Opening Ratio Research Articles

Drone detection with radio frequency signals and deep learning models

The widespread use of drones raises security, environmental, privacy, and ethical issues; therefore, effective detection by drones is important. There are several methods for detecting drones, such as wireless signal detection, photoelectric detection, radar detection, and sound detection. However, these detection methods are not accurate enough to identify drones for use. To solve this question, more robust drone detection method are needed. In addition, for different types of drones and application scenarios, different technical means need to be used for detection and identification. Based on 2-class ,4-class and 10-class problems on an open ratio frequency (RF) signal dataset, we compared the drone detection and classification performances of different machine learning with deep learning models and multi-task models which is proposed by combining different RF methods with Convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Our experimental results show that the XGBoost model achieved the latest results on this groundbreaking dataset, with 99.96% accuracy for 2-class problem, 92.31% accuracy for 4-class problem, and 74.81% accuracy for 10-class problem, which exhibits the best performance for drone detection and classification.

Physical modelling and hydrodynamic characterization of an internally circulating fluidized bed for biomass fast pyrolysis

This study investigates the hydrodynamics of the cold flow model (CFM) of an internally circulating fluidized bed (ICFB) finalized to biomass fast pyrolysis. The ICFB, basically consisting of a bubbling fluidized bed interconnected with a moving bed, is designed aiming at high fuel particles heating rates, efficient solids mixing and low gas residence times. Experimental techniques such as basket collection, solids and gas tracing are adopted to determine solids circulation rates, gas bypassing and particles residence times, consequently a compartment model of the CFM is proposed. The influence of operating conditions such as bed inventory and superficial gas velocity is investigated together with the effect of the opening ratio between the two interconnected beds. Results highlight that different operation regimes can occur and an optimization of operating and design parameters allows high solids circulation rates, low gas bypass and residence times lower than 1 s, as pursued in fast pyrolysis.

Liquid evaporation from nanochannel in the presence of non-condensable gas by direct simulation Monte Carlo

Liquid-vapor phase change in the form of evaporation and with the confinement of nanostructures is of vast importance in many engineering applications. The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) approach was employed to simulate the liquid evaporation from two-dimensional nanochannels in the presence of non-condensable (NC) gases. The thermodynamic properties of vapor and NC gas flow fields as well as the evaporation rate of liquid were calculated. Factors such as channel opening ratio, meniscus receding depth and the NC gas density were examined to reveal their impacts on the liquid evaporation rates. The results showed that the gas mixture flow field transforms to one-dimensional away from the channel exit. The overall vapor pressure drop can be divided into that across the liquid–vapor interface, that within the channel, outside the channel, as well as that caused by the binary diffusion. The effect of NC gas on the evaporation rate was found to be the most outstanding with pinned meniscus and with a wide channel opening, in which case the normalized evaporation rate drops to 0.43. Moreover, the Maxwell-Stefan equation could capture the evaporation data with modified diffusion lengths. For receded meniscus (250 nm deep) and small opening ratio (0.417), the effective diffusion length was as large as 1.6 times that in the one-dimensional case.

Single-shot fast cinematic imaging during merging process of multiple electron filaments in electrostatic potential well.

For the first time, details of the spatial and temporal acceptable evolution of the merging process of co-rotating electron vortices in a potential well are successfully captured using a "single-shot method" with a high temporal resolution of 10 µs. Four-electron filaments are trapped inside the Beam eXperiment-Upgrade linear trap [H. Himura, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 811, 100 (2016)] with a uniform axial magnetic field and co-axial multi-ring electrodes. Images of non-emitting electron filaments are captured using a high-speed camera with up to 1 000 000fps, a microchannel plate, a fast-decay phosphor screen of which fluorescence duration is 0.15 µs, and a super fine metallic mesh with an open area ratio of 89%. Images captured every 10 µs clearly show the growth of multiple short-wave instabilities in the wing trailing electron vortices. The experimental methods and measurement techniques presented in this paper can contribute to revealing exactly how small vortices evolve into a large structure or turbulence in a potential well through complex processes.

