Open Source License Research Articles

Open-source software library for real-time inertial measurement unit data-based inverse kinematics using OpenSim.

Inertial measurements (IMUs) facilitate the measurement of human motion outside the motion laboratory. A commonly used open-source software for musculoskeletal simulation and analysis of human motion, OpenSim, includes a tool to enable kinematics analysis of IMU data. However, it only enables offline analysis, i.e., analysis after the data has been collected. Extending OpenSim's functionality to allow real-time kinematics analysis would allow real-time feedback for the subject during the measurement session and has uses in e.g., rehabilitation, robotics, and ergonomics. We developed an open-source software library for real-time inverse kinematics (IK) analysis of IMU data using OpenSim. The software library reads data from IMUs and uses multithreading for concurrent calculation of IK. Its operation delays and throughputs were measured with a varying number of IMUs and parallel computing IK threads using two different musculoskeletal models, one a lower-body and torso model and the other a full-body model. We published the code under an open-source license on GitHub. A standard desktop computer calculated full-body inverse kinematics from treadmill walking at 1.5 m/s with data from 12 IMUs in real-time with a mean delay below 55 ms and reached a throughput of more than 90 samples per second. A laptop computer had similar delays and reached a throughput above 60 samples per second with treadmill walking. Minimal walking kinematics, motion of lower extremities and torso, were calculated from treadmill walking data in real-time with a throughput of 130 samples per second on the laptop and 180 samples per second on the desktop computer, with approximately half the delay of full-body kinematics. The software library enabled real-time inverse kinematical analysis with different numbers of IMUs and customizable musculoskeletal models. The performance results show that subject-specific full-body motion analysis is feasible in real-time, while a laptop computer and IMUs allowed the use of the method outside the motion laboratory.

Depicting pseudotime-lagged causality across single-cell trajectories for accurate gene-regulatory inference.

Identifying the causal interactions in gene-regulatory networks requires an accurate understanding of the time-lagged relationships between transcription factors and their target genes. Here we describe DELAY (short for Depicting Lagged Causality), a convolutional neural network for the inference of gene-regulatory relationships across pseudotime-ordered single-cell trajectories. We show that combining supervised deep learning with joint probability matrices of pseudotime-lagged trajectories allows the network to overcome important limitations of ordinary Granger causality-based methods, for example, the inability to infer cyclic relationships such as feedback loops. Our network outperforms several common methods for inferring gene regulation and, when given partial ground-truth labels, predicts novel regulatory networks from single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell ATAC sequencing (scATAC-seq) data sets. To validate this approach, we used DELAY to identify important genes and modules in the regulatory network of auditory hair cells, as well as likely DNA-binding partners for two hair cell cofactors (Hist1h1c and Ccnd1) and a novel binding sequence for the hair cell-specific transcription factor Fiz1. We provide an easy-to-use implementation of DELAY under an open-source license at https://github.com/calebclayreagor/DELAY.

Low-Cost Assistive Body Temperature Screening System to Combat Communicable Infectious Diseases Leveraging Edge Computing and Long-Range and Low-Power Wireless Networks

In recent days, due to the emergence of communicable infectious diseases, healthcare, and medical technologies are expected to play a critical role. The advancement of communication and sensor network technologies has accelerated mass screening systems to combat the disease. Human temperature detection is one of the measurements for crowd screening in public places. Nevertheless, it is challenging to design a fast, lightweight, and easy-to-deploy contact-less crowd screening system in the outdoor environment due to several factors, such as environmental effect, background temperature, deployment cost, and remote operation. The state-of-the-art is mainly based on either hand-held devices or high-cost infrared cameras in only designated places. This article presents an end-to-end contactless assistive method for human body temperature screening systems, starting from collecting raw temperature data using a thermal camera to identify the suspected individual for combating communicable infectious diseases. We leverage the computing, storage, and communication resources offered by edge computing. In particular, we deploy a lightweight version of MobileNet v2 in resource-constrained Raspberry Pi 4B to detect the human’s head and body from the thermal image and use a classifier to determine the temperature from the raw temperature data. Moreover, we leverage a low-power and long-range wireless network for the exchange of model parameters between Raspberry Pi and the remote server. The experiments show that although the detection accuracy is not very high, we can reduce the bottleneck from screening time and reduce the exposure for the individuals because of the reduced bottleneck. Our proposed solution is implemented in Python and is available under the open-source MIT License at <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://github.com/mitunhub/HAWK-i</uri> .

