Open Innovation Paradigm Research Articles

A Research Agenda on Open Data Impact Process for Open Innovation

Open data and open innovation are two topics currently attracting the attention of academics. But no previous studies consider these fields in combination while using a bibliometric approach. Thus, the aim of this paper is to understand the relationship between open innovation and open data. Two research questions have been formulated: 1) What are the main topics studied in the literature that combine both lines of research? and 2) How can the open innovation paradigm be integrated in the open data impact process? To address the first question, a co-word analysis is used to identify the main topics investigated in the open innovation and open data literature. Based on our results, to answer the second research question, the topics are grouped and analyzed considering a model of the open data impact process. Finally, some future research lines to analyze the open data impact process for open innovation are presented. For example, future research could focus on questions such as (1) What kind of applications can be created through the reuse of open data?; and (2) How do open innovation processes influence the reuse of open data?

Management Innovation and Open Innovation: For and Towards Dialogue

The fields of open innovation (OI) and management innovation (MI) have been tended to be studied separately and have very little discussion with each other. This is paradoxical for two reasons. First, the work on OI has clearly demonstrated the importance of the organizational and managerial dimension but does not identify the MIs that could promote this openness and its processes. The question of “how to organize and manage the I?” remains wide open. Second, while OI paradigm has been primarily mobilized for technological innovations, a few rare works have shown interest in MI. However, knowledge of its effects on MI remains limited and fragmented. The aim of this article is therefore to bring these two literatures closer together, to place them in dialogue in order to respond to their mutual shortcomings. We show that the reconciliation of these two fields can be a source of reciprocal contributions and enrichment.JEL Codes: O36, O31, O30

The influence of open innovation on firm performance

Innovation is crucial for growth and business development, and represents a reliable way through which to gain competitiveness within the marketplace. Open innovation is expressed through three different processes: the acquisition of external technology (inbound innovation); the external exploitation of technology (outbound innovation); and coupled innovation. Based on a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature best able to detect the main thematic areas of the research topic, the aim of this paper is to investigate how the paradigm of open innovation influences firm performance and to provide suggestions for future research avenues.

LOW EFFICIENCY IN THE USE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT RESOURCES IN BRAZILIAN PUBLIC RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS: CAUSAL CHAINS ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT Open Innovation paradigm brought additional challenges to the already complex Brazilian ST&I scenario of scarce resources and ineffective public policies. The Public Research Organizations (PROs) face obstacles regarding the limitation imposed by their public nature, complex laws and regulations, inadequate technological and organizational structure, and lack of strategy and priority. Besides that, to improve their results and catch up the competitiveness, Research & Development (R&D) projects must be transdisciplinary and collaborative, which usually require a high volume of budget, large teams, and organizational structure for Research Management and Administration (RMA). The low efficiency in the use of physical, financial and human resources are hampering PROs to overcome the financial crisis and backwardness of the national ST&I results. This study aimed to make a deep analysis of this macro problem in the R&D Manager perspective as a social actor, based in the Situational Strategic Planning method. The results evidenced the vastness of the problem and supported the comprehension of the social game in place and the work fronts where the actor could tackle the problem. The main conclusion is that PROs must take into account the capacity building in RMA to leverage results and influence positively the ST&I policy arena.

Joint forces: Towards an integration of intellectual capital theory and the open innovation paradigm

Intellectual capital (IC) is among the most long-lived topics in managerial literature. More recently, the emergence of the open innovation (OI) paradigm has encouraged the understanding that firms should collaborate with other organizations to leverage their own R&D capabilities. We propose that these two streams of managerial literature should join forces since the OI paradigm could be considered an approach to innovation with foundations in relational capital, facilitated by an appropriate level of human and structural capital. Surprisingly, only a few researchers have put IC and OI into relation. Therefore, this paper has two main goals: providing a theoretical model that synoptically presents how IC and OI overlap and testing the theoretical model by analyzing how firms’ IC affects OI-related performance. We analyze a sample of 3744 Spanish firms. We find that the three IC constructs positively affect OI performance, with relational and human capital subject to diminishing returns.

Analysing the satisfaction of university–industry cooperation efforts based on the Kano model: A Korean case

Recently, there has been an increase in the university-industry cooperation to achieve harmonious development under the paradigm of open innovation. The government is engaging in various activities to promote successful university–industry cooperation efforts. Accordingly, relevant studies on the achievement of university–industry cooperation activities have been performed by many academic researchers. However, the satisfaction levels among university–industry cooperation program participants are insufficient. Moreover, studies on satisfaction with university–industry cooperation are also inadequate. Therefore, this research aims to propose a framework to analyse satisfaction with university–industry cooperation programs. The satisfaction index, dissatisfaction index, and potential customer satisfaction improvement (PCSI) index scores of the main efforts in university–industry cooperation are derived based on the Kano model. Portfolio analysis is performed to classify these main efforts into four categories and to analyse their characteristics. This study is expected to help improve satisfaction with university–industry cooperation by deriving guidelines for these types of initiatives.

