Open Invitation Research Articles

Design and Evaluation of a Short‐Term Paraprofessional‐Training Program

A training program to teach counseling and interviewing skills to paraprofessionals is described. The content of the training includes Five areas thought to be important to counseling: conveying an open invitation to talk, reflective responding, problem solving, giving feedback, and setting goals. The training model includes five stages: A skill is defined and introduced; trainers model effective and ineffective use of the skill; trainees discriminate exemplars and nonexemplars of the skill; trainees practice the skill in a structured exercise; and trainees practice the skill in a role‐played interview. Evaluation data indicate that the training program was well received and that the trainees increased their ability to use the skills. Four factors that probably contributed to the effectiveness of training are discussed.

Microcounseling and sensitivity training with hotline workers

Three successive groups of prospective hotline workers were randomly assigned to three different pretraining conditions. Nine microcounseling participants received training in the use of attending behavior, open invitations to talk, paraphrasing, and reflection of feeling during a weekend workshop. Six sensitivity training participants were exposed to an unstructured weekend experience designed to develop interpersonal skills. Nine participants received no weekend experience. All participants then received six evenings of routine technical training over a six-week period. Post-training pseudocalls were audiotaped for all participants. Participant responses were rated for empathy, and assessed on the Therapist Error Checklist, and on three specific counselor response categories. Microcounseling participants emitted more “good” responses and were rated as more empathic than both the sensitivity and control groups. Both sensitivity and microcounseling participants emitted more open invitations to talk than control participants. Microcounceling participants emitted fewer advice-laden responses than control participants. Implications for future research are discussed.

Establishing an undergraduate research program in physics: How it was done

In the fall of 1969, MIT extended an open invitation to all of its undergraduate students to join the professional research activities of the faculty. This undergraduate research program rapidly increased in size, scope, impact, and diversity. In this article we report on the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) in the MIT Physics Department: the philosophy and objectives of the Physics program, its organization, rules, funding, growth, atmosphere, problems, and accomplishments. By the end of its first three years, Physics UROP included more than 50% of all the undergraduates enrolled in physics. Evaluations of UROP by faculty, administrators, and students were uniformly enthusiastic. This article presents the outline of how Physics UROP was established and how it evolved. Now in its seventh year, UROP has survived to maturity without becoming a cumbersome bureaucracy.

Multivariate Analysis: Techniques for Educational and Psychological Research

This second edition of Tatsuoka's widely used text is, in my opinion, required reading for anyone who has the idealistic goal of devoting his life to instruction in an environment where demands, tools, standards, professional recognition, even hope of financial success, change rapidly. This book, like the first edition, is not a dogmatic textbook, of which we have so many in mathematical statistics but, as is evident in every chapter, shows the author's struggle to provide students with what they need (proficiency) rather than what they want (cookbook, phrases, ready-made tools). I fully agree with the author's desire to encourage students to write their own programs rather than applying ready-made packages. My experience, which has been very similar to Tatsuoka's, would dictate a different ordering of the chapters. In the review below, I will indicate this and attempt to compare the approach followed in the first (1971) edition with that in the current (1988) edition. The placement of chapter 2 (Matrix manipulations) at the beginning of this text seems to be an open invitation to instructors with little or no knowledge of either mathematics or educational research, to teach a course by being merely a chapter ahead of their students. As the author doubtless knows, these techniques can be taught only in a laboratory atmosphere, by careful supervision of active work. In this connection, I prefer the approach in the first edition, where the matrix manipulations were used to cast a univariate technique (multiple regression) into a notation that permits the introduction of multivariate techniques by analogy. In the beginning of chapter 4, the author refers to Multiple Regression as an exception to multivariate techniques. In all statistical curricula that I have seen in the past 35 years, it is considered a univariate technique, because it involves only one response variable, and thus chapter 3, at the very beginning, may discourage readers from continuing in this text. The inclusion of multiple correlation, clearly a multivariate technique, makes this all the more confusing. The shrinkage formula (p. 52) and the incremental R -test (p. 50), which are Beta statistics borrowed from univariate analysis, seem unnecessary in this context, because the multivariate noncentral distribution of the multiple correlation is as easily evalu-