SimOpt: A Testbed for Simulation-Optimization Experiments

This paper introduces a major redesign of SimOpt, a testbed of simulation-optimization (SO) problems and solvers. The testbed promotes the empirical evaluation and comparison of solvers and aims to accelerate their development. Relative to previous versions of SimOpt, the redesign ports the code to an object-oriented architecture in Python; uses an implementation of the MRG32k3a random number generator that supports streams, substreams, and subsubstreams; supports the automated use of common random numbers for ease and efficiency; includes a powerful suite of plotting tools for visualizing experiment results; uses bootstrapping to obtain error estimates; accommodates the use of data farming to explore simulation models and optimization solvers as their input parameters vary; and provides a graphical user interface. The SimOpt source code is available on a GitHub repository under a permissive open-source license and as a Python package. History: Accepted by Ted Ralphs, Area Editor for Software Tools. Funding: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation [Grant CMMI-2035086]. Supplemental Material: The software that supports the findings of this study is available within the paper and its Supplemental Information ( https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/suppl/10.1287/ijoc.2023.1273 ) as well as from the IJOC GitHub software repository ( https://github.com/INFORMSJoC/2022.0011 ) at ( http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7468744 ).

Ergo, SMIRK is safe: a safety case for a machine learning component in a pedestrian automatic emergency brake system

Integration of machine learning (ML) components in critical applications introduces novel challenges for software certification and verification. New safety standards and technical guidelines are under development to support the safety of ML-based systems, e.g., ISO 21448 SOTIF for the automotive domain and the Assurance of Machine Learning for use in Autonomous Systems (AMLAS) framework. SOTIF and AMLAS provide high-level guidance but the details must be chiseled out for each specific case. We initiated a research project with the goal to demonstrate a complete safety case for an ML component in an open automotive system. This paper reports results from an industry-academia collaboration on safety assurance of SMIRK, an ML-based pedestrian automatic emergency braking demonstrator running in an industry-grade simulator. We demonstrate an application of AMLAS on SMIRK for a minimalistic operational design domain, i.e., we share a complete safety case for its integrated ML-based component. Finally, we report lessons learned and provide both SMIRK and the safety case under an open-source license for the research community to reuse.

CARWatch – A smartphone application for improving the accuracy of cortisol awakening response sampling

BackgroundMany studies investigating the cortisol awakening response (CAR) suffer from low adherence to the study protocol as well as from the lack of precise and objective methods for assessing the awakening and saliva sampling times which leads to measurement bias on CAR quantification. MethodsTo address this issue, we have developed “CARWatch”, a smartphone application that aims to enable low-cost and objective assessment of saliva sampling times as well as to concurrently increase protocol adherence. As proof-of-concept study, we assessed the CAR of N = 117 healthy participants (24.2 ± 8.7 years, 79.5% female) on two consecutive days. During the study, we recorded awakening times (AW) using self-reports, the CARWatch application, and a wrist-worn sensor, and saliva sampling times (ST) using self-reports and the CARWatch application. Using combinations of different AW and ST modalities, we derived different reporting strategies and compared the reported time information to a Naive sampling strategy assuming an ideal sampling schedule. Additionally, we compared the AUCI, computed using information from different reporting strategies, against each other to demonstrate the effect of inaccurate sampling on the CAR. ResultsThe use of CARWatch led to a more consistent sampling behavior and reduced sampling delay compared to self-reported saliva sampling times. Additionally, we observed that inaccurate saliva sampling times, as resulting from self-reports, were associated with an underestimation of CAR measures. Our findings also revealed potential error sources for inaccuracies in self-reported sampling times and showed that CARWatch can help in better identifying, and possibly excluding, sampling outliers that would remain undiscovered by self-reported sampling. ConclusionThe results from our proof-of-concept study demonstrated that CARWatch can be used to objectively record saliva sampling times. Further, it suggests its potential of increasing protocol adherence and sampling accuracy in CAR studies and might help to reduce inconsistencies in CAR literature resulting from inaccurate saliva sampling. For that reason, we published CARWatch and all necessary tools under an open-source license, making it freely accessible to every researcher.