Training Entrepreneurial Competences with Open Innovation Paradigm in Higher Education

This paper shows the effects of training entrepreneurial competences on employability in higher education. It identifies teaching methods that are more effective in order to improve entrepreneurial competences. These are hackathon, team building, role play, and practical cases with entrepreneurs at a Spanish university. In contrast to the methods shown in previous literature, a mixed-method is proposed. Firstly, a qualitative technique based on three focus groups with the participation of lecturers, students, and entrepreneurs are used. Additionally, a regression analysis seeks links between entrepreneurial intention and employability with entrepreneurial competences with 329 students. The findings show the direct effect on skills appreciated in companies, using collaborative and practical activities focusing on competency perspective. This research work provides a new approach to training entrepreneurial competences that demonstrates the main role of Open Innovation enhancing the main stakeholders’ motivation and improving their skills. Useful information is provided to design the academic syllabuses and improve the level of employability of university graduates.

THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERNAL KNOWLEDGE GENERATION AND EXTERNAL KNOWLEDGE SOURCING FOR SME INNOVATION AND PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM IRELAND

This paper analyses the knowledge sourcing, transformation, and exploitation stages of the innovation value chain for a sample of Irish small to medium sized enterprises (SMEs) using Community Innovation Survey data. It explores the role of internal research and development (R&D) and external knowledge on SMEs’ innovation and performance. The open innovation paradigm, which stresses the importance of external linkages, is used to examine the impact of different external knowledge sources on SMEs’ innovation. The consideration of external linkages in the innovation performance of SMEs is crucial as these firms may be constrained in their ability to perform R&D due to their size. The analysis expands the traditional CDM methodology beyond the consideration of research and development as the sole source of knowledge for innovation by also considering a range of potential external knowledge sources. The findings indicate that SMEs generate knowledge internally through the performance of R&D, while also exploiting linkages to external agents. However, the impact of external sources of knowledge is not uniform. The results suggest that backward linkages have a positive impact on SME product innovation, but negatively affect SME process innovation, while public knowledge sources are positively related to the probability of product innovation occurring. This may have important policy implications. Finally, process innovation is also found to be a key determinant of SME productivity, while product innovation has no impact on SME performance.

Understanding open innovation in small and medium-sized museums and exhibition halls

PurposeThe hostile environments in which museums operate force them to be innovative. Most of them have fewer resources and are publicly owned. Because these factors may hinder their innovative potential, this paper aims to propose an open innovation model adapted to this type of organization to improve visitors’ experience.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative method based on a thematic analysis is carried out. Data sources are: (i) focus group with stakeholders from the destination and (ii) in-depth interviews with museums experts.FindingsThis new framework is important because it brings something new to a field that previous research had barely considered. The study of the implementation of open innovation in publicly owned small and medium-sized museums brings to light the growing importance of the relational, organizational, technological and experiential dimensions, their interactions and their main constituent factors.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is limited to a specific type of institution, and results should not be extrapolated to other contexts. The construct of open innovation is highly complex, and that advises future research to include other players. Quantitative methods and longitudinal techniques will contribute to tackling new challenges in future research works.Practical implicationsResults are helpful for museum managers and policymakers. Stakeholders improve their comprehension of how an open innovation model works because the paper offers a few guidelines for its active designing. A solid networking based on trust and the emphasis on improving the visitor experience determine making-decision processes.Originality/valueThe paper provides a systemic innovation management model for museums, where there is almost no previous research. It is theoretically supported in the open innovation paradigm, as well as the absorptive capacity framework. The emerging and central role of the experiential dimension constitutes another notable contribution to literature.

