Open Parks Research Articles

Study of Urban Greenery Models to Prevent Overheating of Parked Vehicles in P + R Facilities in Ljubljana, Slovenia

Parking in park-and-ride (P + R) facilities on the outskirts of a city reduces the traffic inside the cities and follows the principles of sustainable mobility. However, large paved (asphalt) surfaces create urban heat islands (UHI). This causes the temperature to rise in vehicles during full-day parking, which has a negative effect on comfort level and driving performance. This study was conceptualized as two-stage research. The first (preliminary) stage dealt with the measurement and analysis of temperature data at two nearby open parking lots in the city of Ljubljana, one of which was the main research spatial area, P + R Barje (L1), and Trnovo parking (L2), which was used for comparison in the first-stage research. In the preliminary research, we underlined the problem of long-term parking in parking areas exposed to heatwaves (HW). The second stage involved the studying of greening schemes in P + R facilities, which would allow for optimal shading during parking. Advanced 3D and 4D models using ENVI-met and LEONARDO software were developed, which assessed the parking surfaces and the areas of optimum outdoor comfort. Shading by greenery was adopted in this paper, as the strategy aimed at improving the conditions by modelling different variants of greening the parking lot L1.

Parking Functions on Directed Graphs and Some Directed Trees

Classical parking functions can be defined in terms of drivers with preferred parking spaces searching a linear parking lot for an open parking spot. We may consider this linear parking lot as a collection of n vertices (parking spots) arranged in a directed path. We generalize this notion to allow for more complicated “parking lots” and define parking functions on arbitrary directed graphs. We then consider a relationship proved by Lackner and Panholzer between parking functions on trees and “mapping digraphs” and we show that a similar relationship holds when edge orientations are reversed.

Protected and un-protected urban wetlands have similar aquatic macroinvertebrate communities: A case study from the Cape Flats Sand Fynbos region of southern Africa.

Rapid urbanisation has led to major landscape alterations, affecting aquatic ecosystems’ hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, and biodiversity. Thus, habitat alteration is considered a major driver of aquatic biodiversity loss and related aquatic ecosystem goods and services. This study aimed to investigate and compare aquatic macroinvertebrate richness, diversity and community structure between urban temporary wetlands, located within protected and un-protected areas. The latter were found within an open public space or park with no protection or conservation status, whereas the former were inaccessible to the public and had formal protected, conservation status. We hypothesised that; (1) protected urban wetlands will harbour higher aquatic macroinvertebrate biodiversity (both dry and wet) as compared to un-protected urban wetlands, and (2) that the community composition between the two urban wetlands types will be significantly different. Contrary to our hypothesis, our results revealed no major differences between protected and un-protected urban wetlands, based on the measures investigated (i.e. taxon richness, Shannon-Weiner diversity, Pielou's evenness and community composition) during the dry and wet phase. The only exception was community composition, which revealed significant differences between these urban wetland types. These results suggest that human activities (potential littering and polluting) in the un-protected urban wetlands have not yet resulted in drastic change in macroinvertebrate richness and composition, at least from the dry phase. This suggests a potential for un-protected urban wetlands suffering from minimal human impact to act as important reservoirs of biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Focal Nodes Identification Using Habitat Availability Concept for Simulation of Ecological Connectivity Network of Quezon City, Philippines