RNASequest: An End-to-End Reproducible RNAseq Data Analysis and Publishing Framework

We present RNASequest, a customizable RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis, app management, and result publishing framework. Its three-in-one RNAseq data analysis ecosystem consists of (1) a reproducible, configurable expression analysis (EA) module, (2) multi-faceted result presentation in R Shiny, a Bookdown document and an online slide deck, and (3) a centralized data management system. In principle, following up our well-received omics data visualization tool Quickomics, RNASequest automates the differential gene expression analysis step, eases statistical model design by built-in covariates testing module, and further provides a web-based tool, ShinyOne, to manage apps powered by Quickomics and reports generated by running the pipeline on multiple projects in one place. Researchers can experience the functionalities by exploring demo data sets hosted at http://shinyone.bxgenomics.com or following the tutorial, https://interactivereport.github.io/RNASequest/tutorial/docs/introduction.html to set up the framework locally to process private RNAseq datasets. The source code released under MIT open-source license is provided at https://github.com/interactivereport/RNASequest.

Snekmer: a scalable pipeline for protein sequence fingerprinting based on amino acid recoding.

The vast expansion of sequence data generated from single organisms and microbiomes has precipitated the need for faster and more sensitive methods to assess evolutionary and functional relationships between proteins. Representing proteins as sets of short peptide sequences (kmers) has been used for rapid, accurate classification of proteins into functional categories; however, this approach employs an exact-match methodology and thus may be limited in terms of sensitivity and coverage. We have previously used similarity groupings, based on the chemical properties of amino acids, to form reduced character sets and recode proteins. This amino acid recoding (AAR) approach simplifies the construction of protein representations in the form of kmer vectors, which can link sequences with distant sequence similarity and provide accurate classification of problematic protein families. Here, we describe Snekmer, a software tool for recoding proteins into AAR kmer vectors and performing either (i) construction of supervised classification models trained on input protein families or (ii) clustering for de novo determination of protein families. We provide examples of the operation of the tool against a set of nitrogen cycling families originally collected using both standard hidden Markov models and a larger set of proteins from Uniprot and demonstrate that our method accurately differentiates these sequences in both operation modes. Snekmer is written in Python using Snakemake. Code and data used in this article, along with tutorial notebooks, are available at http://github.com/PNNL-CompBio/Snekmer under an open-source BSD-3 license. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Advances online.

Faltwerk: a library for spatial exploratory data analysis of protein structures.

Proteins are fundamental building blocks of life and are investigated in a broad range of scientific fields, especially in the context of recent progress using in silico structure prediction models and the surge of resulting protein structures in public databases. However, exploratory data analysis of these proteins can be slow because of the need for several methods, ranging from geometric and spatial analysis to visualization. The Python library faltwerk provides an integrated toolkit to perform explorative work with rapid feedback. This toolkit includes support for protein complexes, spatial analysis (point density or spatial autocorrelation), ligand binding site prediction and an intuitive visualization interface based on the grammar of graphics. faltwerk is distributed under the permissive BSD-3 open source license. Source code and documentation, including an extensive common-use case tutorial, can be found at github.com/phiweger/faltwerk; binaries are available from the pypi repository.

VCFshiny: an R/Shiny application for interactively analyzing and visualizing genetic variants.

