Open Operation Research Articles

Effect of financial development on economic performance in Nigeria

This study empirically investigated and examined the effect of financial development on economic performance in Nigeria covering the period of 32 years spanning from 1990 to 2022. The study utilized of five (5) financial development proxies namely ratio of broad money to gross domestic product (M2GDP), ratio of credit to private sector to GDP (CPSGDP), ratio of domestic credit to GDP (DCGDP), foreign direct investment, (FDI), Government expenditure to GDP (GEGDP), and three (3) control variables; interest rate (INTR), served as the independent variables while one (1) economic performance variables namely ; Inflation rate (INFR) and Corruption (COR) GDP Growth Rate which served as the dependent variables in the study. Data were sourced from World Bank and Macro Trends and Transparency International Corruption from 1990 to 2023. Multiple regression model technique via E- view software 9.0 was adopted to test the hypotheses in the study. The result revealed that only ratio of domestic credit to GDP (DCGDP), foreign direct investment, (FDI), and interest rate (INTR), was found to have an insignificant positive effect on GDP growth rate while ratio of broad money to gross domestic product (M2GDP), ratio of credit to private sector to GDP (CPSGDP), Government expenditure to GDP (GEGDP), Inflation rate (INFR) and Corruption (COR) was found to have an significant negative effect on GDP growth rate. Thus, we concluded that there are both positive and negative significant impacts of financial development on the economic performance in Nigeria for years under review using the model of specifications i.e. GDP growth rate. To this end, we recommend that CBN should stimulate GDP growth rate by increasing proportionately to GDP, the volumes of money supply and private sector credits. This can be achieved through open market operation and reducing the cost of borrowing.

Analysis of effect of colonoscopy combined with laparoscopy in the treatment of colorectal tumors.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common digestive tract tumors. To evaluate the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery. This study retrospectively analyzed early postoperative clinical data of 48 patients with colorectal cancer treated in our hospital between 2015 and 2021, of which 21 underwent laparoscopic colorectal surgery, and 27 underwent laparotomy. There was no significant difference in clinical data. Patients were included if they had colorectal cancer (confirmed by colonoscopy and biopsy pathological examination before surgery), were evaluated for possible radical surgery before surgery, and had no intestinal obstruction, tumor invasion of adjacent organs (by digital rectal examination and preoperative abdominal color Doppler ultrasound, CT confirmed) and no other history of abdominal surgery. Using the method of clinical control study, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative general condition, surgical lymph node removal (postoperative pathology), surgical complications, gastrointestinal function recovery, surgical before and after blood glucose, body temperature, white blood cells, pain visual analog scale (VAS) and other conditions were compared and analyzed to determine feasibility and safety of laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer was successfully removed by laparoscopic radical resection without any significant problems or surgical fatalities. Age, gender, tumor location, stage, and duration of surgery did not differ between laparoscopic and laparotomy operations. Compared to laparotomy, postoperative eating, bowel movements, and blood sugar levels improved. Variations in the length of surgically removed specimens after VAS measurements revealed open and laparoscopic operations. The overall lymph node count was 10.8 ± 1.6, with no variation between the two techniques. Laparoscopic colorectal cancer radical surgery is safe and feasible. Also, it has the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. Laparoscopic colorectal cancer radical surgery can comply with the principles of oncology revolutionary.

Kiểm soát tín dụng góp phần đảm bảo an toàn vĩ mô Thực tiễn tại một số quốc gia và Việt nam

In the world, central banks have utilized credit control measures to enhance macroprudential, monetary, and other macro policies to achieve economic goals. Since 2011, the State Bank of Vietnam has adopted credit control as an administrative measure, alongside its more conventional monetary policy tools (refinancing, interest rates, exchange rates, reserves requirements, and open market operations) to curb inflation at its annual target level. In its function, credit control (setting the credit growth targets) acts as an immediate target which assists the SBV in achieving its monetary policy targets and ensuring macroprudential and stability of the banking system. This Article discerns some stylized facts of Vietnam’s credit growth data and its time-varying co-volatility relationships with economic growth and inflation. Combined with a meta-analysis of some studies and reviews of monetary policy through the lens of both interest rate-based monetary policy as well as one monetary aggregate to qualitatively evaluate and analyze the management of credit growth instruments of the SBV from 2011 to the present. The Article concludes with strategic proposals for the use of this measure in the coming time.