Clusters and communities: raising the bar towards open innovation 2.0 paradigms

PurposeThe growing success of open innovation practices in many firms raises the question of whether such principles can be transferred for reinventing public sector organisations. A paradigm based on principles of integrated collaboration, co-created shared value, cultivated innovation ecosystems, unleashed exponential technologies and extraordinarily rapid adoption is the so-called Open Innovation 2.0. The development of this approach reflects the perception that the innovation process has evolved. This study aims to explore new ways to study healthcare networks as key tool for innovation creation and spreading, by deploying the emergent paradigm of Open Innovation 2.0.Design/methodology/approachThe study investigates the impact of clusters, or localised networks, involving industrial, academic and institutional players, in the (bio)pharmaceutical setting; the aim is to enrich the line of inquiry into cluster-based innovation by applying a social network analysis (SNA) methodology, with the aim to provide new perspectives for recognising how the set of interactions and relationships in the (bio)pharmaceutical context can lead to higher levels of knowledge transfer, organisational learning and innovation spreading.FindingsStarting from the top ten (bio)pharmaceutical companies, and the top ten contract research organisations (CROs), the study helps understand that: the combination of the single big pharma company and the CROs to which great part of the work is externalised, can be compared to a community of transaction that deals with the supply and demand of a specific kind of goods and services; clusters can comprise either a single one or more communities of transaction; virtual CROs act as a community whose all components participate to the creation of value (co-creation), thus comparable to a certain extent to a community of fantasy.Originality/valueBased on the novelty of the OI2/SNA combination approach to deal with the “complex” (bio)pharmaceutical industry, the outcomes of the present study mean to highlight: a comprehensive perspective for understanding the dynamics of modularity and their implications for innovation networks; the presence of innovation networks as main mean to promote and support paths of knowledge creation and transfer.

Do knowledge-intensive business services innovate differently?

ABSTRACTThis paper contributes to the debate on the differences across service and manufacturing firms focusing on two comparable sectors: knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS), and specialized suppliers within manufacturing (SSM). Using a large panel dataset of Spanish firms, we compare the two industries in terms of the impact on their innovation performance of three factors: investment in R&D, cooperation with customers, and cooperation with other firms. These are the factors that – following the paradigm of open innovation – work together in the process of firm innovation. Our findings show that the impact of R&D is comparable in the two sectors, whereas cooperation with customers is more important for SSM than for KIBS because the latter are rather more reliant on a larger network of partners (especially knowledge providers). For both sectors, the role of cooperation vanishes when performance is measured in terms of the proportion of sales generated by innovation rather than propensity for innovation.

Open innovation in small and medium enterprises: a bibliometric analysis

PurposeThe open innovation (OI) paradigm suggests that firms should use inflows and outflows of knowledge in order to accelerate innovation and leverage markets. Literature examining how firms are adopting OI practices is rich; notwithstanding, little research has addressed this topic from the perspective of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Given the relevance of SMEs in worldwide economies, the purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of research on OI in SMEs.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 112 academic articles were selected from the Web of Science database. Following a bibliometric analysis, the most relevant authors, journals, institutions and countries are presented. Additionally, the main areas these articles cover are summarized.FindingsResults are consistent in that the most prolific authors are affiliated with the universities leading the ranking of institutions. However, it is remarkable that top authors in this field do not possess a large number of publications on OI in SMEs, but combine this research topic with other related ones. At the country level, European countries are on the top together with South Korea.Research limitations/implicationsDespite following a rigorous method, other relevant documents not included in the selected databases might have been ignored.Practical implicationsThis paper outlines the main topics of interest within this area: impact of OI on firm performance and on organizations’ structure, OI as a mechanism to hasten new product development, the analysis of the inbound/outbound dimensions of OI, and legal issues related to intellectual property right management when OI is implemented.Originality/valueThe study uses a combination of bibliometric indicators with a literature review.

Managing open innovation

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between empowering leadership style and two types of open innovation: inbound and outbound. The intervening mechanism of employee involvement climate in these relationships is also investigated.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses data collected using a questionnaire survey from middle and top managers working in various firms in northern India.FindingsResults reveal that empowering leadership positively affects both types of open innovation. Thus empowering leadership supports followers to seek, integrate and diffuse new ideas and knowledge to improve open innovation outcomes. Further, the mediating role of employee involvement climate is established for empowering leadership-inbound open innovation link. This suggests that an empowering leadership style creates an employee involvement climate that empowers employees and involves them in relevant decision-making which consequently enhances a firms inbound open innovation performance.Research limitations/implicationsThis study used a cross-sectional research design and a relatively small sample size. These limitations can affect generalizability of the findings.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to leadership and open innovation literatures and provides insights into how the practitioners can use an appropriate leadership style to maximize success in the open innovation paradigm. The study is one of the first to empirically shed light on this strand of open innovation research.

Solving the heterogeneity puzzle: a comparative look at SMEs growth determinants in open and closed innovation patterns

This study enhances the current understanding of the extent to which the open innovation paradigm is embedded in SMEs by identifying and comparing three different and unrelated configurations of innovation practices (closed, partner-oriented and user-oriented innovation). It also contributes to the ongoing empirical debate on open innovation in SMEs by exploring the influence that new knowledge generation capacity, absorptive capacity and appropriation capacity exert as growth determinants in the different patterns. The results have both theoretical and practical relevance, giving consistency to the hypothesis that SMEs pursuing different innovation patterns have different paths to growth.

