Open-plan Research Articles

Office workers with dry eye symptoms: workplace environment satisfaction and lifestyle effects

Purpose. To investigate the impact of dry eye disease (DED) symptoms and the perception of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) on the wellbeing and social impact after work in openplan office worker cohort. Material and Methods. 64 office workers (m = 19; f = 45; mean age = 47.7 ± 9.3 (sd)), were recruited from a single workplace (local government, open-plan, 400 employees) and asked to complete a DED symptoms questionnaire (OSDI), and answer questions on general ocular health, perception of the IEQ, and social impact from DED symptoms. All participants had worked in the building for at least 4 months. Keywords Dry eye disease, indoor environment perception, social impact, office workers, occupational dry eye

A Preliminary Study of the Relationship Between Built Environment of Open Space and Cognitive Health of Older People

Many older people are facing various risks of cognitive impairment, while outdoor activities in open spaces may be helpful for their cognitive health. However, the effect of open spaces on cognitive health is unclear. This study aims to investigate the relationships between the cognitive health of older people and the built environment of open spaces. A questionnaire survey of 60 older people aged 60 and above was conducted. Results identified three major components of the built environment of open spaces, namely, planning, supporting facilities, and building services. According to the correlation and regression analysis, it is revealed that 8 BEOS items, including green ratio, a width of the pathway, maintenance of the whole garden, the color of green space, diversity of plants, location, and font of signage, artificial light of sitting area were positively related to memory, while only the size was negatively associated with memory. Only the green ratio could positively predict the concentration. The judgment was positively influenced by the green ratio, width of pathways, maintenance of the whole garden, color of green space and diversity of plants. A BEOS – cognitive health model for older people was built in this study. The results highlighted the importance of plants for cognitive health. Several recommendations, such as not-so-large sizes and diverse plants with vivid colors and signages with big fonts, etc., were proposed to improve the built environment of the open spaces and support the declining cognitive health of older people.

Energy optimization for HVAC systems in multi-VAV open offices: A deep reinforcement learning approach

With global warming intensifying and resource conflicts escalating, the world is undergoing a transformative shift toward sustainable practices and energy-efficient solutions. With more than 32% of the global energy used by commercial and residential buildings, there is an urgent need to revisit traditional approaches to Building Energy Management (BEM). Within a BEMSplatform, regulating the operation of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems is more important, noting that HVAC systems account for about 40% of the total energy cost in the commercial sector.This paper offers a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithm as a data-driven approach to controlling HVAC operation to enhance the energy efficiency of commercial buildings with open offices while ensuring thermal comfort for occupants in different zones. Compared to alternative methods such as rule-based models and model-predictive control, data-driven models have shown promising results in optimizing building energy consumption without the need for building-specific thresholds, prior knowledge about the underlying physics of heat distribution, and digital mapping of the airflow. Despite the astonishing performance of modern DRL methods in controlling energy management, a particular energy-saving solution for open-plan offices with multiple Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems, where different zones cannot be treated independently, is still missing. Also, some of the existing methods suffer from key issues such as long training time and lack of generalizability for using over-complicated models, incorporating external factors that are hard to model and characterize, and including factors that are not typically accessible. To solve these issues, we propose a low-complexity DRL-based model with multi-input multi-output architecture for the HVAC energy optimization of open-plan offices, which uses only a handful of controllable and accessible factors. The efficacy of our solution is evaluated through extensive analysis of the overall energy consumption and thermal comfort levels compared to a baseline system based on the existing HVAC schedule from a real case. This comparison shows that our method achieves 37% savings in energy consumption with minimum temperature violation (<1%) of the desired temperature range during work hours. It takes only a total of 40 min for 5 epochs (about 7.75 min per epoch) to train a network with superior performance and covering diverse conditions for its low-complexity architecture; therefore, it easily adapts to changes in the building setups, weather conditions, occupancy rate, etc. Moreover, by enforcing smoothness on the control strategy, we suppress the frequent and unpleasant on/off transitions on HVAC units to avoid occupant discomfort and potential damage to the system. The generalizability of our model is verified by applying it to different building models and under various weather conditions.

Passive cooling strategies in summer for office buildings in temperate clear sky climates. Assessment of effectiveness with Zero Energy Building's criteria.