Implementation of a level-set-based volume penalization method for solving fluid flows around bluff bodies

A volume penalization-based immersed boundary technique is developed and thoroughly validated for fluid flow problems, specifically flow over bluff bodies. The proposed algorithm has been implemented in an open source field operation and manipulation (OpenFOAM), a computational fluid dynamics solver. The immersed boundary method offers the advantage of inserting a complex solid object inside a Cartesian grid system, and therefore, the governing equations can be applied to such a simpler grid arrangement. For capturing the fluid–solid interface more accurately, the grid is refined near the solid surface using topoSetDict and refineMeshDict utilities in OpenFOAM. In order to avoid any numerical oscillation and to compute the gradients accurately near the interface, the present volume penalization method (VPM) is integrated with a signed distance function, which is also referred to as a level-set function. Benchmark problems, such as flows around a cylinder and a sphere, are considered and thoroughly validated with the results available in the literature. For the flow over a stationary cylinder, the Reynolds number is varied so that it covers from a steady two-dimensional flow to an unsteady three-dimensional flow. The capability of the present solver has been further verified by considering the flow past a vibrating cylinder in the cross-stream direction. In addition, a flow over a sphere, which is inherently three-dimensional due to its geometrical shape, is validated in both steady and unsteady regimes. The results obtained by the present VPM show good agreement with those obtained by a body-fitted grid using the same numerical scheme as that of the VPM, and also with those reported in the literature. The present results indicate that the VPM-based immersed boundary technique can be widely applicable to scientific and engineering problems involving flow past stationary and moving bluff bodies of arbitrary geometry.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ РЕШЕНИЯ ПО ЭФФЕКТИВНОМУ ВОВЛЕЧЕНИЮ МИНЕРАЛЬНОГО СЫРЬЯ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЙ КАРБОНАТНЫХ ПОРОД

The article presents the results of studies of an effective technology for the development of elongated deposits of carbonate rocks, the novelty of which lies in the sequence of combined opening of the deposit, combined with the features of the separation of cargo flows of overburden rocks and minerals, as well as in the placement of primary processing facilities in the area of the worked-out space of the quarry and underground workings, together ensuring a reduction in the average coefficient of overburden and the earth capacity of open mining operations. It is proved that by varying the depth of the concentration horizon in the established technological corridor, depending on the deterministic group of the quarry, it is possible to achieve a reduction in the level of total operating costs up to 7.5%, which for large deposits amounts to tens of billions of rubles. The results of the research can be useful in substantiating the technology of the development of a deposit of carbonate rocks.

Elimination of defects in the Schneiderian membrane during sinus lift operations

Evaluation of the effectiveness of a new method of plasty of an extensive defect in the mucous membrane of the Schneiderian membrane, which occurs during the sinus lift operation, using an artificial collagen membrane and a developed method for fixing it. A total of 188 patients took part in the study, all of these patients underwent an open sinus lift operation with simultaneous or delayed implantation. Operations were performed under balanced anesthesia. Six months after the operation, according to computed tomography, the height of the formed bone regenerate was estimated. In the area of each missing tooth, the initial bone height and the resulting bone grafting were assessed. Then we compared the average values before and after the operation, the average height difference before and after the operation. In 19 patients during the sinus lift there was an accidental extensive rupture of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus. Elimination of the mucosal defect was carried out according to our patented method. All 188 patients were diagnosed with partial loss of teeth with bone tissue deficiency in the distal maxillary sinus. The height of the alveolar process in the projection of missing teeth ranged from 0.5 mm to 5 mm. Delayed dental implantation was performed when the height of the alveolar bone was less than 3 mm, direct when the presence of 3-5 mm. After 6 months, dental implants were installed in the reconstruction zone, after another 6 months - rational prosthetics. The proposed method of plastic surgery has the following advantages. Firstly, it allows to eliminate the defect of the mucous membrane together with an increase in the height of the alveolar ridge. Secondly, after this method, the integrity of the mucous membrane will be restored. Thirdly, with an alveolar bone height of 3 mm or more, dental implants should also be installed.