Critical analysis of the energy and exergy performance of an air heater duct with perforated 60-degree V-down baffles affixed to the heated surface

The indirect-mode solar dryer, with a solar air heater as a vital component, is commonly preferred for enhancing agricultural product quality. Energy and exergy analyses for an air heating system assess thermal gain and irreversibility in energy conversion. According to the literature, the easiest way to enhance the SAH’s energy and exergy performance is by incorporating flow-modifying elements or turbulators in the air passage. And the effective-energy assessment accounts for the increased airflow pumping power demands. This work aims to experimentally compare the energy and exergy performance of a smooth air heater duct with one integrated with perforated V-shaped baffles while critically examining the factors leading to the efficiency variations. The racetrack-shaped perforated V-baffles with 60-degree air attack angles are installed on the heated surface with V-down and staggered hole arrays, covering a turbulent flow Reynolds number (Re) range of 5400–13,100 during experimentation. The investigation involves varying the pitch-to-duct depth ratio (p/H) of baffles (with values of 1, 2 and 3) and considering two different hole-aspect ratio (w/d) values of 5.04 and 2.68, with the same open area ratio. The results reveal that baffles with w/d of 2.68 at p/H of 3, causing enhanced airflow turbulence and momentum diffusivity, provide the highest effective-energy ([Formula: see text]) and exergy ([Formula: see text]) efficiencies values of 88.7% and 12.44%, respectively, at Re of 11,816 and 8765. Based on the operating and geometrical parameters used in the experiments, the correlations of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] developed demonstrate good accuracy. The values for mean absolute error, root mean squared error and R 2 (coefficient of determination) in the correlations, developed using the statistical computing R software, are 0.012427, 0.014837 and 0.9913 for [Formula: see text] and 0.004332, 0.005047 and 0.9557 for [Formula: see text], respectively.

NLFEA of the Behavior of Polypropylene-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Slabs with Square Opening

The bending behavior of one-war reinforced concrete (RC) slabs with polypropylene fibers (PF) was examined in this study under the effect of different opening ratios using the nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) method. The investigated parameters include the effect of different square opening ratios between 0 and 24% and PF volume percentages between 0 and 1% with 0.1% increments. The objectives of this study were fulfilled using 88 NLFEA models with different combinations of the studied parameters, including 11 control slabs without openings. The slab’s behavior was studied focusing on different structural performance characteristics, such as ductility, using energy-based and deflection-based approaches, stiffness (initial and yielding), cracking, and ultimate load strength. In addition, other structural performance parameters were considered, such as the crack opening, failure modes, and strain values, which were recorded for all specimens during the loading history. Moreover, the load-carrying capacity of the slabs was compared, looking at the NLFEA method’s results and the theoretical prediction results based on the sectional analysis method. However, it was observed that the inclusion of PFs of different percentages has a superior effect on the behavior of RC slabs with small openings (less than 2% opening ratio) compared to the acceptable improvements obtained for sabs with larger opening sizes. Consequently, PF could be utilized as a replacement for conventional steel rebars for RC slabs with small openings. In addition, increasing the PF percentage increases the resulting crack-opening value at failure due to the provided stabilization effect, in addition to increasing the system’s ability to sustain loads.

Green Residential Building Design Scheme Optimization Based on the Orthogonal Experiment EWM-TOPSIS

A multi-objective decision method is proposed based on the combining orthogonal test, entropy weight method (EWM) with TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution) in this article. The method is more objective and efficient than traditional methods in the design of green residential buildings. A villa in Nanjing was taken as an example, and the cost, building energy consumption, and daylight factors were used as decision-making indexes. A total of six control factors were selected: terrain elevation, window area, building orientation, the opening ratio of exterior windows, roof structure, and window glass material. Each factor was designed with three levels. First, a design scheme index system was constructed, and the orthogonal experimental design was used to select representative design schemes. Then, the EWM and the TOPSIS method were used to determine the weight of each index, a comprehensive evaluation of the residential building design scheme was conducted, and, finally, the optimal scheme was confirmed via range analysis. The results show that the multi-objective decision-making model based on the orthogonal experiment EWM-TOPSIS is suitable for green residential building design and the optimal solution obtained is “15 m elevation, a 1200 × 1500 mm size vacuum glass, an orientation of 170° and an external window opening ratio 45% with a 40 mm thick expanded insulation board roof”.