Virginia Woolf and the Corinthians

Leonard Woolf, in Downhill all the Way, remarked of his wife that ‘the idea of a party always excited her’, and though it is true that on 11th November, 1918, ‘Virginia and I celebrated the end of a civilization’ by ‘eating, almost sacramentally, some small bars of chocolate cream’, for Virginia Woolf, as for the rest of us, eating was generally a celebration of the continuing value of life, where, as at the restaurant meal of The Waves, ‘here and now we are together’ drawn into ‘this communion’, and making ‘something that will join the innumerable congregations of past time’.Talk of that kind about eating is an open invitation for those Christians who would engage in ‘Theology and Literature’, but a man should guard against any quick transition from Virginia Woolf’s talk of sacramental chocolate creams and congregations of past time to his peculiar Christian understanding of meal and communion. It should give us pause, for example, that the chocolate creams were eaten at the ‘end of a civilization’, and that in The Waves the meal is created around a hero who, described in Christ-like terms certainly, is finally ineffective.

Bone Dice and the Scottish Iron Age

Parallelopiped bone dice form a small but important group in the bonework of the Scottish Iron Age. The overwhelming mass of this material has been produced by excavations in which the stratigraphy has not, save in exceptional circumstances, been recorded. Moreover, the large assemblages are from sites which give every indication of being multi-period, notably the brochs and wheelhouses of the Atlantic Province (the Province is defined in Piggott, 1966, 5, 4, fig. 1). This lack of meaningful cultural or chronological groups has been an open invitation to select those objects, with parallels in the supposedly better defined and dated groups to the south, in order to draw wide-ranging inferences concerning the pre-history of Scotland. Such a procedure enables the bulk of the material to be ignored assui generis. It is not the writer's intention to produce another study of the might-have-beens of the Scottish Iron Age, but rather to present a corpus of the dice and to consider the previous interpretations in which these dice have formed part of the evidence.

THE WOODSMAN'S ASSAULTS ON THE DOMAIN OF THE CATTLEMAN

In retrospect it appears that the extensive grasslands of the American West stood as an open invitation to the pioneers to establish a grazing or range economy. However, the woodsman settlers coming from the East never conceived, projected, or defined a suitable range economy, and so it was through the “side door” or “back door” of Texas that an appropriated system of grazing burst northward across the Plains following the Civil War. The system, commonly identified as ranching, was appropriated from Spanish America, and was an import from the grasslands of northern Spain. The American woodsman challenged this intrusion with a series of inept land alienation laws, largely based on a variety of geographic misconceptions conceived and formualted within his system of values of verities. The misconceptions expressed themselves mainly in the efforts of the rainmakers, the irrigators, and the exponents of dry farming. An examination of the efforts of these challengers reveals resultant confusion and chaos.

PETS, PARASITES, AND PEDIATRICS

"When Neolithic man learnt to domesticate animals and till the land he extended an open invitation to tetanus."1 Long before, when the dog attached himself to Paleolithic man as a scavenger and hunting partner, he initiated an intimate association between man and animal; his pups began the virtual symbiosis which has developed between children and their pets. Zeuner,2 an authority on the domestication of animals, thinks it probable that the custom of making pets of a variety of animals—so universal in human groups that it must satisfy ancient basic traits (like the maternal instinct of women, the protective instinct of men, and the tactile gratification of children)—might have portended animal domestication.