The role of biomarkers in predicting perforated cholecystitis cases: Can the c-reactive protein albumin ratio be a guide?

Gallbladder perforation (GBP) is a rare but life-threatening complication of acute cholecystitis. Despite advancements in imaging technology and biochemical analysis, perforations are still diagnosed intraoperatively in some cases. This situation has revealed the need for new markers in the diagnosis of perforation. In this study, we aimed to analyze the role of biomarkers in the diagnosis of perforated cholecystitis cases. In this retrospective study, blood samples (white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin, platelet count, C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, CRP/albumin ratio (CAR), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), urea, creatinine, glucose, amylase, lipase, aspartate ami-notransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin) were analyzed in patients who were diagnosed with acute cholecystitis in the emergency department. One hundred seventy patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of gallbladder perforation. Sixty-three (37.1%) patients had perforation. Transition from laparoscopy to open operation, intensive care unit admission, length of hospital stay, and mortality were higher in the perforated group compared to the non-perforated group. When we analyzed the patients according to laboratory findings, there was a difference in WBC, NLR, CRP, albumin, and CAR parameters in the perforation group. In regression analysis, CRP and CAR performed better. Our study showed that CRP and CAR may be diagnostic biomarkers with low specificity and sensitivity in predicting GBP in patients with acute cholecystitis. This marker is a low-cost and easily accessible parameter that may help clinicians make an early diagnosis and plan appropriate treatment for this condition with high morbidity and mortality.

Noninvasive Visualization of Amyloid-Beta Deposits in Alzheimer's Amyloidosis Mice via Fluorescence Molecular Tomography Using Contrast Agent.

Alzheimer's disease is pathologically featured by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque and neurofibrillary tangles. Compared to small animal positron emission tomography, optical imaging features nonionizing radiation, low cost, and logistic convenience. Optical detection of Aβ deposits is typically implemented by 2D macroscopic imaging and various microscopic techniques assisted with Aβ-targeted contrast agents. Here, we introduce fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT), a macroscopic 3D fluorescence imaging technique, convenient for in vivo longitudinal monitoring of the animal brain without the involvement of cranial window opening operation. This chapter aims to provide the protocols for FMT in vivo imaging of Aβ deposits in the brain of rodent model of Alzheimer's disease. The materials, stepwise method, notes, limitations of FMT, and emerging opportunities for FMT techniques are presented.

Safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy technique and timing for acute cholecystitis: a study in India

Background: Acute cholecystitis patients undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) within 72 hours or 6 weeks to 12 weeks after onset is widely considered the optimal timings for LC. However, there has been no clear consensus about it. We aimed to determine safe technique of LC for acute cholecystitis within 72 hours or any time of presentation with no delay in surgery. Methods: Medical records of 100 patients who underwent standard LC were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were divided into group 1, patients undergoing LC within 72 hours of onset; group 2, between 4 days to 14 days; group3, between 3 weeks to 6 weeks; group 4, more than 6 weeks. Results: No significant differences existed between groups in conversion rate to open surgery, operation time, blood loss, or postoperative morbidity, and hospital stay. However, total hospital stays in groups 1 and 2 was significantly shorter than that in groups 3 and 4 (p<0.01). In addition, the total hospital stay in group 3 was also significantly shorter than that in group 4 (p<0.01). Conclusions: Best timing of LC for acute cholecystitis may be within 72 hours, and there is no need to delay LC in patients presenting after 72 hours and with safe technique of dissecting at infundibulum retrieval of stones and cystic duct stump closure with catgut loop there is no significant difference observed retrospectively.