Next-generation sequencing generates variants that are typically documented in variant call format (VCF) files. However, comprehensively examining variant information from VCF files can pose a significant challenge for researchers lacking bioinformatics and programming expertise. To address this issue, we introduce VCFshiny, an R package that features a user-friendly web interface enabling interactive annotation, interpretation, and visualization of variant information stored in VCF files. VCFshiny offers two annotation methods, Annovar and VariantAnnotation, to add annotations such as genes or functional impact. Annotated VCF files are deemed acceptable inputs for the purpose of summarizing and visualizing variant information. This includes the total number of variants, overlaps across sample replicates, base alterations of single nucleotides, length distributions of insertions and deletions (indels), high-frequency mutated genes, variant distribution in the genome and of genome features, variants in cancer driver genes, and cancer mutational signatures. VCFshiny serves to enhance the intelligibility of VCF files by offering an interactive web interface for analysis and visualization. The source code is available under an MIT open source license at https://github.com/123xiaochen/VCFshiny with documentation at https://123xiaochen.github.io/VCFshiny.

Technology Transfer Process in the Context of Open Innovation Paradigm

The technology transfer process has been emphasized as an important driver in innovation and creating sustainable growth. Nevertheless, there is a major research gap in the field of identifying the model of the technology transfer process in the framework of the open innovation paradigm. Identifying this study gap is the aim of the present study. This research has been done using Sandelowski and Barso's metacomposite method and with a systematic review of 26 articles related to the purpose of the research out of 333 primary articles. The final articles were selected based on the inclusion criteria. The validity of the research was confirmed according to the criteria of entering the review, holding meetings with the members of the research team, using an expert and auditing the entire process for theoretical consensus. Reliability was also confirmed through the critical evaluation skills program. In this meta-combination study that was carried out in 1401, from library resources including scientific articles, books, case reports with keywords related to technology transfer and open innovation paradigm in Farsi and English languages in Springer MDPI, Taylor, Wiley databases. Science Direct, Emerald, Google Scholar, SID, Magiran and CIVILICA published in the years 2010 to 2022 were used. The results obtained through the categorization and coding of concepts using the metacomposite method for the three-component technology transfer variable and six sub-components of technology selection and acquisition, technology adaptation, application and absorption of technology (technology adaptation, technology efficiency and technology absorption) and technology development and diffusion. technology dissemination and technology development) with 21 codes and for the open innovation paradigm variable, 2 components with 12 sub-components (licensing purchase, joint venture, venture capital, outsourcing of research and development contracts, merger and acquisition, customer participation, external networking, grant sales, open source licensing and reproductive companies) along with 15 codes were extracted. The use of this model helps senior managers and industry policy makers to have a deeper understanding of the practical mechanisms that support the open innovation strategy while focusing on their organizational capabilities and policies based on technology transfer.

Toward the Multilingual Semantic Web: Multilingual Ontology Matching and Assessment

The amount of multilingual data on the Web proliferates; therefore, developing ontologies in various natural languages is attracting considerable attention. In order to achieve semantic interoperability for the multilingual Web, cross-lingual ontology matching techniques are highly required. This paper proposes a Multilingual Ontology Matching (MoMatch) approach for matching ontologies in different natural languages. MoMatch uses machine translation and various string similarity techniques to identify correspondences across different ontologies. Furthermore, we propose a Quality Assessment Suite for Ontologies (QASO) that comprises 14 metrics, out of which seven metrics are used to assess the quality of the matching process and seven metrics are used to evaluate the quality of the ontology. We present an in-depth comparison of different string similarity techniques across various languages to get the most effective similarity measure(s) between multilingual terms. To illustrate the applicability of our approach and how it can be used in different domains, we present two use cases. MoMatch has been implemented using Scala and Apache Spark under an open-source license. We have compared our results with the results from the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI 2020). MoMatch has achieved significantly high precision, recall, and F-measure compared to five state-of-the-art matching approaches.

