Open Coding Research Articles

Performance Evaluations of the Deep Learning Models in Reference to Real-Time Fire and Smoke Detections Abilities

This study is primarily focused on developing a real-time fire and smoke detection systems using two predominant deep learning models, viz. VGG16 and RESNET50. Throughout this work, both of these models are operated in parallel, processed the frames from the input video footage, and made all the essential predictions on each frame. In the course of the practical implementations of the models, they are trained and validated well using the Fire-Smoke-Dataset retrieved from the open source code DeepQuestAI. Over the course of 120 epochs, the model’s accuracy is found to be improved from 80% to approximately 96% during the training. Their generic systems are noticed to be able enough to classify the fire, smoke, and neutral cases in all the pre-recorded videos and real-time webcam footages. The results presented herewith are basically vowed to demonstrate the efficacy and workability of both of the models, and their working performances (RESNET50 outperforms VGG16, and achieves an accuracy range of 87.67% compared to 82%). In terms of their precision and recall aptitudes, and efficiency & effectivity in identifying the fire and smoke instances, both of the models are found to offer the satisfactory detections mechanisms. We believe that the present in-depth yet critical evaluations and assessments on the workability of the deep learning models can illuminate the potentialities and promising functions of the VGG16 and RESNET50 towards detecting the real-time fire and smoke which in turn are quite indispensable for promoting them in the public safety and security mechanisms installed in the wide range industrial and non-industrial delicate sectors.

Full minimal coupling Maxwell-TDDFT: An ab initio framework for light-matter interaction beyond the dipole approximation

We report an , nonrelativistic QED method that couples light and matter self-consistently beyond the electric dipole approximation and without multipolar truncations. This method is based on an extension of the Maxwell-Pauli-Kohn-Sham approach to a full minimal coupling Hamiltonian, where the space- and time-dependent vector potential is coupled to the matter system, and its back reaction to the radiated fields is generated by the full current density. The implementation in the open-source code is designed for massively parallel multiscale simulations considering different grid spacings for the Maxwell and matter subsystems. Here, we show applications of this framework to simulate renormalized Cherenkov radiation of an electronic wave packet, magneto-optical effects with nonchiral light in nonchiral molecular systems, and renormalized plasmonic modes in a nanoplasmonic dimer. We show that in some cases, the beyond-dipole effects cannot be captured by a multipolar expansion Hamiltonian in the length gauge. Finally, we discuss further opportunities enabled by the framework in the field of twisted light and orbital angular momentum, inelastic light scattering, and strong-field physics. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Health care provider's perceived factors for the increased practice of caesarean delivery in North West Amhara referral hospitals, Ethiopia, 2022: a qualitative study

BackgroundCaesarean delivery is an essential obstetric intervention to reduce maternal and newborn mortality in emergencies. However, in Ethiopia, there is a high prevalence of caesarean deliveries. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the factors perceived by healthcare providers that contribute to the excessive rates of caesarean deliveries in North West Amhara referral hospitals, Ethiopia, in 2022.MethodsA phenomenological study design was employed, utilizing semi-structured interview guide for data collection. Fifteen healthcare providers working in referral hospitals in the north-western region of Amhara were interviewed using a heterogeneous purposive sampling approach until data was saturated. Transcribed interviews were translated coded and finally thematic analyses were employed using Open Code 4.0 software.ResultsHealthcare providers observed a significant increase in the frequency of caesarean deliveries. Multiple factors were identified as contributing to this rise, including the involvement of medical students, the use of cardiotocography, a decline in instrumental deliveries, inadequate trial of labor after previous caesarean deliveries, and the absence of clear indications for performing caesarean deliveries for social or maternal requests. Notably, patients who had received care in private clinics were more likely to undergo caesarean deliveries.ConclusionCaesarean deliveries were observed to be performed based on subjective or approximate indications, rather than clear obstetric indications. Encouraging greater emphasis on trial of labor, instrumental delivery, and performing caesarean deliveries only when there are definitive obstetric indications, rather than for social or maternal requests, can contribute to reducing the prevalence of caesarean delivery rates.