Anthropocentric orientation of urban development processes leads to deficiency of areas with significant environmental values in the urban landscapes. As landscape planners try to increase the quality of living in the urban environment, efforts are focused only on the hot spots which often cater only to the recreational needs of urban dwellers. In Quezon City, the local government unit plans to create the Green Lung Network featuring a chain of developments linking La Mesa Nature Reserve, the largest green space in Metro Manila, to all the open spaces and parks in the city. However, the chosen areas to be connected are based only on area size of green spaces and opportunities for economic development. To support and enhance the connectivity plan of the city government, this study aims to identify the focal nodes which represent the key habitat patches of interest on the landscape between which flows are modelled in circuit analysis for simulating an ecological connectivity network. Parameters are based on empirical habitat-use data on the preference of biological indicators/focal species. For computational feasibility, instead of treating every occurrence of suitable habitat on the landscape as a focal node, this study applies the Habitat Availability (reachability) concept using the GIS tool Conefor Sensinode. This allows ranking habitat patches (patches prioritization) by their contribution to landscape connectivity, which provides objective criteria for the selection of the most critical habitat areas for conservation planning purposes. Not only the spatial arrangement of the habitat is considered (structural connectivity), but also the dispersal distances and the behavioural response of species to the physical structure of the landscape (functional connectivity) is taken into account in the analysis. The results revealed that focal nodes of Quezon City include not only the ecological cores but also other tiny patches of green spaces. Moreover, a more surprising result is that some highly vegetated nodes did not qualify as priority nodes for conservation.

Understanding disparities in community green accessibility under alternative green measures: A metropolitan-wide analysis of Columbus, Ohio, and Atlanta, Georgia

This study examines whether the level of community accessibility to green spaces varies as a function of socioeconomic factors, focusing on three underexplored aspects affecting green inequity assessment: implications of alternative green measures, spatial non-stationarity of socioeconomic impacts, and regional/local context. Using six green measures involving general greenness, tree canopy, developed open space, agricultural lands, parks, green trails, golf courses and sports fields, Geographically Weighted Regression models are developed, and coefficient surfaces are created and compared over two metropolitan areas, Columbus and Atlanta. Second-order effects among individual factors are tested to explore synergistic linkages among them. The results show that the identified patterns of green access inequity vary significantly with the selected green measure. In both metropolitan areas, access to parks, green trails, golf and sports fields turns out to be spatially independent from general greenness and tree canopies. GWR coefficient surfaces show that the socioeconomic-green relationships are spatially heterogeneous and context-dependent, affected by a complex web of forces, including urban heritage, racial and lifestyle diversity, and natural landscape. While natural landscape and income have greater effects in Columbus, racial disparity is dominant in Atlanta. Income-driven disparities are most visible in inner suburban areas and tend to abate in the urban core and exurbs. Urban greening programs need to diversify in terms of green type and location to address localized deficits over a wide urban spectrum.

Middle childhood vulnerability to drugs and alcohol

Purpose There are identified problems facing law enforcement in the correct approach to childhood drug and alcohol use at street level which can cause aggression, developmental, psychological problems and family conflict (Maher and Dixon, 1999). Childhood exposure to drugs and alcohol can encourage criminal activity, anti-social conduct and increased child-to-parent conflict (Brook et al., 1992; Reinherz et al., 2000; Coogan, 2011; McElhone, 2017). Design/methodology/approach The purpose of this study is to explore middle-childhood (11-15 years) experiences of drugs and alcohol through a survey to determine the earliest opportunity for the involvement of services based on the experiences of children. Findings The key findings are alcohol consumption in middle childhood is supported by parental alcohol provision; those in middle childhood are most likely to consume alcohol at home and drugs at street level (any place away from home including school, young clubs, open public space and parks); children in middle childhood use mainly cannabis to experience euphoria, minimize childhood problems and to fulfill acquisitive desire; and late childhood shows movement away from street-level drug use to drug use in private spaces with friends and increased levels of experiential or social drinking, within spaces shared by larger social groups. Practical implications The authors propose that a health-orientated early help model in middle childhood should be adopted, with support such as community- and school-based child and parental drug education; wider information sharing between schools, policing and health authorities at an early stage to support a contextual safeguarding approach; and recognition and recording practices around middle childhood which is an acute phase for children to become involved in drug and alcohol consumption. Originality/value Children’s drug use in middle childhood is often not recorded, and the problem can be associated with simple ill-parenting approaches. The authors believe that little was known about the spaces and occurrence of drug and alcohol use in middle childhood.