Modeling brain-heart interactions from Poincaré plot-derived measures of sympathetic-vagal activity

Recent studies suggest that the interaction between the brain and heart plays a key role in cognitive processes, and measuring these interactions is crucial for understanding the interaction between the central and autonomic nervous systems. However, studying this bidirectional interplay presents methodological challenges, and there is still much room for exploration. This paper presents a new computational method called the Poincaré Sympathetic-Vagal Synthetic Data Generation Model (PSV-SDG) for estimating brain-heart interactions. The PSV-SDG combines EEG and cardiac sympathetic-vagal dynamics to provide time-varying and bidirectional estimators of mutual interplay. The method is grounded in the Poincaré plot, a heart rate variability method to estimate sympathetic-vagal activity that can account for potential non-linearities. This algorithm offers a new approach and computational tool for functional assessment of the interplay between EEG and cardiac sympathetic-vagal activity. The method is implemented in MATLAB under an open-source license.• A new brain-heart interaction modeling approach is proposed.• The modeling is based on coupled synthetic data generators of EEG and heart rate series.• Sympathetic and vagal activities are gathered from Poincaré plot geometry.

License Plate Recognition via Attention Mechanism

License plate recognition technology use widely in intelligent traffic management and control. Researchers have been committed to improving the speed and accuracy of license plate recognition for nearly 30 years. This paper is the first to propose combining the attention mechanism with YOLO-v5 and LPRnet to construct a new license plate recognition model (LPR-CBAM-Net). Through the attention mechanism CBAM (Convolutional Block Attention Module), the importance of different feature channels in license plate recognition can be re-calibrated to obtain proper attention to features. Force information to achieve the purpose of improving recognition speed and accuracy. Experimental results show that the model construction method is superior in speed and accuracy to traditional license plate recognition algorithms. The accuracy of the recognition model of the CBAM model is increased by two percentage points to 97.2%, and the size of the constructed model is only 1.8 M, which can meet the requirements of real-time execution of embedded low-power devices. The codes for training and evaluating LPR-CBAM-Net are available under the open-source MIT License at: .

NFTs for Open-Source and Commercial Software Licensing and Royalties

Software licenses are legal agreements of sale and usage among software developers and clients. Such legal agreements are crucial to effectively manage ownership and protect the rights of involved parties. Today’s software licensing mechanisms are mostly centralized and do not address the ever-increasing issues and complexities of modern software that may include multiple licenses, open-source distribution, rewarding other contributors of external software libraries, and utilizing royalty payments for monetization. As a result, developers have lost confidence in the existing software licensing models, and many software projects are failing due to lack of funding and royalty payments. This paper addresses such issues and complexities by proposing a novel decentralized software licensing system based on Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and blockchain. The proposed licensing system is applicable to both commercial and open-source software. We use NFTs as digital tokens that encapsulate software code and their artifacts by minting them as unique valuable assets that allow developers to store and manage them on a blockchain ledger. With NFTs, developers can register and license their code, monetize it on NFT marketplaces, and earn royalties from other software projects that use their code. We present system architecture, relevant sequence diagrams, and develop aggregation algorithms for Ethereum smart contracts with ERC-1155 NFTs. Furthermore, we perform functional validation of our system and analyze the cost of its adoption. We also analyze the security of the solution and show how its applicability can be generalized and extended. We have made our smart contract code and related testing scripts publicly available on GitHub.

An original template solution for FAIR scientific text mining

This method paper presents a template solution for text mining of scientific literature using the R tm package. Literature to be analyzed can be collected manually or automatically using the code provided with this paper. Once the literature is collected, the three steps for conducting text mining can be performed as outlined below:•loading and cleaning of text from articles,•processing, statistical analysis, and clustering, and•presentation of results using generalized and tailor-made visualizations.The text mining steps can be applied to a single, multiple, or time series groups of documents.References are provided to three published peer reviewed articles that use the presented text mining methodology. The main advantages of our method are: (1) Its suitability for both research and educational purposes, (2) Compliance with the Findable Accessible Interoperable and Reproducible (FAIR) principles, and (3) Code and example data are made available on GitHub under the open-source Apache V2 license.

"fhircrackr": An R Package Unlocking Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources for Statistical Analysis.

