Open Path Research Articles

Improvements in Transient Testing Reactor (TREAT) with a Choice of Filter

The safe and reliable operation of nuclear reactors has always been one of the topmost priorities in the nuclear industry. Transient testing allows us to understand the time-dependent behavior of the neutron population in response to either a planned change in the reactor conditions or unplanned circumstances. These unforeseen conditions might occur due to sudden reactivity insertions, feedback, power excursions, instabilities, and accidents. To study such behavior, we need transient testing, which is like car crash testing to estimate the durability and strength of a car design. In nuclear designs, such transient testing can simulate a wide range of accidents due to sudden reactivity insertions and helps study the feasibility and integrity of the fuel used in certain reactor types. This testing involves a high neutron flux environment and real-time imaging technology with advanced instrumentation with appropriate accuracy and resolution to study the fuel slumping behavior. With the aid of transient testing and adequate imaging tools, it is possible to test the safety basis for reactor and fuel designs that serves as a gateway in licensing advanced reactors in the future. To that end, it is crucial to fully understand advanced imaging techniques both analytically and via simulations. This paper presents an innovative method of supporting real-time imaging of fuel pins and other structures during transient testing. The major fuel-motion detection device that is studied in this dissertation is the Hodoscope which requires collimators. This paper provides 1) an MCNP model and simulation of a TREAT core with a central fuel element replaced by a slotted fuel element that provides an open path between test samples and a hodoscope detector, and 2) a choice of good filter to improve image resolution.

NAHJ AL-FARADIS” AND KAZAKH WRITTEN LITERATURE BEGAN 20 TH CENTURY: SPIRITUAL HARMONY AND CONTINUITY OF TRADITION

The influence of certain historical processes and historical events on the history of the formation of any state is a natural phenomenon. One of the most important historical periods in the formation of independent Kazakhstan is the period of the Golden Horde. Today, propaganda of this era at the state level shows that this period is a truly important phenomenon. Of particular importance is the study of the political-social, historical-cultural, spiritual-literary heritage of this state, which marked almost three hundred years of history and left the ancient territory as a legacy to the Kazakh people. In particular, it can be said that the main task of literary scholars is to study the influence of the literary heritage recorded during this period on the formation of the Kazakh national worldview in later eras and its propaganda among the public today. Here is the work of Mahmut bin Ghali al-Bulgari al-Sarai al-Kerderi, written in a religious-didactic column entitled “Nahj al-Faradis” (“The Open Path of Paradise”), one of such literary relics. Here is the work of Mahmut bin Ghali al-Bulgari al-Sarai al-Kerderi, written in a religious-didactic column entitled “Nahj al-Faradis” (“The Open Path of Paradise”), one of such literary relics. The article comparatively studies the place of the medieval literary relic in the literature of the Turkic-Muslim peoples and its influence on the Kazakh written literature of the early 20th century, spiritual harmony and continuity of tradition between the works of poets.

Estimating crop coefficients and water use of a full-bearing mango orchard in north-eastern South Africa using the fraction of vegetation cover and a dual source evapotranspiration model