La formación inicial docente en los Estudios Sociales: estudio de caso de una universidad privada de la zona Sur de Costa Rica (USCR)

This article presents the data from a case study on initial teacher training in a Costa Rican university. For the analysis, we started from the study category of Initial Teacher Training, which is understood as a line of research in the didactics of history for decision-making and reflection in practice (Añahual and Jara, 2021). The methodological strategy corresponds to a text analysis matrix for the interpretation of the components of the official curriculum, as well as open coding and triangulation of curricular documents. It is concluded that the initial training model transitions between the categories of the technical and practical curriculum, but is mostly technical, in that a model predominates over the teaching of traditional Social Studies.

Enhancing Microservice Security Through Vulnerability-Driven Trust in the Service Mesh Architecture

Cloud-native computing enhances the deployment of microservice architecture (MSA) applications by improving scalability and resilience, particularly in Beyond 5G (B5G) environments such as Sixth-Generation (6G) networks. This is achieved through the ability to replace traditional hardware dependencies with software-defined solutions. While service meshes enable secure communication for deployed MSAs, they struggle to identify vulnerabilities inherent to microservices. The reliance on third-party libraries and modules, essential for MSAs, introduces significant supply chain security risks. Implementing a zero-trust approach for MSAs requires robust mechanisms to continuously verify and monitor the software supply chain of deployed microservices. However, existing service mesh solutions lack runtime trust evaluation capabilities for continuous vulnerability assessment of third-party libraries and modules. This paper introduces a mechanism for continuous runtime trust evaluation of microservices, integrating vulnerability assessments within a service mesh to enhance the deployed MSA application. The proposed approach dynamically assigns trust scores to deployed microservices, rewarding secure practices such as timely vulnerability patching. It also enables the sharing of assessment results, enhancing mitigation strategies across the deployed MSA application. The mechanism is evaluated using the Train Ticket MSA, a complex open-source benchmark MSA application deployed with Docker containers, orchestrated using Kubernetes, and integrated with the Istio service mesh. Results demonstrate that the enhanced service mesh effectively supports dynamic trust evaluation based on the vulnerability posture of deployed microservices, significantly improving MSA security and paving the way for future self-adaptive solutions.

Inclusive design and usability testing: Involving an end-user in developing augmentative and alternative communication user interfaces using an open-source platform.

Traditionally, augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) user interface development has been a time-intensive process requiring expertise in software development, often excluding people who use AAC. This paper demonstrates the involvement of an end user in the design and testing of prototype AAC user interfaces (UIs) developed using a platform called the Open Source Design and Programmer Interface (OS-DPI). Micro-analysis of in-person conversation involving an adult with intellectual and developmental disabilities who uses AAC revealed several problems related to accessing his aided AAC device. The OS-DPI was used to co-design, develop, and test UIs aimed at addressing these observed problems. Researcher efforts to independently design and develop novel UIs that addressed the problems identified in research were ineffective. Inclusive design practices led to a shared determination of required functionality and co-design of UIs with reported improvements for access and communication. This paper demonstrates the potential of the OS-DPI for the co-design and development of AAC UIs to address unique needs.

The Impact of Home Enteral Tube-Feeding on the Intent and Experience of Going Out in Public: A Qualitative Study on Patients' and Caregivers' Perspectives.

Individuals on tube-feeding experience significant lifestyle changes and social isolation, but the barriers and support for travelling out while on tube-feeding to reintegrate into the community have not been studied. This research explores the factors influencing the decisions of individuals on tube-feeding and their carers to travel outside of their homes, their experiences, and perceived barriers and support when performing tube-feeding in public settings. A qualitative design using purposive sampling explored the experiences of three individuals and five carers living at home on long-term tube-feeding. One-to-one semi-structured interviews were conducted and transcribed. Thematic analysis was conducted via open coding and merging of recurring codes to form themes. Six themes emerged: (1) Motivators and deterrents to going out: Motivators include desire for social normalcy. Deterrents include physical health, logistics and psychosocial considerations, such as fear of negative public perception and the loss of travelling and dining as motivating social activities. (2) Going out requires meticulous preparation and planning. (3) Inadequate tube-feeding facilities in the community contribute to ambivalence and discomfort to tube-feeding outside. Participants must accept potential negative emotions when confronted with public reaction to tube-feeding. (4) Ideal tube-feeding facilities should be private and hygienic, in highly frequented locations. (5) Community support and awareness are needed to support tube-feeding. (6) Adaptability is crucial when satisfactory feeding locations are absent during local and overseas travel. Carers and healthcare professionals are pivotal in encouraging patients to disregard public curiosity, planning tube-feeding logistics, and advocating for the right to tube feed in public spaces without shame. Public awareness, carer support, and availability of tube-feeding facilities should be improved for patients to live, work and engage meaningfully in the community.