Abstract Passive energy efficient design in dry climates with high heliophany can lead to a significant reduction in energy use while promoting occupant comfort. This paper presents an optimization in the performance of an office building with mixed-mode run, including night ventilative cooling and shading devices strategies to achieve nZEB requirements in summer. The building design integrates an efficient envelope and renewable energy generation from PV panels on-grid. On-site measurements were taken to collect hygrothermal data and energy demand information. Two office configurations were discussed, Open plan (PL2) and Individual office (BOX NW), both options with a high trend to overheat. For all orientations tested, multiple horizontal overhangs have better performance than vertical ones. Results from Net Energy Balance in Base model present a primary energy demand of 116 kWh/m2/year and the Optimization model of 55 kWh/m2/year. To conclude, the positive impact of the implementation of passive design strategies rises the comfort hours in use period in PL2 70% and in BOX NW a 55% and a decrease of 60% of primary energy demand.

“Do office workers’ comments corroborate the ratings they give their buildings?” A qualitative analysis of comments on operational factors in the workplace

PurposeThis paper aims to illustrate the extensive benefits of qualitative data analysis as a rarely undertaken process in post-occupancy evaluation surveys. As a result, there is limited evidence of what occupants say about their buildings, especially for operational parameters, as opposed to how they rate them. While quantitative analyses provide useful information on how workers feel about workplace operational factors, qualitative analyses provide richer information on what aspects of the workplace workers identify as influential to their comfort, well-being and productivity.Design/methodology/approachThe authors analysed 6,938 comments from office buildings worldwide on workers’ perception of workplace operational factors: design, storage, needs, space at desks and storage in their work environments. These factors were analysed based on the buildings’ design intent and use, and the associated comments were coded into positive, negative and balanced comments. The authors used a combination of coding, descriptive analysis, content analysis and word cloud to dissect the comments.FindingsThe findings showed that whereas workers rated these operational factors favourably, there were significantly more negative comments about each factor. Also, the Chi-square test showed a significant association (p < 0.01) between the satisfaction scale and the type of comments received for all the operational factors. This means that when a factor is rated high in the satisfaction score (5–7), there were fewer negative and more positive comments and vice versa. The word cloud analysis highlighted vital aspects of the office environment the workers mostly commented on, such as open plan design, natural lighting, space and windows, toilets, facilities, kitchens, meeting room booking systems, storage and furniture.Research limitations/implicationsThis study highlights the importance of dissecting building occupants’ comments as integral to building performance monitoring and measurement. These emphasise the richness and value of respondents’ comments and the importance of critically analysing them. A limitation is that only 6,938 comments were viable for analysis because most comments were either incomplete with no meaning or were not provided. This underlines the importance of encouraging respondents to comment and express their feelings in questionnaire surveys. Also, the building use studies questionnaire data set presents extensive opportunities for further analyses of interrelationships between demographics, building characteristics and environmental and operational factors.Practical implicationsThe findings from this study can be applied to future projects and facility management to maintain and improve office buildings throughout their life cycle. Also, these findings are essential in predicting the requirements of future workplaces for robust workplace designs and management.Originality/valueThe authors identified specific comments on the performance of workplaces across the globe, showing similarities and differences between sustainable, conventional, commercial and institutional buildings. Specifically, the analysis showed that office workers’ comments do not always corroborate the ratings they give their buildings. There was a significantly higher percentage of negative comments than positive comments despite the high satisfaction scores of the operational factors.

Staffs' physiological responses to irrelevant background speech and mental workload in open-plan bank office workspaces.

Acoustic comfort is one of the most critical challenges in the open-plan workspace. This study was aimed to assess the effect of irrelevant background speech (IBS) and mental workload (MWL) on staffs' physiological parameters in open-plan bank office workspaces. In this study, 109 male cashier staff of the banks were randomly selected. The 30-minute equivalent noise level (LAeq) of the participants was measured in three intervals at the beginning (section A), middle (section B), and end of working hours (section C). The heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV): low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and LF/HF of the staff were also recorded in sections A, B, and C. Moreover, staff was asked to rate the MWL using the NASA-Task load. The dominant frequency of the LAeq was 500 Hz, and the LAeq in the frequency range of 250 to 2000 was higher than other frequencies. The LAeq (500 Hz) was 55.82, 69.35, and 69.64 dB(A) in sections A, B, and C, respectively. The results show that the IBS affects staffs' physiological responses so that with increasing in IBS, the HF power decreases. Moreover, with higher MWL, increasing noise exposure, especially IBS, causes more increases in LF power and LF/HF ratio. It seems that the IBS can affect physiological responses and increase staff stress in open-plan bank office workspaces. Moreover, the mental workload can intensify these consequences in these working settings.

