which can be supported by existing computer systems. An essential requirement for factory-wide integration is reliable communication among various components and programmable devices on the shop floor; this task is far from trivial given the wide variety of incompatible equipment and proprietary networks. Research into networks for manufacturing has resulted in several systems which are compatible with the Open Systems Interconnection reference model. This paper presents a complete review of major industrial networking approaches. A comparative study on industrial communication networks is conducted. The communication requirements of an Automatic Sewing Cell are analyzed and an appropriate protocol is selected. Finally, a set of primitive services that are considered essential for CIM cells in the garment industry is proposed.

Delay-jitter control in multimedia applications

The growing needs of multimedia communications are leading to new developments in providing real-time communication with guarantees. Several extensions have been proposed for different layers of the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model to accomodate these needs. In this paper, we study methods for guaranteeing delay jitter bounds for high-speed networks in the network and application layers of this model. The method proposed for the network layer provides distributed jitter control. The method proposed for the application layer allows the destination application to control delay jitter. We use a simulation to compare the effects on delay jitter in each method for various scenarios, such as constant bit rate, cross traffic, and bursty data. In addition, the buffer space requirements for accommodating real-time channels are monitored at each node in the network.

A comparison between the OSI reference model and the B-ISDN protocol reference model

The author presents views on the relationships between the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model (RM) and the broadband integrated services digital network (B-ISDN) protocol reference model (PRM), in an attempt to facilitate an interconnection between B-ISDN and data networks conforming to the OSI standards. According to the International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications Sector (ITU-T), the exact relationship between the lower layers of the OSI RM and the B-ISDN PRM is for further study.

The (un)revised OSI reference model

In 1988, SC21, the ISO committee responsible for the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model, determined that it was time to undertake revising ISO 7498-1, The Basic OSI Reference Model. Since the model had been published in 1984, this was in accordance with ISO practice of reviewing and revising standards every five years, and there was good reason for considering the task. Over the intervening five years, the groups developing the OSI protocols had raised many questions about the architecture and these had been answered and documented in the Approved Commentaries [1994]. Many of these commentaries contained information that could be usefully incorporated into the Reference Model itself. In addition, the addendum describing connectionless mode, i.e. datagrams, had been completed several years before and needed to be incorporated. There was also considerable demand for interworking connection-mode and connectionless mode communication, something not supported by the Reference Model or any architecture. Also, when the original version of the Reference Model was frozen about 1983 some aspects of OSI such as the upper layers were not well understood and were only described in the most cursory manner. And while connection-mode and connectionless mode had been brought within OSI, there was no indication as to how broadcast and multicast were to be handled. Thus, the revision might be able to provide a more comprehensive description of these areas.This paper describes how the revision was carried out, describes the changes and additions that were made, considers the effect and contribution this revision has made to our understanding, and describes the outstanding issues that were not addressed by this revision.

The evolution from open systems interconnection (OSI) to open distributed processing (ODP)

The Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing is currently being developed jointly by ISO/IEC and TS (the Telecommunication Standardization Section of the ITU, previously known as CCITT). The OSI Reference Model was an important framework for the development of basic communication standards, but it was out of scope of the OSI reference model to solve the problem of distribution of processing. ODP-standards are aiming towards support for interworking between ODP-systems, portability of applications and distribution transparencies. The ODP framework will support consistency across systems, the specification of gloabal properties and the specification of the behaviour at specific interfaces. ODP may be the future framework for activities currently ouside the official standardization developing architectures and defacto standards in the area of distributed processing, such as the Distributed Computing Environment Architecture (OSF-DCE) and the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) of the Object Management Group (OMG).

An overview of Signaling System No.7

An overview of Signaling System No.7 (SS7) is presented. The salient features of SS7's network services part (NSP) are described. Functionally, NSP corresponds to the first three layers of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model. The signaling network structures that, in conjunction with the NSP, provide integrated services digital network (ISDN) nodes with a highly reliable and efficient means of exchanging signaling messages are discussed. The nodal capabilities of call control and remote process invocation and management, part of the SS7 user parts, are described. The very stringent performance requirements of signaling systems and their reflection on the critical nature of signaling functions and their real-time exigencies are discussed. The likely evolution of network signaling in the remaining years of the 20th century is discussed. >