Child with epilepsy in school environment - The development of a conceptual model.

The aim of this qualitative study is to develop a conceptual model for the school life of the children with epilepsy based on grounded theory methodological framework. A total of 20 children with epilepsy participated in the semi-structured interviews. Inclusion criteria were age of 8-15years, IQ higher than 70, duration of epilepsy of at least of two years and attendance of mainstream schools. 15 children had never seizure in school and 16 of them have not had a seizure in last 12months. Qualitative research data was processed based on grounded theory with open coding leading consecutively to several main categories, axial coding establishing connections between individual categories, and finally selective coding resulting in one central category which was the core of the developed conceptual model. Eight main categories were identified during open coding: type of epilepsy and its management, sources of stress at school, adaptive responses to stressors, safe school environment in relation to (a) epilepsy and (b) learning, family support, stability of experience and behavior, and positive self-concept. Axial and selective coding resulted in establishment of Adaptive responses to stressors as the central category which is in the developed conceptual model determined by relevant external and internal factors as well as the sources enabling effective adaptation. The presented research emphasize the importance of adaptive responses to stressors in the school environment among children with epilepsy which may be useful in counselling focused on how to avoid or successfully manage possible traumatizing experience related with epilepsy in this group.

EAOS: Exposing attacks in smart contracts through analyzing opcode sequences with operands

EAOS: Exposing attacks in smart contracts through analyzing opcode sequences with operands

MCEND: an open-source program for quantum electron-nuclear dynamics

MCEND: an open-source program for quantum electron-nuclear dynamics

CoReSi: a GPU-based software for Compton camera reconstruction and simulation in collimator-free SPECT

Objective.Compton cameras (CCs) are imaging devices that may improve observation of sources ofγphotons. The images are obtained by solving a difficult inverse problem. We present CoReSi, a Compton reconstruction and simulation software implemented in Python and powered by PyTorch to leverage multi-threading and to easily interface with image processing and deep learning algorithms. The code is mainly dedicated to medical imaging and near-field experiments where images are reconstructed in 3D.Approach.The code was developed over several years in C++, with the initial version being proprietary. We have since redesigned and translated it into Python, adding new features to improve its adaptability and performances. This paper reviews the literature on CC mathematical models, explains the implementation strategies we have adopted and presents the features of CoReSi.Main results.The code includes state-of-the-art mathematical models from the literature, from the simplest, which allow limited knowledge of the sources, to more sophisticated ones with a finer description of the physics involved. It offers flexibility in defining the geometry of the CC and the detector materials. Several identical cameras can be considered at arbitrary positions in space. The main functions of the code are dedicated to the computation of the system matrix, leading to the forward and backward projector operators. These are the cornerstones of any image reconstruction algorithm. A simplified Monte Carlo data simulation function is provided to facilitate code development and fast prototyping.Significance.As far as we know, there is no open source code for CC reconstruction, except for MEGAlib, which is mainly dedicated to astronomy applications. This code aims to facilitate research as more and more teams from different communities such as applied mathematics, electrical engineering, physics, medical physics get involved in CC studies. Implementation with PyTorch will also facilitate interfacing with deep learning algorithms.

Automating monitoring and evaluation data analysis by using an open-source programming language

Automating monitoring and evaluation data analysis by using an open-source programming language