Cultural ecosystem services as complex outcomes of people–nature interactions in protected areas

Cultural ecosystem services (CES) provide a useful frame for exploring the benefits that people derive from visiting protected areas. The role that management authorities play in facilitating the delivery of CES has been identified as a particular research gap. We used group discussions with staff from three contrasting national parks in South Africa to explore how participation in visitor activities may translate into CES. Based on 21 selected activities, we found some complementarity across the three parks and that each activity could give rise to multiple CES. Additionally, CES delivery is influenced by a plethora of enablers, threats/constraints, opportunities, and trade-offs, many of which were park-specific and dynamic over time. Although the operating environment which enables CES differed significantly between fenced and open access parks, some enablers, trade-offs and tensions were generic across all three parks. A common tension related to the perception that delivery of CES was secondary to achieving biodiversity conservation, whilst a trade-off existed between the need to increase revenue and tourist numbers and providing quality and meaningful nature experiences. An alternative to the linear cascades model of ecosystem service delivery is suggested to better describe the complex interactions involved in CES delivery.

Ketersediaan Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH) Taman dan Hutan Kota di Kota Jambi

Green open space functions as a supporter and enhancer of the value of quality in the environment and culture of the city so that it can be allocated and shaped in its use in accordance with its needs and interests, Jambi City Regional Regulation No. 9 of 2013 concerning the Spatial Planning for the Jambi City Region in 2013-2033. Jambi City with an area of 205.38 km² requires minimum public green open space of 4,107.60 ha and private green open space of at least 2.05.38 ha. Based on DLH data from Jambi City. In 2017, the City of Jambi still lacked 2,220.13 ha of public green space and 774.36 ha of private green space, the research objective identifying the extent and availability of urban parks and forests based on population and water demand approach. The research method uses data analysis criteria identifying the needs of parks and urban forests, population and water consumption. Identify the number and extent of urban parks and urban forests as many as 45 city parks and 2 urban forests in Jambi City and the largest urban parks are in the youth arena park located in Kota Baru District with an area of 2,008 ha, public open space city parks and urban forests jambi has a total area of 72,922 ha. The required green space in Jambi City is 4,107.6 ha, it is obtained that the area of public green space identified is only about 1.77% of the total area of the city. The needs of urban forest area based on the water approach that requires land until 2028 covering an area of 5,614.47 ha are less fulfilled, because the total available land is 58 ha with potential land of 79.85 ha, only 94.32 ha has been developed, but it can only meet the needs of the area of urban forests based on the water approach only in 2018 of 2,495.32 ha

PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PERENCANAAN RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU DI KELURAHAN BUKIT TUNGGAL KOTA PALANGKA RAYA

Green Open Space and parks are a balance system between nature and humans in the built area. The concept of green space and parks is a balancing of decreasing open space, and increasing the area built. To improve the balance of the environment and built area, green space in the built area, especially settlements, needs to be restored in order for the two systems to play an optimal role. Parks and green space is a response to the needs of the landscape in a residential area and urban areas. The need for green space and parks is ideally an integrated ecological, social, and economic aspects of the urban area. Community participation proposal aims to show the role of community participation in the utilization of the needs of parks and green space in a residential area for ecological, economic and social sustainability in the future. The proposed community service involves community participation in the management of green space and parks as open space in a residential area in Bukit Tunggal Village, Jekan Raya District, Palangka Raya City. The method is a qualitative focus on observing community participation from the preparation, implementation and post-implementation stages of the implementation of the concept of green space and tree planting and garden arrangement in housing of the Bukit Tunggal village in an integrated manner according to the needs of open space for community activities and environmental preservation.