Reimagining Leadership in Open Education: Networking to Promote Social Justice and Systemic Change

Challenging traditional notions of leadership, and leveraging non-hierarchical learning structures, the Regional Leaders of Open Education Network (RLOE) was created to bring together leaders from a broad diversity of institutions in the U.S. and Canada to build strategic plans for open education that especially support underserved and underrepresented students. All members of the network, including an advisory team, collaborators, student mentors and cohort participants were engaged in a multi-directional learning program over two years (2021-2022) that included a variety of synchronous and asynchronous online engagement opportunities, as well as the opportunity to attend an in-person summit. Analyses of surveys and reports completed by network participants indicated that RLOE was successful in building community and in providing vital networking opportunities that supported them to design and begin to implement open education strategic plans that included initiatives in professional development, forming partnerships, integrating DEI as well as many other goals and accomplishments. Cohort participants indicated statistically significant gains in 1) developing and leveraging their leadership skills to serve marginalized and underrepresented students, 2) understanding how OE practices can empower all students, especially marginalized students, and 3) how OER can be used to specifically support underrepresented and underserved groups. In addition, 90% of cohort participants indicated that the RLOE Network helped them to center principles of diversity, equity and inclusion into their open educational work.

Evaluation of the effects of partition design on circadian daylighting in open-plan offices

Due to the changes in the modern human lifestyle, the average time people spend in interior spaces has increased, which calls attention to providing appropriate indoor lighting. Many studies have shown the considerable influence of luminous conditions on human circadian rhythm, productivity, and well-being. While the influence of a building’s architectural characteristics on the visual aspects of daylight has been extensively examined in the literature, there has been comparatively less emphasis on assessing these affects within the context of circadian daylighting considerations. The current study has employed a simulation-based approach to investigate the influence of interior space configurations; in particular, office space’s partition layout, height, and optical properties on the circadian potential of the space. Specifically, the study aimed to examine the impact of two partition layouts – arranged perpendicular and parallel to the window – alongside nine different materials featuring various color hues and reflection levels, and three distinct partition heights. Results indicate that, generally, the circadian potential of the office space rises with the increase of the melanopic reflectance of the partition material and the decrease of partition height. With partitions higher than the eye level, arranging them in a parallel position to the window would result in a better non-visual environment, whereas with lower partition heights, the perpendicular arrangement of partitions to the window would be a more suitable choice in most of the investigated cases. This study suggests a decision-making model to assist designers in creating efficient office spaces, particularly in terms of circadian lighting conditions.

Physical and social isolation in various places of work

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyse perceived physical and social isolation and how they are linked in various places of work.Design/methodology/approachA nationwide study was conducted involving 3,352 Estonian office workers in spring 2021. Physical isolation was measured in terms of what proportion of time a person works away from co-workers (0%, 1%–25%, 26%–50%, 51%–75%, more than 75%). Social isolation diverged into two factors: lack of contacts and lack of meaningful connections. The different places of work the authors considered in the study included working from home with and without a dedicated room and different types of offices (private office, shared-cell office, activity-based office and open-plan offices of various sizes).FindingsThe results show that the negative consequences of physical isolation in the form of perceiving social isolation start to show when a person works 51% of the time or more away from others. However, the authors revealed the dual nature of social isolation in that when a person experiences a lack of contacts, the connections they do have with their colleagues are actually more meaningful.Originality/valueThe originality of the study comes from the fact that the authors uncovered the paradoxical nature of social isolation. This reveals itself in various places of work depending on the conditions at home and the type of office. Therefore, the authors move away from the simplified distinction of home vs office and take into account the level of physical isolation (what amount of time a person actually works away from colleagues).