Effects of internal and external factors on business performance of start-ups in South Korea: The engine of new market dynamics

This study explored the effects of the innovation system of start-ups and community support and resources on business performance of start-up companies using a survey of 213 start-ups across the different industry sectors in South Korea. In this article, we adopt the partial least square of structural equation model for analyzing the structural relationships of venture creation activities. First, the findings show that both the local community support and external partnership have significant impacts on the social norms and performance-based culture, but the path coefficient of local community support is somewhat greater than external partnership. Second, the test results also indicate that discovery and exploitation, which can be recognized as the major factors of innovation system in the start-up companies, are highly associated with their dynamic capabilities. Moreover, the dynamic capabilities can be also affected by the social norms and performance-based culture due to the paradigm of open innovation. Third, with regard to the total effect, the combination of discovery and local community support plays a central role for improving business performance of start-ups amid a rapidly changing market and economic environment.

Managing the Innovation Space. How Firms Can Shape Collaboration Practices in the Context of Innovation Communities

The goal of this paper is to analyze the innovation space where firms and free collaborators meet. We considered it from the point of view of the intermediation function theorized in the open innovation paradigm and focused on the decisions firms can take in order to shape the in- and out-knowledge-flow for their own goals. Building on the case study of a player in the automotive industry, we examined how the structure and governance of interactions as well as the activity of community managers can influence the final output of collaborative innovation practices. Using network-, statistical and content analysis we argued that different strategies address different motivations and thus generate specific forms of engagement which could be relevant in specific phases of the innovation process.

Preface to the Volume 2 Issue 4 of Indian-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance

Preface to the Volume 2 Issue 4 of Indian-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance

Innovation Co-operation Impact on Operations of Small, Medium and Large (SML) Firms

Nowadays innovation co-operations have contributed to the success and improvement of firm businesses globally. This study sought to examine how innovation co-operation influences the activities of small, medium and large (SML) firms to become innovative and perform effectively. Using a dataset of a survey study based on Malaysian Innovation Survey (NIS) and European community innovation survey (CIS) reports, a total of 1178 firms cutting across small, medium and large (SML) companies for manufacturing and service firms were examined using an open innovation paradigm in practice to understand the extent of co-operation and collaboration in performing innovation activities. The study data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logic regression model estimation for ease of comprehension. The findings showed that almost all the companies survey were involved in performing one innovation or the other. Furthermore, it reveals that different partnership was sought for co-operation and collaboration in performing their innovations.

YPF-Tecnología (Y-TEC) y su rol en la política científico-tecnológica nacional

Se analiza la política científico-tecnológica de la Empresa Nacional Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF) a partir de su renacionalización parcial en 2012, tomando el caso de su brazo tecnológico, YPF-Tecnología (Y-TEC). Se indaga en su formato, concepción y actividades durante el último gobierno de Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (CFK) (2013-2015), bajo un paradigma mixto de gestión público-privada y profesionalizada. Atendiendo a las limitaciones de ese diseño, consistente con la estrategia de desarrollo de ese gobierno, se analiza luego el nuevo rol a cumplir por Y-TEC bajo el gobierno de Mauricio Macri (2016-2017). El paradigma de Innovación Abierta de Y-TEC en este último período, que se corresponde con el capitalismo contemporáneo, globalizado y “flexible”, da cuenta, finalmente, de cómo este nuevo gobierno nacional se aprovechó del formato de Y-TEC, manteniendo la gestión, pero redefiniendo los proyectos originales, para capitalizar esa estructura bajo otros objetivos y un nuevo modelo, afín al gran capital.

Benefits and costs of open innovation: the BeCO framework

ABSTRACTA vast amount of studies have shown how firms embracing the open innovation paradigm tend to improve their industrial and economic performance. Somewhat surprisingly, in such established background, few studies attempted to understand whether the open innovation benefits compensate its costs. To fill this gap, this article presents a novel theoretical framework composed of twelve propositions describing the main benefits and costs of inbound and outbound open innovation modes. Such theoretical framework was tested on a sample of 96 small and medium manufacturing enterprises. While most of the identified cost and benefit classes are acknowledged by the majority of the interviewed firms, most interviewees affirmed that their firms did not suffer from costs associated with the not-invented-here syndrome and with the potential loss of competitive advantage. The results of the study have implications for both firms and scholars, which are expected to lead to future researches.