Experimental and numerical study on buffeting force characteristics of the π -shaped bridge deck

In this study, a π-shaped main beam with typical geometric characteristic parameters was selected for conducting wind tunnel tests, and the characteristics of the buffeting force were measured. Based on the measured results, numerical expansion research was conducted using the narrowband synthetic random flow generation (NSRFG) turbulent inlet method, and a grid strategy was provided. By changing the geometric characteristic parameters of the π-shaped girder, a comparative study was conducted using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) methods, revealing the influence of cross-sectional geometric characteristic parameters on the buffeting force characteristics and analyzing their mechanism of action. The results indicate that the inlet wind parameters of the NSRFG need to be adapted to the grid size. The grid filter size at the front end of the model should be smaller than 0.193 of the along-wind turbulence integral scale, which can then be used to solve for 80% of the turbulent kinetic energy. The smaller the aspect ratio is, the larger the buffeting force spectrum is, and the smaller the opening ratio is, the smaller the buffeting force spectrum is. The opening ratio strongly influences the buffeting lift spectrum, and the aspect ratio strongly influences the buffeting drag spectrum. The POD decomposition indicates that the geometric characteristic parameters affect the shape, strength, position, and direction of vortices at the section opening. DMD decomposition indicates that geometric feature parameters affect the frequency and growth rate of dominant modes as well as the directionality and regularity of vortex distribution.

Research on a New Flow Measurement for Intelligent Injection Tools

Intelligent separate injection technology can achieve continuous monitoring data of layered water Injection wells. So it can find out the inefficient water circulating formation timely. Then the water injection schemes can be adjusted in real-time to ensure the high water injection pass rate. It can also increase the working efficiency of the workers’ because of its automatic mode.But its prime cost is high, which limits its large-scale industrialization application in fine layered water injection wells. The key part is the intelligent water distributor in the intelligent separate injection technology. The cost of electromagnetic flow meter accounts for 38% in the intelligent water distributor. The paper intends to research on flow measurement without flow meter to reduce the high-cost. The pressure difference equation was established for flow rate and the opening ratio of the nozzle using the dimensionless analysis method. The empirical parameters of the equation were obtained through laboratory experiments. The pressure sensors are used to monitor the pressure of water injection wells while achieving the measurement of layered flow rate.The laboratory experiments results indicate that the calculated flow rate obtained by this method coincides well with the standard flow rate. The relative error is less than 12%. Then,it provides a new flow measurement method for intelligent injection tools. The most significant feature is that the flow meter is no longer mandatory for intelligent water distributors. Due to the cheaper cost that it provides a technical support for the large-scale industrialization application of intelligent separate injection technology in fine layered water injection wells.

Prediction of Downpull Force Coefficient on the Underflow-Type Floating Gate

The experiment was conducted to compare the hydraulic openness by the buoyancy theory of the hydrostatic pressure and the hydraulic openness by the measurement, and the difference between the theory and the measured hydraulic openness was confirmed to be the effect by the downpull force. As a result of using the existing theoretical formulae to examine the downpull force of the buoyancy-type floating gate, it was found that the existing formulae were difficult to apply to the buoyancy-type floating gate. Therefore, this paper proposed the use of the multiple regression analysis and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system method for predicting downpull force coefficient of the buoyancy-type floating gate. The experimental results indicate that the downpull force coefficient decreased as the opening ratio increased. In addition, the downpull force increased as the opening ratio increased below the opening ratio of 0.300, however the downpull force decreased as the opening ratio increased from the opening ratio exceeding 0.300. Finally, prediction results by using the proposed relationship indicated that the errors are much smaller compared to the results of the existing theoretical formulae. In addition, the application of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system method improved the prediction significantly, reducing the errors to the half of that by the existing theoretical formulae.

Tunable stiffness design of curved-crease origami and extended quasi-zero stiffness vibration isolator

A kind of origami tube based on the curved crease, which has a tunable stiffness, was designed, fabricated, tested, and extended to the concept of a quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) vibration isolator. The regulating function of crease stiffness on the overall origami stiffness without changes in the crease pattern was verified by single-crease models. With various opening ratios along the creases, three tubes composed of mirrored single-crease origami were designed, fabricated by 3D printing, and compressively tested. The test results present the potential of the approach of QZS. Further, the elastic-frictionless origami tubes were redesigned and simulated to obtain the target stiffness. The cubic term fitting of the load curve was adopted by the harmonic balance method to solve the steady-state vibration response, and then the simulation results obtained by the finite element method (FEM) were compared. The study shows that the designed elastic-frictionless isolator has a good low-frequency vibration isolation performance. The concept of the simple stiffness control method of curved-crease origami provides more practice options for high static and low dynamic stiffness systems.