Prediction-based parking allocation framework in urban environments

ABSTRACT Finding a parking space is usually challenging in urban areas. The literature shows that 30% of traffic congestion is caused by searching for parking spaces, which results in unnecessary energy consumption and environmental pollution. With the development of sensor technologies, smart parking guidance systems provide users with a variety of real-time parking space information. However, users cannot know whether the target parking space remains available upon arrival. Moreover, parking resources may be under competition when multiple users target the same open parking space. In this research, we develop a new framework named prediction-based parking allocation (PPA) that provides smart parking services to users. In PPA, we first construct a prediction model of parking occupancy and predict the subsequent parking availabilities. Then, we design a matching-based allocation strategy to assign users to selected parking spaces. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that combines occupancy prediction and space allocation simultaneously to address smart parking issues. Finally, we collect a real dataset from the SFPark on-street parking system for performance evaluation. According to experimental results, PPA can effectively increase the parking success rate and reduce costs, fuel consumption, and carbon emissions.

The urban-parkland nocturnal temperature interface

An urban heat island (UHI) study has been made of the transition between an open park area and an urban environment, mainly through the use of night-time mobile traverses concentrating on still nights at cloudless times. The park areas exhibit lower temperatures than the urban areas, with little extension of the effect into the urban area. The boundary transition proves to be quite sharp at times when wind speeds are low. Through additional measurements of water vapor it was found that there is an inverse relationship between specific humidity and screen temperature along traverses. The park areas have higher humidity levels. Measurements at fixed urban locations exhibit a similar effect with evapotranspiration apparently playing a significant role.

Investigation of Radioactive Environment in Open Park in a City

Urban parks provide citizens with fitness and leisure space, and their radioactivity affects every surrounding resident. In this paper, seven typical open parks in a city were selected and 350 measuring points were arranged in total, where the field gamma air radiation absorbed dose rate was measured by a portable X-gamma dosimeter. The results show that the surface gamma radiation absorbed dose rate of air ranges from 73.0 nGy/h - 140.0 nGy/h, and the average value ranges from 96.0 nGy/h - 113.0 nGy/h. Meanwhile, the calculated annual effective dose per capita ranges from 0.12 mSv - 0.14 mSv, which is far less than the average level of China (0.54 mSv) and the global average level (0.48 mSv). And the external exposure index due to surface nuclides is less than the limits required by national standards.

Policies and Practices of Nature Conservation in Africa: Ideological Challenges, Bottlenecks and Strategic Vision and Options for Protected Areas Sustainable Management

Africa is the continent of nature conservation per excellence, the testing ground for conservation policies and the symbol of degradation of protected areas worldwide. Though the internalization of international conservation policies and standards has had positive impacts on the extension of protected areas networks, these ones are undergoing increased pressure that considerably threaten biodiversity. Such evolutions call for a revision of the management systems on the basis of preliminary in-depth and rigorous analysis of conservation policies and practices. The study aimed to: (1) explore and synthesize the state of art on conservation policies and practices, (2) identify and analyze the gaps existing between management standards and field practices and (3) detect challenges and bottlenecks and define innovative strategic options for efficient and sustainable management. The research relies on the interpretative synthesis and analysis of the hudge literature available on the nature conservation. The results showed that the dominant model of inhabited protected areas and social exclusion broke the historical harmony between populations and natural resources, disrupted traditional ways of life and generated devastating and continuous social conflicts. They revealed that the lack of management tools, the limits of eco-tourism, the inefficiency of participatory programs and the financial gaps lead to increased anthropic pressures and degradation that have transformed most of protected areas into open agro-pastoral parks. More specifically, the lack of management goals, categories and plans for most of protected areas and the absence of appropriate and regular assessments generate visual navigations and improvisations in management systems that result into glaring discrepancies between theoretical management categories and field practices that have globally failed to maintain original situations or to induce progress. Finally, the poor performance of the management systems results from conflicts of ideologies, interests and agendas between actors having strongly imbalanced means, positions and powers. Such conflicts come from the primacy of powerful external actors, the central role of national governments and the democratic deficits in the management mechanisms, the preeminence of ecological interests over socio-economic benefits, the selective international funding, the emerging privatization of conservation and the marginalization of local communities. To address these ideological and practical challenges, prior and deep assessments of management systems are needed for strategic declassifications, reclassifications and classifications of protected areas before the promotion of rebalanced powers between actors in favor of local communities, administrative and financial autonomies, community based joint shareholdings, double universal mechanisms for compensatory financing and domestic patriotic tourisms.