군대 성고충전문상담관의 소진 및 회복의 경험과 과정에 대한 근거이론 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to help the professional counselors for sexual harassment to devise sol utions for over-tiredness prevention, to provide practical help for civil supervisors who oversee professional coun selors for sexual assault in the army and to be used as a reference for policy and system improvement by estab lishing the basis of a concrete theory through the study for the experience and process of exhaustion and re cuperation of professional counselor for sexual assault. Methods For this, the interviews were conducted for 10 people who have worked for one to seven years as a counselor for sexual harassment. The data was gathered and analyzed according the grounded theory and the concept and categorization through open coding as well as categorization and process through axial coding be came a research paradigm. The core category was set and description of story outline, type analysis and situation model were designed by performing selective coding. Results 137 concepts, 29 subcategories and 12 categories were developed from open coding. It was found from reclassification of experience and procedure for burnout and recovery as a paradigm with axial coding that the cas ual condition which is recognition of burnout state experiences the central phenomenon which is to go steadily downhill, while affected by the situational condition which is the cause and opportunity. For the counselors for sexual abuse, this central phenomenon finally changes into recovery from burnout with the action/interaction strategy which is opportunity for convalescence from exhaustion, under the the arbitration condition which is main factor helpful for recovery from burnout. Through this, the professional counselors for sexual abuse, the core cat egory, are fully recovered with their own effort and help from other people as a momentum, establish their identi ties again and their performance is improved after experiencing burnout. In the process, the type of research par ticipants were classified into four by setting effort of each person and help from other people as a condition and configuring the relation among conditions. The four types are ‘recover from burnout’ in which people regain their confidence after thinking they are fully recovered, ‘alone’, in which people try to overcome by themselves, ‘hold-up’ in which people strive to recover while leaning on help from other people, and ‘not recover until now’ in which people have not been restored until now due to the trauma which is caused by repeated burnout and recovery. Besides this type analysis for recovery process from burnout, how the central phenomenon which is ex haustion experience going steadily downhill interacts with personal, social and organization factors is also ex plained as a situation model. Through this, the basis of the theory was established. Conclusions The professionals for sexual harassment consulting can recognize their state and develop their own solutions to prevent burnout with the study for the experience and the process of the recovery and exhaustion of the professional counselors for sexual harassment in the army. In addition, this study can give practical help to civil supervisors who regularly supervise professional counselors for sexual harassment. Furthermore, this study can be used as a basic reference to reform the policy and system for the working condition improvement and welfare of the professionals for sexual harassment consulting on the organizational level.

Human-Centered Design of an mHealth Tool for Optimizing HIV Index Testing in Wartime Ukraine: Formative Research Case Study.

Assisted partner services (APSs; sometimes called index testing) are now being brought to scale as a high-yield HIV testing strategy in many nations. However, the success of APSs is often hampered by low levels of partner elicitation. The Computer-Assisted Self-Interview (CASI)-Plus study sought to develop and test a mobile health (mHealth) tool to increase the elicitation of sexual and needle-sharing partners among persons with newly diagnosed HIV. CASI-Plus provides client-facing information on APS methods and uses a standardized, self-guided questionnaire with nonjudgmental language for clients to list partners who would benefit from HIV testing. The tool also enables health care workers (HCWs) to see summarized data to facilitate partner tracking. The formative research phase of the CASI-Plus study aimed to gather client and HCW input on the design of the CASI-Plus tool to ensure its acceptability, feasibility, and usability. This study gathered input to prioritize features and tested the usability of CASI-Plus with HCWs and clients receiving HIV services in public health clinics in wartime Ukraine. The CASI-Plus study's formative phase, carried out from May 2023 to July 2024, adapted human-centered design (HCD) methods grounded in principles of empathy, iteration, and creative ideation. The study involved 3 steps: formative HCD, including in-depth individual interviews with clients, such as men who have sex with men and people who inject drugs, and internet-based design workshops with HCWs from rural and urban HIV clinics in Chernihiv and Dnipro; software platform assessment and heuristic evaluation, including assessment of open-source mHealth platforms against CASI-Plus requirements, prototype development, and testing of the REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) prototype based on usability heuristics; and usability walk-throughs, including simulated cases with HCWs and clients. The formative phase of the CASI-Plus study included in-depth individual interviews with 10 clients and 3 workshops with 22 HCWs. This study demonstrated how simplified HCD methods, adapted to the wartime context, gathered rich input on prioritized features and tool design. The CASI-Plus design reflected features that are both culturally sensitive and in alignment with the constraints of Ukraine's wartime setting. Prioritized features included information about the benefits of HIV index testing; a nonjudgmental, self-guided questionnaire to report partners; client stories; and bright images to accompany the text. Two-way SMS text messaging between clients and HCWs was deemed impractical based on risks of privacy breaches, national patient privacy regulations, and HCW workload. It was feasible to conduct HCD research in Ukraine in a wartime setting. The CASI-Plus mHealth tool was acceptable to both HCWs and clients. The next step for this research is a randomized clinical trial of the effect of the REDCap-based CASI-Plus tool on the number of partners named and the rate of partners completing HIV testing.

Investigating the Role of DNA Ploidy and Proliferation Index in Distinguishing Ameloblastoma from Ameloblastic Carcinoma.