In semi-arid countries like South Africa, commercially produced mango (Mangifera Indica L.) are grown entirely under irrigation. However, there is little accurate quantitative information on the water use of mango orchards, and few accurate water use models currently exist. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the FAO 56 method of estimating crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and a dual source water use model against measurements of actual consumptive water use of a commercial mango orchard. The FAO approach calculates ETc as the product of a crop coefficient (Kc) and the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). We derived Kc for well-watered orchards from readily available data including the fraction of vegetation cover, average tree height, and a stomatal control coefficient. The dual-source model calculated orchard evapotranspiration as the sum of tree transpiration and orchard floor evaporation derived from the modified Shuttleworth and Wallace model. Actual evapotranspiration was measured using an open path eddy covariance system, while tree transpiration was measured using the heat ratio method of monitoring sap flow. Data were collected in a mature ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango orchard grown with micro-sprinkler irrigation in north-eastern South Africa. Results show that the reference evapotranspiration explained most of the variation in orchard transpiration (R2 ∼ 0.78) compared to the solar radiation (R2 ∼ 0.66) and the vapour pressure deficit of the air (R2 ∼ 0.66). Compared with field measured water use data, the FAO method gave relatively accurate estimates of transpiration (R2 = 0.74, NRMSE = ±18.00 %, NMAE = ±15.00 %, NSE = 0.70) and evapotranspiration (R2 = 0.58, NRMSE = ±19.00 %, NMAE = ±16.00 %, NSE = 0.55). NSE is the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency. The dual-source model yielded slightly less accurate estimates of transpiration (R2 = 0.61, NRMSE = ±22.00 %, NMAE = ±20.00 %, NSE = 0.39) and evapotranspiration (R2 = 0.52, NRMSE = ±23.00 %, NMAE = ±25.00 %, NSE = 0.51). The basal crop coefficient (Kcb) showed small seasonal fluctuations, varying between 0.40 and 0.60 throughout the year. In contrast, Kc showed clear seasonality varying between 0.59–0.64 at flowering and fruit set and rising to 0.81–0.90 during the fruit growing phase. Estimates of the annual total transpiration (686 mm) from the FAO method were within 5 % of the actual measured values (677 mm) while the dual source model estimated 612 mm of transpiration, which was almost 10 % lower than the measured values. The results highlight that even though the FAO method requires fewer input parameters, it is potentially more accurate in estimating water use in mango orchards than the dual-source model.

A review on dynamics of permeability-glycoprotein in efflux of chemotherapeutic drugs

Permeability-glycoprotein (P-gp) belongs to the ABS transporter protein family, with a high expression rate in cancerous cells. The substrate/inhibitors of the protein are structurally diverse, with no lucid mechanism of inhibition. There are two schools of thought on the inhibition mechanism: (i) P-gp inhibitors bind to the huge hydrophobic cavity between two Trans-Membrane Domains (TMDs), supported by ample literary proof and (ii) P-gp inhibitors bind to the vicinity of Nucleotide-Binding Sites (NBSs). Structural biologists have presented several experimental and theoretical structures of P-gp with bound nucleotides and inhibitors to explain the same. However, the available experimental P-gp structures are insufficient to address the catalytic transition path of mammalian P-gp in detail, thus the dynamics and mechanism by which drugs are effluxed is still unknown. Targeted Molecular Dynamics (targeted MD) could be used to minutely analyse and explore the catalytic transition inward open (IO) to outward open (OO) and relaxation path (OO to IO). Finally, analysis of targeted MD trajectory may help to explore different conformational states of Pg-p (reaction coordinate of catalytic transition/relaxation), efflux of compounds aided by the dynamics of Nucleotide Binding Domains/NBDs (ATP coupled process) and TMDs (peristalsis-like movement pushes the bound molecule). This review presents an understanding of the catalytic transition and dynamics of protein which provides insights at the efflux of chemotherapeutic drug using in cancer treatment.

ESCREVIVÊNCIA

In this text, we weave together the poetics and aesthetics of writing, by Conceição Evaristo, with deconstruction, seeking to identify new bases for the history of rights, based on an art history of African descent. We seek, under the framework of research in Law and Literature, assuming the legacy of Jacques Derrida, to think of the right to joy as an open path for the recognition of other rights.

An open path optical sensor for hydrogen sulfide and methane detection by QCL

An open path optical sensor for hydrogen sulfide and methane detection by QCL

Mitigating the Degradation of Electrodes in Alkaline Water Electrolysis during Shutdown Mode by Interrupting Reverse Current

Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is a promising technology for large-scale hydrogen production using renewable energy sources (RES). However, AWE integrated with RES experiences shutdown mode due to their intermittency, resulting in reverse current through open flow path of high ionic conductivity. This induces irreversible phase changes, which lead to electrode degradation and inevitably reduce the performance of the AWE. Therefore, it is important to examine the degradation mechanism and identify effective methods to reduce reverse current in AWE. In this work, we developed AWE system which impedes hydroxide ion transfer using deionized (DI) water circulation when it undergoes a shutdown mode. Cutting off the flow of ionic charges prevents the electrodes from forming irreversible phase change, making long-term operation possible while securing durability. We examined how reduced ionic conductivity mitigates the side effects of reverse current using phase characterization and electrochemical performance tests. Based on these results, we established an optimal way to impede hydroxide ion transfer in shutdown condition of an AWE system integrated with RES. Our findings will overcome fatal shortcomings and operate more efficiently in AWE industry.