Changes in monetary policy implementation over time

In this study, we utilise a time-varying parameter vector autoregressive model to investigate the relationship between central bank liabilities and the overnight policy rate across three countries with distinct monetary policy frameworks. Our findings reveal that a consistent negative correlation between these variables is present only in the case of the conventional reserve regime. For the other regimes, an initial significant negative relationship between reserves and interest rates is observed, but this effect diminishes with the adoption of new frameworks. These results suggest that the emergence of novel operational structures for central banks has disrupted the traditional approach to monetary policy implementation. One practical consequence of this” decoupling” between interest rates and reserves is that central banks in the United States, Canada, and similar systems can effectively employ their balance sheets in conjunction with standard interest rate policies. However, this does not apply to reserve regimes that continue to depend on open market operations for steering interest rates

Evaluating the impact of fiscal and monetary policies on Indonesia’s macroeconomic stability and growth (2015-2019)

Effective management of Indonesia’s macroeconomic variables –production, inflation, money supply, aggregate demand, and interest rates– is crucial for economic stability and growth. This study examines the fiscal and monetary policies implemented by the Indonesian government from 2015 to 2019 and assesses their impact on key macroeconomic variables. Utilizing a qualitative research approach and comprehensive literature review, the study analyzes the principles and implementation of these policies. Fiscal policies, including infrastructure development, social protection, and tax amnesty, significantly contributed to economic growth and reduced unemployment. Monetary policies, such as interest rate adjustments, open market operations, and reserve requirements, maintained inflation around 3% and improved liquidity. However, economic growth fluctuated, indicating the need for better policy coordination. The study highlights the importance of strategic fiscal and monetary policies in achieving macroeconomic stability and offers insights into optimizing these tools for addressing economic challenges and promoting long-term development in Indonesia.Keywords: Indonesian government; macroeconomic management; fiscal policy; monetary policy; economic growth

On the development and measurement of human factors complex network for maritime accidents: A case of ship groundings

Human factors from organizational aspects to unsafe behaviors of the crew on board form a directed complex network reflecting the evolution of maritime accidents. The present study aims to develop a human factors complex network contributing to maritime accidents. First, a maritime accident scenario is defined based on 104 ship grounding accident reports, then the human factors contributing to ship groundings are identified and structured within HFACS using grounding theory. Second, chi-square tests and odd ratio analysis are employed to capture the interrelationships among these human factors within HFACS, which are then represented as nodes, edges, and edge weights in network. The topological parameters including degree, clustering coefficients, and node importance are measured in the end for the human factors complex network. The results indicate that the factor “Inadequate safety management by the shipping company” belonged to Organizational influences has the highest influence on the factors “Not taken safe ship speeds”, “Improper lashing and stowage”, “Failure to implement the planned route”, and “Failure to keep navigational AIDS in normally open operation’ that belonged to Unsafe acts, while these unsafe acts have the highest PageRank value, affirming their direct role in causing maritime accidents. Results from this study are valuable for understanding of the network propagation mechanism of human factor risks in maritime accidents, and can also offer guidance to shipping companies, maritime authorities, and relevant stakeholders in establishing and optimizing human factor barriers in such accidents.

Flood Control Rule in Bintang Bano Reservoir

Flood is a disaster that occur since ancient times until now, and even in the future. Flood can be caused by nature, humans, or both. Constructing new dams are a good method to reduce flood and losses caused by floods, one of them is Bintang Bano Dam. The purpose of this study is to analyze the capacity of the gated spillway and ungated spillway, so that the allowable return period of discharge can be estimated through the both spillways. This research activity divided into 4 (four) stages are: the identification and data processing stage, the rainfall-runoff modeling stage, the reservoir flood routing, and the simulation of the operation of opening gates on both spillways. The gated spillway can be operated at all return periods (2 years to PMF). Ungated spillway can only overflow discharge with ≥ 100 years return period. During the return period 2 years to 50 years, no runoff occurs through the ungated spillway. For the return period of 100 years to 1000 years there is runoff through the ungated spillway without any gate openings. It is recommended for floods with a return period of 2 years to 50 years, with upstream and downstream conditions of rainfall, the gate can be closed. But for floods with 100 years to 1000 years return periods, the discharge automatically overflows through the ungated spillway cannot be opened/damaged.