Cordial Open Invitation to Boston

The Personnel and Guidance JournalVolume 41, Issue 4 p. 387-387 Cordial Open Invitation to Boston First published: December 1962 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-4918.1962.tb02308.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume41, Issue4December 1962Pages 387-387 RelatedInformation

Comparative Economic Progress A Review Article

The study of economic growth would seem to offer unusual opportunities for the application of the comparative method. The number of cases is large, from the Egypt of the Pharoahs to the Egypt of Nasser, from the civilizations of the Indus, of Babylon, and the Mayas to the latest development programs of Pakistan, Iraq, and Guatamala. The practical significance of increased understanding of the process of growth could be great indeed. And economic growth theorists, after plunging ahead in the eary postwar years with unlimited confidence in the tools of their trade, have more recently issued open invitations to historians, anthropologists, and other scholars who deal with whole societies to assist in the formulation of hypotheses explanatory of economic growth. Recent textbooks and surveys of the field now include as a matter of course a section devoted to “the lessons of history”. More specialized works frequently include a chapter on the historical background of their subjects or numerous historical or comparative analogies. As yet, however, the actual contributions of comparative history to an understanding of the process of economic development have been limited, not to say negligible. Historical events and episodes have been used to illustrate this or that theory of development, but historical experience en grand has not yet been used satisfactorily to generate a theory of its own; nor have economic historians, the scholars indicated by training and professional orientation to bridge the gap between economic theory and historical experience, shown any great enthusiasm for the task. A prize competition recently opened by the Council (formerly Committee) on Research in Economic History for studies in comparative economic history failed to attract a single suitable entry.

What is Ahead for Nurse‐Midwifery in the Next Few Years?

What is Ahead for Nurse‐Midwifery in the Next Few Years?

Please Explore Here!

Murl Deusing, director of the Museum of Science and Natural History of the Academy of Science, St. Louis, Missouri, describes children's activities. Museums are an open invitation. to children to explore and learn, but they also motivate children to explore beyond their walls. ISUSPECT THAT, AS A GROUP, CHILDREN are the greatest explorers in the world. They have what it takes-a vibrant curiosity and a deep desire for first-hand experiences. Museums, stressing as they do the presentation of real specimens and objects often in a realistic setting, offer great opportunities for first-hand experience with the unknown. It is no wonder that children, with their driving curiosity about the world around them, find the museum a challenging opportunity to explore and grasp it with considerable zest and enthusiasm. Museums are well aware that such compelling curiosity, when used intelligently, will produce creative endeavor; and they deliberately plan their exhibits and their educational programs toward this goal.

The Cambridge Drama Festival

N first season of new Arts Center Theater, in Brighton section of Boston, Cambridge Drama Festival -1:t9 f yq<1t, became a Shakespeare Festival by chance, not by design. When they were commissioned by Metropolitan Boston Arts Center, Inc., to produce three plays in State-built playhouse on Charles River bank, officers of Cambridge Drama Festival, Inc., were committed to no author, only to the best in drama. They had hoped to be able to open their summer program with an American work and had considered, only to discard as impracticable, Maxwell Anderson's Mary of Scotland, and Robert E. Sherwood's Abe Lincoln in Illinois. Because they did not receive their franchise until February and theater was due to open on July 9, and because they had nothing but plans and pledges to offer to actors and directors, they had to line up their season in haste and to make certain concessions. Siobhan McKenna and Sir John Gielgud were both friendly to Cambridge Drama Festival, she because she had originated her American production of Saint Joan for Festival at Sanders Theater, Cambridge, in i956, and Sir John because he had played his Ages of Man under same auspices, with marked success, last winter. As executive director of Cambridge Drama Festival, Inc., and as an admirer of both Miss McKenna and Sir John, William Morris Hunt approached them with open invitations: Would you like to act for us this summer? That both of them accepted is more than a little wonderful. For, at time, theater did not exist, and even partisans of project had some doubts that it could be completed in time. Under circumstances, Festival managers were bound to favor plays which their stars wanted to do. Both had Shakespeare in mind. Miss McKenna had been thinking about Macbeth for some time. Along with Jose Quintero, who wanted to stage it, she had discussed it with Jason Robards, Jr., who shared their belief that three of them might perhaps bring to a new Macbeth certain values which they believed to have been lost, or perhaps submerged, in some previous productions. They were interested, for example, in bringing into sharper focus the love story of Macbeth and his Lady. Although he was not able at once to free himself of other commitments, Mr. Robards managed to do so, and formally consented to star in Macbeth two months before opening of Festival. A little later, John Gielgud accepted an invitation to recreate in New York, his London production of Much Ado About Nothing.* Then he told officers of Cambridge Drama Festival he would be