Video representation and suspicious event detection using semantic technologies

Storage and analysis of video surveillance data is a significant challenge, requiring video interpretation and event detection in the relevant context. To perform this task, the low-level features including shape, texture, and color information are extracted and represented in symbolic forms. In this work, a methodology is proposed, which extracts the salient features and properties using machine learning techniques and represent this information as Linked Data using a domain ontology that is explicitly tailored for detection of certain activities. An ontology is also developed to include concepts and properties which may be applicable in the domain of surveillance and its applications. The proposed approach is validated with actual implementation and is thus evaluated by recognizing suspicious activity in an open parking space. The suspicious activity detection is formalized through inference rules and SPARQL queries. Eventually, Semantic Web Technology has proven to be a remarkable toolchain to interpret videos, thus opening novel possibilities for video scene representation, and detection of complex events, without any human involvement. The proposed novel approach can thus have representation of frame-level information of a video in structured representation and perform event detection while reducing storage and enhancing semantically-aided retrieval of video data.

Multiobjective Bike Repositioning in Bike-Sharing Systems via a Modified Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

With the expansion of the sharing economy, growing urban traffic, and increasing environmental pollution, bike-sharing systems (BSSs) are developing rapidly all over the world. A major operational issue in BSS is to reposition the bikes over time such that enough bikes and open parking slots are available to users. Especially during peak hours, it is essential to stabilize BSS in use. To cope with the issue, this article proposes a new approach integrating multiobjective optimization and a weighting factor based on the shortage event types of each station. In addition, the multiobjective artificial bee colony algorithm is modified according to the features of this work to find optimal solutions. The proposed approach is applied to the real-life repositioning of a BSS during peak hours to verify its feasibility and effectiveness. Also, the algorithm is compared with other frequently used multiobjective algorithms. For the comparative study, convergence metric and spacing are adopted to further measure the algorithm performance. The scalability of the proposed approach in addressing the multiobjective repositioning problems during peak hours is also verified by multiple trials. Note to Practitioners —This work deals with bike repositioning in bike-sharing systems (BSSs) during peak hours, which has major significance in the efficient operation of such systems. It builds a multiobjective optimization model and solves it through a modified multiobjective artificial bee colony algorithm. The existing single-objective optimization methods fail to solve the concerned problem. This work can find the optimal routes of the repositioning vehicles along with the number of desired parked bikes of corresponding stations. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method is highly effective and can greatly and readily help decision-makers better manage the BSS of a practical size.

Shaping the City that Decreases Overweight and Obesity through Healthy Built Environment

Cities are being built based on the concepts of comfortable, easy, and fast for the inhabitants. However, what is being constructed is promoting physical inactivity, and people are finding that what was being considered as convenient for daily life is, in fact, harmful to their physical health. This study points to the many components of a city that beats overweight issues and especially obesity. The case study is the city of Beirut: in-depth interviews were conducted with a representative sample of Beirutis (people whose families come from the Beirut city and who were born in this city and are still living in it). These interviews helped measure these participants’ satisfaction with the physical activities and social life that is accessible for all the inhabitants through inclusive urban planning (such as clean open spaces, parks, sidewalks, free or inexpensive public spaces, facilities for green transportation, etc.). The results of the analysis of the interviews were supported with past data demonstrating the increasing obesity issues in Lebanon and previous data in urban and psychological studies that expound the way the brain processes the urban spaces that increase satisfaction and the urban areas that the city should be offering to its inhabitants for positive health outcomes. The results uncovered the cycle of physical health, mental health, and social contacts which altogether affect the soul of a city where the aim is first and foremost the right to a healthy lifestyle.