Retroreflective room acoustics: Possible treatments, their effects, and potential benefits

Introducing retroreflection into rooms can change the distribution of reflected energy, concentrating early reflections on the source. But what is a retroreflective room, and how could it be implemented? This paper introduces concepts including retroreflective arrays andretroreflective focusing, which achieve much more than the trivial case of a rectangular room. Examples are developed via finite-differencetime-domain simulation. Treatment strategies include making use of the room corners and edges as focusing retroreflectors, retroreflective ceiling treatments, and using local retroreflective treatments such as desk reflectors. The acoustic features of the retroreflective rooms are compared with design targets of open-plan offices, classrooms and restaurants, to illustrate potential benefits of retroreflective treatment of rooms for speech.

Şehir Bazlı İmar Planlarının Oyun Teorisi Yaklaşımı İle Meydana Getirilmesi, 1000’lik Plan Örneği

Zoning plans are the formation of rules that will regulate all kinds of needs of a group of people living on a certain piece of land. While the plans are being formed, they are in a flow from the development plans to the latest implementation plans in the hierarchy from the top to the bottom scale. Subsequently, a zoning application is made in the area determined depending on the population density. In this application, various zoning parameters are formed in accordance with a certain rule. It meets the needs of people by creating a subject, trade, official institution or many social reinforcement areas. It is created for this purpose in plans of 1000 called applications. It is created by making use of approaches such as game theory. Game theory is the task of determining the best strategy within the framework of the rules in an application that is considered a certain game. In planning, it will be possible to determine the formation of the best housing, commercial or social facilities and the determination of development areas with area-based correlation within the planning rules, with game theory. As a game theory element, it was tried to explain how to create the best open application development plan with the integral function of population, population growth amount, area-based surface area amounts according to plan definitions. The study area was about how to examine the parts of an application or revised zoning plan with game theory based on the city-based Elazığ.

A Study of Human Resources Planning at a Private Madrasah School in Lampung

This study aims to identify and reveal human resource planning in MTs (Wali Songo, al- Muhajirin, and Nurul Huda Madukoro, North Lampung). It uses an interpretive paradigm with a qualitative-descriptive method. While the approach used is phenomenologicalnaturalistic, the techniques used in data collection are in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document studies. In this study, the interview material was adjusted to the research focus through the following steps: 1) determining the person to be interviewed, 2) preparing questions that will be the subject of discussion, 3) initiating and opening the direction of the conversation, 4) conducting interviews, 5) recording or recording the results of the interview, 6) communicating the results of the interview, 7) copying the interview results into notes by making a selection. Observations were made using participant observation, where the researcher was directly involved with the activities of the object being studied. Document studies are used to strengthen data from interviews and observations. The results show the implementation of human resource planning in MTs with a closed and open planning system. Careful planning of human resources is the spearhead for the success of education, especially in madrasa schools.&#x0D; Keywords: Education in Indonesia, Human Resources, Madrasah

Investigation of indicators for personal exposure and occupancy in offices by using smart sensors

Despite the advent of smart building sensors, real-time methods for capturing inhalation exposure and occupancy are limited. This study utilized stationary and wearable environmental sensors, along with Decision Tree and correlation analyses, to determine the optimal set of indicators for approximating dynamic inhalation exposures and occupancy in office environments. In a 2-week field campaign in two Swiss office buildings, real-time measures of air temperature, relative humidity, CO2, and size-resolved particle concentrations were taken at two scales: personal – via personalized vests with sensors for personal exposure detection; and room – via stationary sensors at sidewalls and office desks. Occupancy and activity profiles were collected at three scales: personal – via smartwatches; room – via visual inspections; and building – via a cloud-based location service system. A desk-mounted CO2 sensor in the center of an office was an effective indicator of personal exposures to CO2, PM2.5, and PM10. Sidewall CO2 measurements accurately captured room occupancy in open-plan offices, while desk-mounted PM10 sensors were effective in areas with transient occupancy (e.g., cafeteria). Findings from this study aid improved understanding of the complex dynamics of air pollutants in offices, and could support the development of refined methods for smart building monitoring and ventilation control.

Investigation of the multi-component ergonomics intervention effects on improving musculoskeletal outcomes and speech communication: A case study in open-plan offices.