The International Relations of Laos

L AOS, SOMETIMES KNOWN as the Country of a Million Elephants, has been described by one of its former Prime Ministers as a landbound island among more powerful neighbors-China, Burma, Thailand, Viet-Nam and Cambodia. A product of Thai ethnic stock and Indian cultural influence, Laos became a political entity in the 9th century A.D. and reached its cultural and political apex early in the i8th century. At that time, the Lao kingdom, then called Lan-Xang, included sections of Yunnan, of the Southern Shan States, of the Vietnamese and Cambodian mountain plateaus, and large stretches of present-day northeastern Thailand. Within less than a century, however, feudal rivalries fed from outside began to weaken the central government and Lan-Xang broke into two distinct kingdoms: Luang-Prabang in the north and Vientiane in the south.' The inhospitable mountain chains and forests of North and Central Viet-Nam for a while shielded Laos from the Vietnamese, but the low hills and open plains of the Mekong valley were an open invitation to attacks from the growing Siamese state. In i828, the kingdom of Vientiane was totally destroyed by the Siamese, and soon thereafter all of Laos was split into Siamese and Vietnamese spheres of influence, the former predominating in Vientiane and Champassak and the latter controlling most of Luang-Prabang's hinterland. The arrival of the French, who proclaimed a protectorate over the kingdom of Luang-Prabang on October 3, i893, was at first greeted with relief, but the French, largely through ignorance of the local situation, accepted the Mekong as the international boundary between Thailand and Laos with the result that the most productive parts of both Vientiane and Champassak became permanent parts of Thailand.2 This error was somewhat corrected by the Franco-Siamese boundary treaties of I902 and I907, which restored the provinces of Sayaboury and Bassac to Laos, but the remaining trans-Mekong areas of Laos have now become integral parts of Thailand. The French colonial administration maintained a dual relationship with Laos. The kingdom of Luang-Prabang, as a protectorate, remained a dis-

Medicine and the educational process.

Article1 October 1954MEDICINE AND THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESSLAWRENCE A. KIMPTONLAWRENCE A. KIMPTONSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-41-4-816 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptMr. Toastmaster, Members of the American College of Physicians: I feel honored to be asked to address the top of a profession for which I have great respect and admiration. Lest I be misunderstood, perhaps I should add that, like a happy marriage, I love you in sickness and in health.The General Chairman of your Thirty-fifth Annual Session, a most engaging fellow, made the error of saying that I could talk about anything I chose. For some reason, the complete layman with such an open invitation is drawn irresistibly to speak about a learned profession; and with an ignorance... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Chicago, Illinois*Address at the Annual Banquet of The American College of Physicians, Chicago, Illinois, April 8, 1954. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 October 1954Volume 41, Issue 4Page: 816-819 ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 October 1954 PDF downloadLoading ...

Diet of Hens and Resistance of Their Offspring to Helminthic Infection

THE relation of quantity and quality of food to the production achieved by animals has been studied extensively. It is generally acknowledged that the plane of nutrition influences every part of animal production. Perhaps the one phase of the relationship between nutrition and performance which has been investigated least is the influence of diet on resistance to infectious diseases.Modern livestock production is intensive and artificial, at least when animals are maintained in close confinement. There exists a considerable gap betweeen modern feeding practices and development of efficient sanitary procedures to overcome increased exposures to, and numbers of, infectious agents. Close confinement of animals constitutes an open invitation to disease. It is not unreasonable to assume that modern intensive methods of poultry production have also promoted disease hazards. Among the disease agents which can affect poultry production are the parasitic worms, or helminths.The relation of the 15 species of .