Espaços livres e arborização: uma análise do subúrbio ferroviário do Rio de Janeiro

O subúrbio ferroviário da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, localizado na Área de Planejamento 3 – AP3 possui as maiores concentrações de população de número de domicílios e densidade demográfica dentre as áreas de planejamento da cidade, assim como o maior percentual de residentes em assentamentos precários. Nessa região, destacam-se ainda, a elevada ocupação do solo e a consequente carência de espaços livres públicos, representados por praças, parques e espaços de lazer em geral. Este artigo busca apresentar a análise multi-métodos de identificação, quantificação e categorização dos espaços livres e da arborização existentes no subúrbio ferroviário na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A análise dos espaços livres comprovou o alto índice de ocupação do solo urbano, onde, aproximadamente 64% do território estudado compõem-se de terrenos ocupados, sendo o maior índice de ocupação por Área de Planejamento. A pesquisa destacou também a carência de espaços livres públicos, sendo a AP3 a região que apresenta o menor percentual de distribuição desses espaços por hectare da cidade. Através da quantificação da massa arbórea existente, identificou-se que 83% de toda a área arborizada encontra-se em espaços livres privados em contrapartida ao restante incidente nos espaços públicos demonstrando assim a importância dos espaços livres privados para a manutenção da arborização no território analisado. Em uma região consolidada, altamente adensada e caracterizada por elevadas médias de temperatura, o sistema de espaços livres públicos e privados e a arborização se apresentam como importantes elementos para melhoria do microclima, atuando de maneira compensatória às deficiências existentes na estrutura urbana local. Espera-se que tal análise possa ser instrumento útil capaz de evidenciar a relevância da vegetação no sistema de espaços livres, atuando de forma colaborativa com as políticas públicas de gestão do território e de qualificação da paisagem.

The Effects of Different Outdoor Environments, Sunglasses and Hats on Light Levels: Implications for Myopia Prevention.

PurposeLack of outdoor time is a known risk factor for myopia. Knowledge of the light levels reaching the eye and exposure settings, including sun-protective measures, is essential for outdoor programs and myopia. We evaluated the impact of sun-protective strategies (hat and sunglasses) on maintaining high illuminance levels to prevent myopia.MethodsA child-sized mannequin head was developed to measure light illuminance levels with and without sun-protective equipment, across a wide range of environments in Singapore, outdoors (open park, under a tree, street) and indoors (under a fluorescent illumination with window, under white LED-based lighting without window). A comparison was made between indoor and outdoor light levels that are experienced while children are involved in day-to-day activities.ResultsOutdoor light levels were much higher (11,080–18,176 lux) than indoors (112–156 lux). The higher lux levels protective of myopia (>1000 lux) were measured at the tree shade (5556–7876 lux) and with hat (4112–8156 lux). Sunglasses showed lux levels between 1792 and 6800 lux. Although with sunglasses readings were lower than tree shade and hat, light levels were still 11 to 43 times higher than indoors.ConclusionsRecommendations on spending time outdoors for myopia prevention with adequate sun protection should be provided while partaking in outdoor activities, including protection under shaded areas, wearing a hat or sunglasses, sunscreen, and adequate hydration.Translational RelevanceLight levels outdoors were higher than indoors and above the threshold illuminance for myopia prevention even with adequate sun-protective measures.