22 Greenhouse Gas Emission Measurement and Modeling in Complex Beef Production Systems

Abstract Measuring and modeling gas emissions from cattle production pose unique challenges due to the complex nature of these systems. Several methods exist for measuring gas emissions including chambers, tracers, open path lasers, and eddy covariance systems. Each method comes with challenges and benefits. Accurate measurements are crucial for accounting and model development. Simple emission factor methods of accounting require less data but fail to represent dynamic factors that drive emissions. Whole farm emissions will vary depending on several factors including region, cattle breed and age, diet, climate, and manure management. Dynamic models provide more representative emissions, but require far more data, sophisticated software, and are not always user friendly.

Intelligent edge network routing architecture with blockchain for the IoT

The demand for the Internet of Everything has slowed down network routing efficiency. Traditional routing policies rely on manual configuration, which has limitations and adversely affects network performance. In this paper, we propose an Internet of Things (IoT) Intelligent Edge Network Routing (ENIR) architecture. ENIR uses deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to simulate human learning of empirical knowledge and an intelligent routing closed-loop control mechanism for real-time interaction with the network environment. According to the network demand and environmental conditions, the method can dynamically adjust network resources and perform intelligent routing optimization. It uses blockchain technology to share network knowledge and global optimization of network routing. The intelligent routing method uses the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm. Our simulation results show that ENIR provides significantly better link utilization and transmission delay performance than various routing methods (e.g., open shortest path first, routing based on Q-learning and DRL-based control framework for traffic engineering).

A method to reduce open optical path noise interference in two-dimensional gas detection of farmland

The two-dimensional distribution method based on the laser spectrum is widely used in the reconstruction of two-dimensional temperature fields or concentration fields. However, the existing methods are all based on small-scale measurements. In large-scale spatial detection of farmland, the detection accuracy cannot reach the expected result due to the long optical path and the noise of various frequencies brought by environmental factors such as vibration, temperature, and other interfering gases. Aiming at the above-mentioned problems, this paper proposes a method to reduce open optical path noise interference in two-dimensional gas detection of farmland to improve detection accuracy. The signal denoising approach combines variational modal decomposition with the SG filtering algorithm to decompose, smooth out, and rebuild the detection signal. In addition, we built a two-dimensional detection system based on an open optical path. Throughout experimental validation, the proposed method outperformed the traditional method by 24% and 19%, respectively, in terms of the fitting degree and fitting effect of the gas absorption curve.

Malaria vaccine-related adverse events among children under 5 in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

IntroductionThe RTS,S vaccine has been approved for use in children under 5 living in moderate to high malaria transmission areas. However, clinically important adverse events have been reported in countries...

Near-Infrared Laser Methane Remote Monitoring Based on Template Matching Algorithm of Harmonic Signals

Trustworthy technology for the monitoring of fugitive methane emissions is an indispensable component for low−carbon emission reduction and safe production in oil and gas infrastructure. A miniaturization and low-cost methane remote monitoring prototype based on near-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy is developed to retrieve the path−integral concentration by employing the harmonic conjoint analysis method for the backscattered echo signals from a distant non-cooperative target. A distorted harmonic template matching (DHTM) algorithm is proposed based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy with second harmonic normalized via the first harmonic (WMS−2f/1f) method, which suppresses the output concentration fluctuation caused by open path monitoring with non-cooperative target and avoids the issue of false alarms during the detection process without target gas. The reliability of the WMS−2f/1f−DHTM algorithm is verified by calibration and dynamic experiments. The results showed that this algorithm avoids the dilemma of false alarms in the absence of gas compared to the conventional WMS−2f/1f algorithm, while the root mean square error (RMSE) of the concentration inversion with a detection distance of 20 m is reduced by 57.6% compared to direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS) algorithm. And the minimum detection limit of system is 3.79 ppm·m. The methane telemetry sensor with the WMS−2f/1f−DHTM algorithm exhibits substantial application potential in carbon monitoring of oil and gas industry.