Occupants' interaction with building services: Development of a camera-based method for detailed monitoring of windows, shadings, and lights

Several energy gains or losses in buildings are influenced by occupant interactions with building services, such as lighting or HVAC systems, thermostat settings, and window and shading operations. Occupant behavior is usually triggered by discomfort, nevertheless actions taken to restore comfort can have an impact on final energy demand. Thus, an accurate energy assessment for both new and retrofit building design must properly account for occupant behavior, based on reliable models developed from real case studies and detailed monitoring. This work presents a new approach for continuous and non-intrusive monitoring of window opening angle, shading position, and lighting operation to determine the net air exchange area for ventilation. A camera-based device and a post-processing algorithm are developed, and a monitoring campaign over 6 month is carried out to showcase the monitoring system. The device consists of a camera setup connected to a microprocessor, and a dedicated script which enables the device to track window opening, shading movement and lighting operation through target and object identification. Results of the prototyping case study show that the proposed system can effectively detect window opening angles and shutter positions, dealing with multiple windows and shutters simultaneously and allowing the deployment of the benefits of continuous monitoring. The explored application is the direct use of the collected data for the calculation of natural ventilation rates from the net exchange area (EN 16798-7) over long term datasets. As future development, the monitoring system will be used to develop accurate behavioral models based on the experimental data to analyze and suggest the occupant’s response to discomfortable conditions in order to improve indoor air quality and save energy.

Utilization of Single-Incision Laparoscopy in the Management of Ingested Magnets.

Background: A ban on neodymium magnets was lifted by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission in 2016. Pediatric gastroenterologists and surgeons were increasingly tasked with removing these problematic objects. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) in the management of ingested magnets. Patients and Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective assessment of surgical interventions for ingested magnets. International Classification of Disease, 10th revision codes were used to identify 349 patients ≤21 years of age evaluated for foreign body ingestion over a 4.5-year period. A medical record review helped isolate 29 (8.3%) magnet ingestions, 9 requiring surgical intervention. RedCap was used for analysis. Results: Of 9 surgical patients, 7 underwent SILS intervention by 1 surgeon. Another surgeon performed an open operation, whereas a third performed a multiport operation. Of the 7 SILS cases, 3 were completed without conversion to open. In one of these cases, bowel resection with primary anastomosis was performed. For SILS cases, average operating room time was 109 minutes (38-170 minutes), time to enteral feeds was 23 hours (0.28-79.2 hours), and hospital length of stay (LOS) was 3.8 days (1.96-6.68 days). Thirty-day readmission for SILS was 14.3%. No other complications were observed. Conclusions: SILS has been safely utilized for magnet retrieval. It offers an ability to identify the affected intestinal segment and an opportunity to intervene extracorporeally through an uncapped port. In addition, knowing where matted bowel is located can direct a limited incision during conversion to laparotomy. This may confer benefits of decreased pain, shortened time to enteral feeds, and decreased hospital LOS.

Surgical Treatment of Varicose Veins of the Lower Extremities

The review presents an analysis of relevant literature on the surgical treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities. Modern methods of surgical intervention for varicose veins are considered: open operations, methods of thermal ablation of the main veins, non-thermal non-tumescent methods, vein-preserving surgery (ASVAL), methods of treating reflux in perforating veins and recurrent varicose veins. The effectiveness of each of the surgical treatment methods used was analyzed. The frequency of relapses and the likelihood of complications of the described operations are considered. All surgical treatment methods presented in the review were developed on the basis of modern ideas about the pathogenesis of varicose veins, the mechanisms of formation of chronic venous insufficiency, and have an evidence base. These techniques are reflected in the latest clinical guidelines and are widely used in medical practice.