Office workers are at high risk of developing musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) due to improper workstations. Open-plan bank office employees must communicate with bank clerks properly and perform financial activity precisely, but noise is a factor that disrupts their communication. Therefore, MSS and annoying noise are two of the main problems in open-plan offices. This study evaluated the effects of a multi-component intervention involving individual (employee ergonomics training) and physical (improvements in workstation design and work environment) ergonomic factors on musculoskeletal outcomes and speech communication in open-plan environments. A preliminary survey was carried out to investigate the overall ergonomics problems, the tasks and time analysis, workstations setup, the prevalence of MSS (Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire), physical discomfort (Visual Analogue Scale [VAS]), and posture (assessed by Rapid Upper Limb Assessment [RULA] method), environmental status (measurement of noise), and speech intelligibility (assessed by Speech Interference Level [SIL] method based on ISO 9921). The multi-component interventions were performed afterward based on the data collected. A baseline assessment and a 9-month follow-up assessment were conducted. The results showed a significant decrease in the prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints (shoulders, elbows, and low back), physical discomfort, and awkward working postures after the intervention. A considerable improvement was also found in speech intelligibility post-intervention. The post-intervention questionnaire survey also indicated that employees generally favored the redesigned workstations. The results support the effectiveness of implementing multi-component interventions in open-plan bank offices to improve musculoskeletal complaints and speech communication.

Perception of Overall Quality of Life Among Occupants of Green and Non-Green Office Buildings in Malaysia

Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) has become an important component of building design because people tend to spend the majority of their time indoors. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the occupants’ overall perceived Quality of Life (QoL) experience in two green and two non-green office buildings. All four buildings are situated in Klang Valley, Malaysia, and they are open-plan office buildings. 162 questionnaires were administered to assess the relationship between individuals' perceived QoL and IEQ factors. The IEQ factors, classified into ambient conditions, designed environment, and behavioural environment, are found to impact QoL. Findings from the case studies reveal that the four buildings varied in the aspect of Behavioural Environment, where some of the IEQ factors in the green buildings were perceived as slightly uncomfortable. It was also found that several IEQ categories interact as a system in which improvement of occupants' QoL experiences cannot be accomplished solely through the instrumental components of IEQ, as the designed and behavioural environments have substantial impacts. Several missing factors linked to the Green Building Index (GBI) criteria were significantly correlated with the QoL experience of occupants.

Design strategies for residential buildings in the post pandemic era

During and after the pandemic the home became the epicenter for many people. Everything happened at home: work, school, exercise, play, and everything in between. Families’ priorities and needs have changed in many ways, and how they use their homes is at the top of their list. An emerging priority among homeowners is health and wellness. People now not only want their homes to protect their health with great indoor air quality, but they also want adequate space to attend to their daily life activities at home. Furthermore, homeowners now realize their homes must fill many roles. No longer are homes mainly a place to gather and rest, but they must also serve as schools, offices with dedicated workspaces, gyms, outdoor living, and many other spaces. For this, are suggested modular interiors, with more segmented approaches than open floor plans. This paper will present design strategies for residential buildings, in three scenarios, with different terrain conditions (flat terrain, slightly sloppy terrain, and very sloppy terrain) and low construction intensity, according to the “General Local Plan and Territorial Strategy”, in the city of Lezha. Three different building design typologies (Linear Typologies, Box Massing Typology, Unit House Typology) are chosen as the more suitable to be applied to the different terrain conditions. For each, it is going to be presented a conceptual project, based on modular volumes, which integrate into alternative ways, in terms of different crisis conditions such as the pandemic situation. The environmental conditions which have an impact on buildings are variable, but these design strategies are chosen to reduce the negative environmental impact of a built environment by using modular adaptive and repetitive typologies Also, to enhance indoor environmental quality is used natural ventilation. The three different building typologies are going to be applied in three different terrain conditions: A - The first scenario is the “Linear typology” in flat terrain; B - The second scenario is the “Box massing typology” in a slightly sloping ground near a hill; C - The third scenario is a “Unit house typology” in very sloping ground. This study aims to propose new adaptive typologies and establish a set of design standards, taking into account the impact of the pandemic. By examining these strategies, we, designers and architects can understand the defects of the design products in the pre-epidemic period and make good design decisions in the post-epidemic era. The purpose of the study is to propose new residential communities, rather than a single multi-unit house appearing in the city.