COMPARISON OF POTENTIALALLY DANGEROUS FACTORS WITH THE USE OF RARE AND GASILY VEHICLE

A detailed analysis of the potentially dangerous factors in the use of diesel, gasoline, methane and propane-butane fuels was carried out in cars. A detailed analysis of potentially dangerous factors when using diesel, gasoline, methane and propane-butane fuels in automobiles has been carried out. 6 options of fuel usage are considered: a tank with g asoline and a system supplying it to the carburetor and further to the engine cylinders, a tank with diesel fuel and the system feeding it to the engine cylinders, gas cylinder installation when installing cylinders with methane on the roof of the car, gas cylinder installation when mounting cylinders with methane in the luggage compartment of the car, gas installation when installing cylinders with propane-butane mixture on the roof of the car, gas installation when installing cylinders with propane-butane mixture in the cargo compartment of the car. Meanwhile, the potential danger while the vehicle is in motion is analyzed, as well as while it is in the open parking lot and in the garage. As the initial data, the common operation period was taken - in summer with the temperature of 30°C and possible fuel leakage with the probability of formation of an explosive mixture. Nonane is taken as a model when considering gasoline, and Pentadecane is used for diesel fuel.
 It was noted that the gasoline self-ignition temperature ranges from 255°С to 435°0С, the lower concentration limit of petrol explosiveness can be considered as 0.76% vol., while under selected conditions indoors, gasoline vapor can reach the concentration of up to 0.8 vol. %. The relative vapor density of diesel fuel betting the same conditions is 8.52 kg/m3. With the explosion, the pressure in the closed volume will reach 5.2 atm.
 It was noted that the gasoline self-ignition temperature ranges from 210°С to 370°0С, the lower concentration limit of petrol explosiveness can be considered as in % vol., while under selected conditions indoors, gasoline vapor can reach the concentration of up to 0.13 vol. %. With the explosion, the pressure in the closed volume will reach 5.0 atm.
 The self-ignition temperature of methane is 537°C, the lower concentration limit of explosiveness of this gas is 5.28% (vol). The vapor density of methane at the temperature of 300°C (303K) is 0.64 kg/m3, which is significantly less than the density of air. The explosion pressure in the closed volume will reach 7.7 atm.
 The propane-butane mixture used in summer contains about 40% of propane and 60% of butane. Spontaneous ignition temperature of propane is 4700C, butane is 4050C. The calculated lower explosion limit of this mixture is 1.5% (vol), and the vapor density of mixture at the temperature of 300°C is 2.1 kg/m3, which is almost twice the density of air under the same conditions. The calculated explosion pressure in the closed volume will reach 8.3 atm.
 It was concluded that when using certified equipment which is professionally installed, methane, which cannot accumulate in the lower part of the room or any compartment, is much safer than propane-butane and, especially, than gasoline or diesel fuel, as vapor densities of both are more than air density.

THE IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN AND COORDINATION OF PARKS AND PUBLIC GARDENS USING HIGHMEDIA TECHNOLOGY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTEGRATED CAPABILITIES AND SKILLS OF THE CHILD

The spaces play an important role in the formation of the urban fabric, as they are the natural outlet that confronts this enormous amount of congestion, pollution, and the deterioration of the urban structure, and among them are the open spaces, parks and public gardens with the various material elements they contain coordinated by the designer and architect to reach this space to a specific form to achieve recreational and educational functions and goals in various forms to suit the nature of children and individuals using this space. Aesthetic coordination and the correct distribution of the elements of site coordination has the ability to directly affect the formation of the child's personality and the development of his perceptions, skills and behaviors, as it helps in free and safe playing, as it also gives the opportunity to meditate on the natural elements, which helps to develop a sense of familiarity with what surrounds him and strengthens the ability of observation and increases the element of discovery and knowledge. And because we live in a world that depends on technology and its tools in all areas of life, the recreational and educational terms and elements used in children's parks, especially the cultural ones, have evolved as a natural result of urban development, including the high-media technology it contains to become a cultural entity that only creates enjoyable, interactive and entertaining times for children and even their families through carefully prepared programs and activities to develop children's abilities and skills through playing, especially interactive ones, through which they can learn information about the past, present and future through interactive, audible and visual technology, and this of course is unlike to the activities and traditional games set up in gardens. Thus, the goal of the research is to know the stages of development of design and coordination methods for parks and gardens, including the recreational and educational elements they contain and what are the possibilities of employing the various technological media because of their effective and direct impact on the child who is considered the main pillar of the society, and by taking care of his needs and requirements a distinct society can be created in the future.