Open path theory: Pattern and structure in prime numbers

The Open Path theory, supported by experimental data, is presented. The main hypothesis proposes that Prime Numbers's positions are determined by previous Prime Numbers as well as their spacing, in a complex, but deterministic way. The concepts of Open Path, Perfect Space, and Primorial Perfect Space are introduced. The Open Path theory can predict prime gaps of any minimum predetermined size. Two rudimentary algorithms based on this theory are presented. The first algorithm returns a sample (a few hundredth of numbers) containing 25 % of Prime Numbers at distances above 1011. The mirrored sample gives a similar percentage of Prime Numbers. The algorithm execution time is of a few milliseconds. The second algorithm presented determines if a number belonging to a Perfect Space is a composite number or a Prime Number.

Structural Diffusion Model and Urban Green Innovation Efficiency—A Hybrid Study Based on DEA-SBM, NCA, and fsQCA

This research is based on structural theory and innovation diffusion theory, exploring the theoretical foundations and influencing factors of urban green innovation to provide theoretical support for the realization of the world’s sustainable development goals (SDGs). By using the methods of Data Envelopment Analysis with Slacks-Based Measure (DEA) non-expected model, Necessary Condition Analysis of Research Methods (NCA), and Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) in combination, the research analyzes the variables influencing the capability of urban green innovation. The study finds that the level of urban culture and absorptive capacity are necessary conditions for urban green innovation, with urban absorptive capacity having a high level of influence. The main paths for urban green innovation are a comprehensive cultural innovation path, an open cultural inclusion path, an open participation innovation integration path, and an outcome transformation to drive the innovation path. In addition, the research discovered patterns of cultural influence that go beyond institutional and resource-based structural factors, subject action processes, and transformation models guided by absorption and sustainable participation. The research results have important significance for understanding the driving factors and promotion paths of urban green innovation, providing empirical evidence for the realization of the world’s SDGs.

Heuristic sequencing methods for time optimal tracking of nested, open and closed paths

Tracking sequences of predefined open and closed paths is of crucial interest for applications like laser cutting and similar production processes. The disconnected paths are connected by non-productive, four times continuously differentiable trajectories, which also account for the overall process time. Heuristic methods are applied in order to find a proper sequencing of the open and closed path and thereby minimize the overall process time while respecting constraints given by the system limits. To this end, the exact traversing times of the non-productive linking trajectories are computed, which also have to be time optimal subject to the system limits. While problems with only closed paths present can be formulated as travelling salesman problem, handling open and nested paths introduce additional constraints. Two heuristic algorithms for travelling salesman problems are extended for open path processing and compared with respect to solution quality and calculation time using randomly generated problems. Finally, problems with nested cutting path structures are addressed by extending the heuristic algorithm with the best performance to account for the precedence constraints, associated with these nested structures.

Open-path sensor for atmospheric NO detection based on mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the primary air pollutants, and open optical path detection of NO holds immense significance in safeguarding the ecological environment and human health. In this paper, a high precision and high sensitivity NO open optical path sensor based on mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy technology is developed. The average gas concentration inversion of the NO path is achieved by collecting the backscattered light from the cooperative target. The gas measurement deploys a wavelength modulation method to remove the effects from light intensity variations. Furthermore, a Kalman filter and a temperature–pressure sensor optimization software algorithm were utilized to reduce the effects of temperature–pressure variations during the measurement process, leading to a 33% improvement in detection accuracy. The performance of the sensor was evaluated in the laboratory environment in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and detection limit. The atmospheric NO concentration was also measured under varying time periods and weather conditions in the field environment, thus laying a strong foundation for studying the spatial and temporal evolution of NO in the atmosphere.