WELL KILLING REAGENT IN SECONDARY OPENING AND REPAIR OPERATIONS

WELL KILLING REAGENT IN SECONDARY OPENING AND REPAIR OPERATIONS

LARGE INTESTINES COMPLICATED DIVERTICULITIS MODERN TREATMENT TACTICS USING VIDEOENDOSCOPIC EQUIPMENT

Abstract. Colonic diverticular disease (CDD) is an important problem in abdominal surgery for the majority countries of the world. The incidence of CDD is, unfortunately, progressing. The CDD relevance is determined by medical and economic aspects taking into account the disease frequent cases in working age persons. The tactics of CDD treatment is considered to be traditional and is determined according to the generally accepted modifi ed disease classifi cation according to E. J. Hinchey. Using daily the tactics of a personalized approach to patients we agree with the opinion of our colleagues and consider the choice of sigmoid colon acute diverticulitis and its complications optimal method of diagnosis and surgical treatment to be still arguing. Having considerable experience and treating patients with CDD for a long time, we try to use mostly the laparoscopic approach in surgical tactics the eff ectiveness of which we intend to summarize.The purpose. To determine the eff ectiveness of the laparoscopic method of surgical treatment of patients with CDD complicated clinical manifestation. Research material and methods. The treatment of 221 patients with 263 surgical interventions due to CDD and its complications was analyzed. CDD complicated forms were diagnosed in 186 (84.5 %) patients. 164 (62.4 %) operations were performed urgently, 102 (61.7 %) of which were performed using videoendoscopic equipment, 62 (38.3 %) were performed using the traditional open method. Open operations performed under urgent indications. Special attention was attracted to patients with bleeding as CDD complication. 9 patients (in 6 with initial intestinal bleeding and in 3 with CDD complicated by profuse bleeding) underwent operative treatment. All patients were treated in one stage.Results and their discussion. According to planned indications, 26 laparoscopic and 31 open resections of the large intestine were performed due to CDD. The source of infl ammation was localized in the sigmoid colon in all patients. Infl ammation of one diverticulum occurred in 56 (98.4 %) cases, two diverticulies – in 1 (1.6 %) observation. 49 patients were treated in 2 stages. Perforation of the diverticulum wall was detected in 79 (51.6 %) patients. The duration of operative treatment of patients with complicated CDD using videoendoscopic equipment was 73.4±6.2 min. The index of bed days duration with laparoscopic operations was 6.1±0.7. The patients’ stay in the hospital after scheduled videoendoscopic operations was 6.3±1.6 days. From 9 patients with bleeding in the absence of conservative therapy effi cacy and under the condition of the patient’s stable condition, 4 patients underwent laparoscopic left-sided hemicolectomy. Open surgical interventions were performed in 5 patients, mostly elderly and with severe concomitant pathology.Conclusions. In case of patients with a CDD complicated course treatment we consider a two-stage treatment preferable, when the second stage (left-sided hemicolectomy) is performed in a planned manner within 9 days to 6 months after the operation for urgent indications. Patients with complicated CDD operative treatment is better to be performed with the use of videoendoscopic equipment. It is better to perform repeated planned radical operations for CDD laparoscopically, which is evidenced by a lower number of complications. The use of laparoscopic technologies in case of colonic bleeding treatment as CDD complication is a promising direction in abdominal surgery and requires its e ffi ciency further study.

A heuristic method for production scheduling of an open pit mining operation

ABSTRACT A mathematical model for production scheduling of open pit mines maximises the net present value and satisfies the reserves, pit slope angle, and production capacity constraints. A solution to this model aims to deliver an extraction sequence and the movement of materials across various stages within the operation over a defined planning horizon. However, given that the mineral reserves delineated into thousands of mining blocks form the geological input, the model falls in the category of large-scale optimisation problems, i.e. it is computationally intractable, and exact methods cannot solve realistic scenarios of the problem. Therefore, this paper contributes an alternative to the conventional mathematical model along with a corresponding heuristic method to solve this proposed model. An implementation of the proposed method at various realistic instances reveals better performance in terms of net present value, computation time and optimality gap as compared to the traditional methods.

High Powered Money in India-An Empirical Analysis

High powered money in the sum of commercial bank reserves and currency (notes and coins) held by Public. High powered money in the base for the expansion of bank deposit and creation of money supply. Thus high powered money H=C+RR+ER. Where C represents currency with the public, RR the required reserves in the commercial banks and ER the excess reserves with banks. High powered money also known as the monetary base. In India the Reserve Bank of India is responsible for regulatory and controlling the monetary base. It is important to note that the composition and dynamics of high powered money in India can change over time due to shifts in monetary policy, economic conditions, and changes in banking regulations. High powered money plays a fundamental role in monetary system. It serves as the base upon which the broader money supply (M1, M2 etc) is created through the process of fractional reserve banking. When banks make loans, they create deposits, effectively increasing the broader money supply. The RBI uses various tools, such as open market operations and reserve requirement, to control the growth of high powered money and, consequently the money supply to achieves its monetary policy objectives, such as controlling inflation and promoting economic growth.