Experimental and numerical study on characteristics of super-linear mass flow rate and asymmetric cavitation in novel rotary-baffle curved-channel electronic expansion valve for refrigerator

Capillary tubes, as the expansion devices in refrigerators, are unable to actively match cooling capacity and load, which will increase the energy consumption. Moreover, due to the limitations of miniature valve needle machining accuracy and structural strength, orifice-type EEVs are not suitable for low mass flow rate in refrigerators. A novel rotary-baffle curved-channel electronic expansion valve (RBCC-EEV) is proposed to replace capillary tube to achieve flow regulation in household refrigerators. Based on the special structure and regulation principle of RBCC-EEV, characteristics of mass flow rate and cavitation are studied experimentally and numerically, respectively. Experimental results show that, as opening ratio (OR) increases, the synchronous changes in the inlet area and length of the curved channel lead to a super-linear variation in mass flow rate, with increase rate growth from 0.018 kg h−1 OR−1 to 0.061 kg h−1 OR−1. Numerical results show that, under centrifugal forces, the pressure difference along the normal direction of the streamline leads to the differences in degree of cavitation, which is called asymmetric cavitation phenomenon. In addition, under the influence of this phenomenon, the prematurely cavitation of refrigerant near the inside surface will block the inlet of curved channel early, resulting in a 3.4 % decrease in mass flow rate.

Simplified vented acoustic window with broadband sound transmission loss

A vented window design is presented allowing for air ventilation and improved sound reduction for urban traffic noise. The window design aims to be of simple construction, consisting of double-glass cells with a two-sided vent opening and a single internal division that splits the inner cavity into two resonators tuned at about 200 and 400 Hz. The basic window cell is modeled by means of a transmission matrix model, as well as through a finite element simulation. These provide an insight into the physical performance principles of the device, and produce results comparable with the acoustic measurements. Preliminary experiments showed the convenience of covering the resonator openings with flow-resistive absorbing material. This helps in raising the spectral sound transmission dips, improving the single number rating according to ISO 717-1:2020 with a measured weighted sound reduction index Rw(C,Ctr)=18(0;0) dB. The comparative performance of the window related to other windows reported in the literature is shown in a graph relating sound reduction and open ventilation area ratio. A reference performance curve is proposed corresponding to the maximum sound transmission loss of a pure constriction with the same open area. The sound reductions offered by different windows can be compared depending on how much their performance, according to Rw, departs above or below this reference curve. The window design performs according to the reference curve.

Holistic design of energy-efficient temporary houses: Meeting ventilation, heating, cooling, and lighting demands

Recent disasters around the world have brought attention to the challenges faced by the homeless. Energy-efficient container houses (EECHs) offer a comfortable, sustainable, and temporary solution. A holistic design of EECH was conducted for mixed and hot climates using DesignBuilder software. The design, performed initially according to design criteria derived from ASHRAE Standards and previous studies, was subsequently examined for five passive strategies: envelope layering, WWR, windows opening ratio, glazing type, and shading. Optimal conditions were determined by the trade-off between heating and cooling demands, ventilation rate, and minimum daylight factor (DF) and uniformity (UDF). Results reveal that in mixed climates, using insulation materials and thermal mass is recommended, while in hot climates, it is advisable to avoid using them and instead rely solely on internal finishing layers. Complete reliance on natural ventilation is achieved by combining an opening ratio of 35 % with a WWR of 9%–25 % for south and north facades, and 6%–12 % for west façade. In mixed climates, argon gap double clear glazing is suitable, while a low-e layer is added for hot climates. Installing overhangs on south windows enhances UDF, unlike vertical fins on north and west windows. The designed EECHs consume 176 kWh/m2 of electricity annually.