Preliminary study on dosimetry characteristics of a novel cylindrical dose verification system.

To develop a novel ionization chamber array dosimetry system, study its dosimetry characteristics, and perform preliminary tests for plan dose verification. The dosimetry characteristics of this new array were tested, including short-term and long-term reproducibility, dose linearity, dose rate dependence, field size dependence, and angular dependence. The open field and MLC field plans were designed for dose testing. Randomly select 30 patient treatment plans (10 intensity-modulated radiation therapy [IMRT] plans and 20 volumetric modulated arc therapy [VMAT] plans) that have undergone dose verification using Portal Dosimetry to perform verification measurement and evaluate dose verification test results. The dosimetry characteristics of the arrays all performed well. The gamma passing rates (3%/2mm) were more than 96% for the combined open field and MLC field plans. The average gamma pass rates were (99.54±0.58)% and (96.70±3.41)% for the 10 IMRT plans and (99.32±0.89)% and (94.91±6.01)% for the 20 VMAT plans at the 3%/2mm and 2%/2mm criteria, respectively, which is similar to the Portal Dosimetry's measurement results. This novel ionization chamber array demonstrates good dosimetry characteristics and is suitable for clinical IMRT and VMAT plan verifications.

Experimental tests of measures to reduce sound leakage from personal booths in an actual open-plan office

Experimental tests of measures to reduce sound leakage from personal booths in an actual open-plan office

Implementation of Government Policy in Arranging Green Open Space in the City of Semarang

Green Open Space (RTH) is an urban element that is very important to support all activities and life of the population. Basically, green open space is a natural element that plays an important role in creating a city that is proportional and environmentally friendly. According to the provisions in force, the proportion of green open space in urban areas is at least 30%. This step was taken by the government to ensure the balance of urban development. This study aims to describe the implementation of management policies and constraints in the arrangement of green open spaces in the city of Semarang experienced by the Spatial Planning Office and the Settlement and Housing Area Office of Semarang City. The approach used in writing this law is empirical juridical. In using the empirical juridical method, two approaches are used, namely the interview approach and field observations. In general, this interview approach uses trusted sources related to the problem being studied. Whereas in the direct observation approach the researcher goes directly to the field in researching the problems that are happening. Based on research results obtained in 2021 the area of public and private green open space is 1,042 ha and 4,025 ha private (15% of the city area) and in 2022 the area of public and private green open space is 2,580.585 (20.07% of the city area) ). It then explains the role of the Semarang City Government through the Spatial Planning Office and the Housing and Settlement Area Office in carrying out the implementation of the green open space arrangement policy. Next, the obstacles and solutions faced by the Semarang City Government will be explained in carrying out urban green open space planning.

A novel method for spatiotemporal temperature prediction in offices by using Raman-distributed fiber-optic sensor with the data fusion method

The uneven distribution of temperature fields and dynamic personnel disturbance in open-plan offices are key research issues for achieving high-precision prediction of temperature fields. Using Raman-distributed fiber-optic sensors, we developed a novel method for predicting working area temperature in open-plan offices. The novelty of this study is that the proposed temperature prediction method can incorporate thermal environment changes caused by dynamic internal disturbances, which not only improves the temperature prediction accuracy, but also enables low-cost, high-density temperature field prediction. The method aimed to achieve high spatial resolution and strong generalizations for the temperature field, considering uneven temperature distributions and random personnel disturbances. An environmental adaptability calibration method was developed, reducing the measurement error to 0.09 °C. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) transient simulation, we established a human impact quantification dataset for open-plan offices. Combining distributed fiber-optic sensors, the YOLO personnel recognition algorithm, and the human impact quantification dataset, we achieved temperature field prediction of personnel activity areas with an error of approximately 0.1 °C. The method's performance was validated through field experiments conducted in an open-plan office in Tianjin. The proposed low-cost, high spatial resolution temperature field prediction method can significantly improve temperature data acquisition accuracy for intelligent operation and maintenance of office buildings. Furthermore, it can provide data support for pre-adjustment control of indoor thermal environments by air conditioning systems through early temperature prediction, enabling further exploration of energy-saving and carbon reduction potentials in office building operations.