This study aimed to investigate the role of DNA ploidy and proliferation index in distinguishing ameloblastoma (AB) from ameloblastic carcinoma (AC). The study included 29 ACs, 6 conventional ABs that transformed into ACs, and a control cohort of 20 conventional ABs. The demographics and clinicopathologic details of the included cases were summarised and compared. The Ki-67 proliferation index was scored using the QuPath open-source software platform. DNA ploidy analysis was performed using high-resolution flow cytometry. The cohort of ABs presented at an overall younger age compared to both primary and secondary ACs. There was a statistically significant difference between the median duration of the tumour when comparing primary and secondary ACs, with ACs presenting with longer durations than the AB cohort. All cases of AC showed a relatively high median proliferation index of 41.7%, with statistically significant higher scores compared to ABs. DNA ploidy analysis showed that all cases in the AB cohort were diploid. Two diploid cases of AB that transformed into ACs were aneuploid when the corresponding secondary AC was analysed. Fourteen cases of AC were diploid and 12 were aneuploid, with no statistically significant association found between DNA ploidy status of primary and secondary ACs. A statistically significant difference was noted when the DNA ploidy status of ABs was compared to that of ACs. When comparing the Ki-67 proliferation score of ACs to their DNA ploidy status, no statistically significant association was noted. DNA ploidy analysis and proliferation index via Ki-67 IHC are useful ancillary tests that may be used to support a diagnosis of AC and may assist in distinguishing between challenging cases of AB and AC.

농어촌 소도시 고등학생들의 방과후학교 참여 경험에 대한 질적 사례 연구: 횡성군의 사례를 중심으로

Objectives This study aimed to explores the participation experiences of high school students involved in the af ter-school program operated commissioned in collaboration with the community in Hoengseong-gun, Gangwon-do. Methods A qualitative case study was conducted with six first-year high school students participating in the af ter-school program commissioned in Hoengseong-gun. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, each lasting 60 minutes and conducted three times per participant, as well as observations, notes, and documents. The collected date were analyzed using the constant comparison method, including open coding, categorization, and category verification. Results The findings revealed that students improved their subject-specific learning strategies and academic performance. Through the career and college preparation program, they gained specific information and methods for selecting majors and preparing for college entrance. Participants initially faced adaptation challenges but even tually overcame them. Their confidence was influenced by comparisons with peers, and conversations with friends were found to be beneficial for learning. Feedback regarding local government support was positives, par ticularly about opinion gathering through forums and the free operation of the program. The experience with in structors from Seoul also helped bridge educational gaps with students in larger cities. Conclusions Participants benefited from both subject and non-subject support through the after-school program, and their social relationships with peers contributed positively to their learning. However, there is a need for psy chological support programs to help students adapt quickly and manage stress related to competition within the group. The study suggests expanding future research to include all middle and high school students and their pa rents involved in the program.

Chemical enrichment in LINERs from MaNGA

Context. The chemical enrichment in low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs) is still an issue with spatial resolution spectroscopic data because we lack studies and because the nature of their ionizing source is uncertain, although they are the most abundant type of active galaxies in the nearby Universe. Aims. Considering different scenarios for the ionizing source (hot old stellar populations, active galactic nuclei, or inefficient accretion disks), we analyze the implications of these assumptions to constrain the chemical content of the gas-phase interstellar medium. Methods. We used a sample of 105 galaxies from the survey called Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA), whose nuclear central spaxels show LINER-like emission. For each scenario we considered, we built a grid of photoionization models (4928 models for each considered ionizing source) that were later used in the open-source code HII-CHI-MISTRY. This allowed us to estimate chemical abundance ratios such as 12+log(O/H) or log(N/O) and to constrain the ionization parameters that characterize the ionized interstellar medium in these galaxies. Results. The oxygen abundances in the nuclear region of LINER-like galaxies are spread over a wide range 8.08 < 12+log(O/H) < 8.89, with a median solar value (in agreement with previous studies) when models for active galactic nuclei are considered. Nevertheless, the nitrogen-to-oxygen ratio we derived is much less affected by the assumptions on the ionizing source and indicates suprasolar values (log(N/O) = −0.69). By comparing the different scenarios, we show that if hot old stellar populations caused the ionization of the interstellar medium, a complex picture (e.g., outflows and/or inflows that scale with the galaxy chemical abundance) would be needed to explain the chemical enrichment history, whereas the assumption of active galactic nucleus activity is compatible with the standard scenario that is found in most galaxies.