Enhancing the performance of direct methanol fuel cells using new cathode flow field designs: An experimental investigation

To improve the performance of the cell in terms of current density, power density and byproduct water removal from the cathode, three new cathode flow fields are designed, fabricated and tested. Design-1 is a conventional serpentine with a channel width and rib width of 0.8mm. Design-2 is a-four outlet, and one inlet-four zone serpentine with a channel width and rib width of 0.8mm. Design-3 is a four outlet-one inlet four zone serpentine with a gradually reducing channel width from 1.5mm at the inlet to 0.8mm at the four outlets. Design-4 is a four outlet-one inlet four zone zigzag serpentine with a gradually reducing channel width from 1.5mm at the inlet in the middle to 0.8mm at the four outlets. The open angle of 0.16° is used in design-3 and design-4. All the designs cover a 50mm×50mm area with open ratios in the range 48.9%-50.0%. To assess the cell's performance, an experimental study is conducted to determine the effect of the new cathode flow field design along with methanol flow rates and methanol concentrations. Electrochemical characterization methods are used to measure the power density of the new fabricated transparent DMFC. Results indicate that the highest recorded limiting current density and peak power density by the experiment are 460mA/cm2 and 50mW/cm2 respectively. The reference design using a conventional serpentine flow field attains a current density of 257mA/cm2 and power density of 24mW/cm2. Comparing new cathode designs with the reference one, the enhancement percentage in terms of the maximum peak power density by design-2, -3 and -4 are 44%, 107% and 22%, respectively. The lower anode flowrates outperforms the higher flowrates. The byproduct water at the cathode was better removed by the new cathode designs compared to the reference design. This research provides leeway for researchers to enhance the performance of DMFCs via new cathode flow fields.

Experimental and numerical investigation of bending performance of prestressed purlins having different longitudinal web opening

Variable cross-section pre-stressed precast concrete purlin (PPCP) members are frequently used in industrial buildings. Lightening these elements, which create a significant weight on the roof plane, is extremely important to reduce both concrete consumption and the weight that will affect the earthquake force. The voids left in the purlin bodies can make them even more economical. A series of experimental and numeric studies were carried out to find an answer to this research question. In the study, 8 PPCP beams with different 1/1 geometric scale web opening ratios (ranging between 7.5%∼35% depending on the beam length) were tested. At the end of the experimental study, the openings created in the beams did not significantly reduce the load carrying capacity. In addition, bearing capacity of the reference beam was obtained approximately 17% greater than the calculated analytical value. The results of the tests were validated utilizing ABAQUS FEM. Then, a parametric study was performed on 48 models according to three different pre-stressing levels (0.3 P, 0.6 P and 0.9 P) and three different concrete strengths (30 MPa, 40 MPa and 50 MPa). According to results, especially in PPCP with web opening ratios of 27.5% and 32.5%, both initial stiffness and ductility values increased compared to the reference beam. From the numerical models, it was revelead that the decrease in concrete strength caused a capacity loss of up to 17%, especially in beams with the highest opening ratio. It was discovered that the increase in the pre-stress level increased the stiffness and capacity, but the least increase was in the beam with the highest opening ratio.

The flexural performance of vertical steel-plate-reinforced bamboo scrimber beams

ABSTRACT Since the elastic modulus of bamboo scrimber is low relative to their strength, the design of bamboo scrimber beams is often restricted by their deformation. Therefore, this study proposes vertical steel plate-reinforced bamboo scrimber (PRBS) beams to improve the stiffness of bamboo scrimber beams more effectively while improving bearing capacity, thereby increasing the span and expanding the application scope of bamboo scrimber beams. To study the mechanical properties of PRBS beams, flexural loading tests on 21 beams were performed under 7 working conditions, and the effects of different thicknesses, opening ratios, and arrangements of built-in steel plates on the flexural performance of PRBS beams were studied. The results showed that the PRBS beams have two ultimate failure modes: tensile failure of the beam bottom and lateral buckling of the beam. Compared with Reference beams, PRBS beams with solid steel plate exhibit 45–51% higher bearing capacity and 52–104% higher stiffness, and PRBS beams with perforated steel plate exhibit 22–33% higher bearing capacity and 35–48% higher stiffness. In addition, a theoretical analysis was conducted on the flexural bearing capacity of PRBS beams based on the tri-linear constitutive model.