The growing interest in the secondary use of electronic health record (EHR) data has increased the number of new data integration and data sharing infrastructures. The present work has been developed in the context of the German Medical Informatics Initiative, where 29 university hospitals agreed to the usage of the Health Level Seven Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard for their newly established data integration centers. This standard is optimized to describe and exchange medical data but less suitable for standard statistical analysis which mostly requires tabular data formats. The objective of this work is to establish a tool that makes FHIR data accessible for standard statistical analysis by providing means to retrieve and transform data from a FHIR server. The tool should be implemented in a programming environment known to most data analysts and offer functions with variable degrees of flexibility and automation catering to users with different levels of FHIR expertise. We propose the fhircrackr framework, which allows downloading and flattening FHIR resources for data analysis. The framework supports different download and authentication protocols and gives the user full control over the data that is extracted from the FHIR resources and transformed into tables. We implemented it using the programming language R [1] and published it under the GPL-3 open source license. The framework was successfully applied to both publicly available test data and real-world data from several ongoing studies. While the processing of larger real-world data sets puts a considerable burden on computation time and memory consumption, those challenges can be attenuated with a number of suitable measures like parallelization and temporary storage mechanisms. The fhircrackr R package provides an open source solution within an environment that is familiar to most data scientists and helps overcome the practical challenges that still hamper the usage of EHR data for research.

Implementation of the RESKR module in NJOY

The Blackshaw-Murray[1] elastic kernel represents the effect of neutron up-scattering caused by thermal motion of target nuclei and resonance elastic scattering on the multigroup scattering matrices. A first implementation of this model was proposed by Ouisloumen and Sanchez and made available in proprietary cross-sections libraries of the PARAGON and APOLLO lattice codes.[2] Later, the same technique was reimplemented as module RESK in the NECP-Atlas cross-section generating code by J. Xu, T. Zu and L. Cao.[3, 4] The proposed reskr module in NJOY-2012 and NJOY-2016 is based on the implementation of module RESK in the NECP-Atlas cross-section generating code.[5] The reskr module is released under the BSD Open-Source license.

Computer-assisted Analysis of Field Recordings: A Case Study of Georgian Funeral Songs

Three-voiced funeral songs from Svaneti in North-West Georgia (also referred to as Zär) are believed to represent one of Georgia’s oldest preserved forms of collective music-making. Throughout a Zär performance, the singers often jointly and intentionally drift upwards in pitch. Furthermore, the singers tend to use pitch slides at the beginning and end of sung notes. Musicological studies on tonal analysis or transcription have to account for such musical peculiarities, e.g., by compensating for pitch drifts or identifying stable note events (located between pitch slides). These tasks typically require labor-intensive annotation processes with manual corrections executed by experts with domain knowledge. For instance, in the context of a previous musicological study on pitch inventories (or pitch-class histograms) of Zär performances, ethnomusicologists tediously annotated fundamental frequency (F0) trajectories, stable note events, and pitch drifts for a set of 11 multitrack field recordings. In this article, we study how musicological studies on field recordings can benefit from interactive computational tools that support such annotation processes. As one contribution of this article, we compile a dataset from the previously annotated audio material, which we release under an open-source license for research purposes. As a second contribution, we introduce two computational tools for removing pitch slides and compensating pitch drifts in performances. Our tools were developed in close collaboration with ethnomusicologists and allow for incorporating domain knowledge (e.g., on singing styles or musically relevant harmonic intervals) in the different processing steps. In a case study using our Zär dataset, we evaluate our tools by reproducing the pitch inventories from the original musicological study and subsequently discuss the potential of computer-assisted approaches for interdisciplinary research.

Igv.js: an embeddable JavaScript implementation of the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV).

igv.js is an embeddable JavaScript implementation of the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV). It can be easily dropped into any web page with a single line of code and has no external dependencies. The viewer runs completely in the web browser, with no backend server and no data pre-processing required. The igv.js JavaScript component can be installed from NPM at https://www.npmjs.com/package/igv. The source code is available at https://github.com/igvteam/igv.js under the MIT open-source license. IGV-Web, the end-user application built around igv.js, is available at https://igv.org/app. The source code is available at https://github.com/igvteam/igv-webapp under the MIT open-source license. Supplementary information is available at Bioinformatics online.