The Client in Intrinsic Agency-Based Evaluation: Implications for Social Work Pedagogy

ABSTRACT The author addresses the importance of the evaluation client within evaluation theory and practice and offers a qualitatively derived framework for conceptualizing this role in social work evaluation. Based on an interpretative qualitative analysis of graduate students’ evaluation reports authored over 11 offerings of a specific capstone course on intrinsic agency-based evaluation, the author undertook an analysis of 96 reports selected from 220. Using open coding, the author surfaced four alternative ways of conceiving of the evaluation client, and through interpretation organized those into a typology incorporating two dimensions: the client’s strength of evaluation perspective, and the client’s level of engagement. The author discusses each of the four cells, identifies issues facing social work evaluators when they interact with each type of evaluation client, and draws conclusions for the role of each of the four types of evaluation client in intrinsic agency-based evaluation. The author draws implications for the use of the typology in undertaking client-driven evaluation.

Variety of disc wind-driven explosions in massive rotating stars – II. Dependence on the progenitor

Abstract We assess the variance of supernova(SN)-like explosions associated with the core collapse of rotating massive stars into a black hole-accretion disc system under changes in the progenitor structure. Our model of the central engine evolves the black hole and the disc through the transfer of matter and angular momentum and includes the contribution of the disc wind. We perform two-dimensional, non-relativistic, hydrodynamics simulations using the open-source hydrodynamic code Athena++, for which we develop a method to calculate self-gravity for axially symmetric density distributions. For a fixed model of the wind injection, we explore the explosion characteristics for progenitors with zero-age main-sequence masses from 9 to 40 M⊙ and different degrees of rotation. Our outcomes reveal a wide range of explosion energies with Eexpl spanning from ∼0.3 × 1051 erg to >8 × 1051 erg and ejecta mass Mej from ∼0.6 to >10M⊙. Our results are in agreement with some range of the observational data of stripped-envelope and high-energy SNe such as broad-lined type Ic SNe, but we measure a stronger correlation between Eexpl and Mej. We also provide an estimate of the 56Ni mass produced in our models which goes from ∼0.04 M⊙ to ∼1.3 M⊙. The 56Ni mass shows a correlation with the mass and the angular velocity of the progenitor: more massive and faster rotating progenitors tend to produce a higher amount of 56Ni. Finally, we present a criterion that allows the selection of a potential collapsar progenitor from the observed explosion energy.

Developing Peer Bullying Awareness And Reducing Bullying Behaviors With Temperament-Appropriate Strategies Among Preschool Children: An Action Research

This study aimed to identify peer bullying behaviors and temperament characteristics of preschool children, to enhance their awareness of peer bullying, and to reduce bullying behaviors with strategies appropriate to their temperament. The action research methodology, specifically practitioner action research, was employed in this study. The study group consisted of 15 children aged 5-6, attending a state kindergarten in Esenyurt, on the European side of Istanbul. Data collection tools utilized in the research included the “Preschool Peer Bullying Scale” and the “Short Temperament Scale for Children”, along with individual and focus group interviews with children and parents. Also, researcher’s observations and field notes were also used as data collection techniques. After identifying peer bullying behaviors and temperament characteristics, an action plan consisting of activities included in the Turkish Ministry of National Education's “Peer Bullying Awareness Education Program” were used in accordance with the children's temperament to determine the awareness levels of the participants. The sessions included in the Ministry’s “Peer Bullying Awareness Education Program” and the drawings made by the children, along with forms from the interviews with the children, were uploaded into the MaxQda2022 analysis software and analyzed using open coding. Initial activities conducted to determine the awareness level of participants prior to the action plan revealed that while children had basic awareness of peer bullying, they lacked sufficient knowledge on preventing and intervening. The findings obtained from the research indicate that the implemented action plan significantly reduced peer bullying behaviors. This reduction showed itself as becoming aware of peer bullying behaviors and employing the coping strategies learned during the training, as well as distancing themselves from such behaviors. As a result of the research, it was determined that children gained substantial knowledge and awareness about peer bullying, improved their skills in coping with peer bullying, increased their attitudes and awareness levels towards bullying behaviors, and bullying incidents in the classroom significantly decreased..