Flow-field design of the bipolar plates in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell: Problem, progress, and perspective

As a promising carbon-neutral technology, the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is gaining considerable attention over the past decades. Many problems in PEMFC performance and durability can be ultimately ascribed to the flow-field design, which is a complex and systematic work owing to the inherent sophisticated nature of the PEMFC with multicomponent mass transportation and multiphysics field coupling. This paper presents a critical review of the state-of-the-art flow-field designs and an in-depth analysis of the key problems involved from a perspective of efficient mass transport within the PEMFC. In particular, flow-optimization principles are discussed specifically for the enhancement in reactant mass transfer, water management, optimized opening ratio, uniformity of flow distribution, and choice of appropriate numerical approaches assisting the flow-field design. The material formability and forming accuracy and their effects are also discussed for metallic bipolar plates. The objective of this review work is to present a comprehensive overview of the problems, progresses, and perspectives of the flow-field designs for bipolar plates in PEMFC and provide a general theoretical instruction for present and future relevant R&D activities that aim at high-performance, durable, and low-cost fuel cells.

IMPACTS OF USING POROUS CORNER PARTITIONS AND BLADE SHAPED NANOPARTICLES IN BASE FLUID ON THE PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR MOUNTED VENTED CAVITIES AND INTERFACE TEMPERATURE ESTIMATION WITH PROPER ORTHOGONAL DECOMPOSITION

Numerous technical applications, such as solar power, refrigeration, waste heat recovery, thermal management, and many more, employ thermoelectric devices because of the numerous advantages they offer. Techniques are required to improve their effectiveness in usage. In this study, a unique technique for improving the performance of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) positioned between vented cavities is proposed. The method combines the effects of blade-shaped nanoparticles in the base fluid and corner porous partitions. A numerical study using the finite element method is conducted for different values of Darcy number of upper and lower cavity (10<sup>-6</sup> ≤ Da<sub>1</sub> ≤ 10<sup>-2</sup>, 10<sup>-6</sup> ≤ Da<sub>2</sub> ≤ 10<sup>-2</sup>), opening ratio (SR between 0.5 and 2.5), and nanoparticle loading amount (SVF between 0 and 0.03). By adjusting the permeability of the partitions and opening ratio of the cavities, significant changes in the flow field can be obtained. TEG power increases with greater opening ratios and lower partition permeabilities. By changing the permeability, the TEG power can increase by up to 27.5 percent, while increasing the opening ratio from SR = 0.5 to SR = 1 can increase the TEG power by up to 140 percent. Using blade-shaped nanoparticles results in additional improvements, with values of 32.7% at SR = 0.5 and 20.26% at SR = 2.5. Using 180 parametric computational fluid dynamics cases, a POD-based low-cost reconstruction model is created for the interface temperatures at the hot and cold sides using five-POD modes. The method may be used for other complicated geometries where 3-D computations are costly and allows for the rapid computation of coupled TEG-vented cavity systems with corner partitions.

Effect of gravel size and geogrid opening variation on the reinforced of the unpaved roads

In unpaved roads, the bare soil of the soft subgrade or the covered grading layer of subgrade soil has traditionally been the focus of embankment and pavement loads. Using geogrid as isolation and reinforcement between road layers is a widely accepted method to solve this problem. This study used the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test to evaluate the geogrid reinforcing effects among geogrids with various aggregate particle sizes and the size of the openings of the geogrid. The research results show that when the particle size of the subbase layer was controlled and the ratio of the geogrid opening was variated, the bearing capacity was improved relatively more significantly. The contribution of geogrid to CBR value increased from 12% to 50%. In the reinforced system with a fixed geogrid opening aperture, increasing the particle size of the aggregate will increase the overall bearing capacity of the reinforced system; however, when the size of the aggregate increases to a certain level, the contribution rate of the geogrid CBR value changes relatively indignantly. Additionally, in the reinforced system, by fixing the particle size of the aggregate and adjusting the ratio between the aggregate particle size and the geogrid opening aperture, the overall bearing capacity of the reinforced system is still improved, and the CBR contribution rate provided by the geogrid changes relatively significantly. Finally, the research results also show that the 3Dprinting geogrid had a similar effect to the commercially available geogrid. Therefore, different types of geogrids could be made in follow-up research, and further analysis had the best effect. The particle size of the gravel with the best-reinforced effect and the ratio of the geogrid opening can provide a reference for engineering design.