INM-A Potential Way of Farming in Reduction of CH4 and CO2 Emission in Rice-sunflower Sequential Cropping System

Aim: To find out the CH4 and CO2 emission pattern and the considerable amount of SOC sequestered by using different organic sources in sandy clay loam soil.
 Study Design: Randomized Block Design.
 Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in a farmer's field at Ayanathur, which is geographically located at 11°23’N latitude, 79°29'E longitude, and an altitude of +26 m MSL. Duration of the study confined to 2 years cycle from September 2016 to January 2018 I and II crops respectively.
 Methodology: Different sources of organic manures viz., Farm Yard Manure @ 12.5 t ha-1, vermicompost, pressmud, poultry manure, and composted coirpith are each @ 5 t ha-1 were applied as basally and incorporated along with Azospirillum and phosphobacteria @ 2 kg ha-1 as a soil application at the time of last ploughing. Fertilizers were applied as per the treatment schedule of 150:50:50 kg N, P, and K ha-1 was followed throughout the period of study through urea, Di Ammonium phosphate and muriate of potash for rice crops. An open path LICOR analyzer 7700 and 7500 for CH4 and CO2 to find the CH4 and CO2 fluxes during the period of study through calibration of eddy covariance fluxes emissions were calculated.
 Results: Combined application of a Recommended dose of fertilizers along with Farmyard manure @ 12.5 t ha-1 reduced the CH4 emission by 13.6 and 15 % over other organic sources in rice whereas, the CO2 emission by 54.4 and 53.8% and 61.5 and 53.9 % over other organic sources in rice and sunflower respectively. Concomitantly, the SOC increased by 6.8 and 7.5% in rice and 4,7 and 4.4% in sunflower over other organic sources.

Cotas Raciais: caminhos abertos entre o “facão” e o “bisturi”

No início dos anos 2000, os debates e embates sobre a adoção de ações afirmativas, especialmente via reserva de vagas para a população negra, as chamadas cotas raciais, tensionavam o cenário acadêmico. Neste artigo recorro à memória da minha trajetória acadêmica de estudante à professora universitária durante o processo de discussão e implementação das cotas raciais no Brasil para evidenciar fatos e debates sobre o tema em foco. No período compreendido entre 2000-2012, vou nomeá-lo como o caminho aberto “a facão” em prol das cotas raciais, no qual o acirramento e polarização contrários à discussão se fizeram sentir, bem como o enfrentamento ao contexto adverso. A partir de 2012 até o momento presente, vou nomeá-lo como o momento do “bisturi” em que a política de ações afirmativas possui amparo legal e efetividade na sociedade brasileira, mas ainda é combatida por seus detratores.

Massive open online course's teaching reform path of integrating ideological and political elements into the general education course of corporate crime investigation

The investigation of corporate crimes is a key course in public security colleges, which has high application, sociality, practicality and theory. With the rapid development of modern information technology, “Internet + education” has become the main direction of undergraduate teaching reform. It is extremely important to combine massive open online course with the teaching of corporate crime investigation. On the premise of expanding college students' professional knowledge and subject knowledge, general education can shape students' thinking paradigm in line with socialist core values and ensure students to develop scientific three views. Taking the general course “Investigation of Corporate Crime Cases” in public security colleges as an example, this paper discusses the necessity, problems and relevant countermeasures of integrating ideological and political elements into the online teaching of general education courses, and provides reference for the design and practice of ideological and political courses in the online teaching of general education courses.

I, you and the others, among otherness, diversity and education

When one thinks of the other and the other, they are not due to the sameness of power and hegemonies, and that this other is identified as a face, there remains the possibility of guiding behavior or ethics, along the paths of diversity, understood This is like the discovery of diversity and otherness in education, which are the most appropriate ways to understand that one's own autonomy is in debt, under the figure of a hostage. Humanity has embarked on a path that has no possible reserve and this consists of opening, via postmodernity, a type of thought that is capable of generating recognition scenarios for what is different, as a discovery that greatly benefits everyone. Proposing that otherness is the basis on which diversity is built is already then an open path in education and to be followed that makes life have more meaning through the ethical recognition of the other and of the other who will accompany me in a path of history.