Open Housing Research Articles

Qualifying a Quantifying Analysis on Racial Equality

I examine two survey questions about support for government involvement in two important areas of race: housing and employment. The questions have appeared in major longitudinal surveys in the United States since the 1960s and 1970s, and have undergone considerable quantitative analysis. In a qualitative analysis of the meaning of these survey questions for respondents in a purposive sample (n = 14) of individuals who initially participated in a probability sample mail survey of Detroit-area whites, two key findings emerge. First, it appears that a question on open housing laws may best be interpreted as tapping a stronger commitment to the principle than to the implementation of equal treatment. Second, respondents are confused about the meaning of fair treatment in jobs. Although each survey question reputedly taps support for the implementation of equal treatment, they show quite different results over time, as well as with other basic correlates. This analysis sheds light on these puzzling quantitative findings and illustrates how qualitative techniques can aid in understanding the meaning of the survey questions used to tap social attitudes.

Impact of free-stall housing on somatic cell counts in bulk tank milk

Dairy housing is generally regarded as a major risk factor for environmental mastitis. Weekly somatic cell counts (SCC) spanning more than a 3 year period were analysed from herds located in the central San Joaquin Valley of California to determine the impact of free-stall housing on somatic cell counts in bulk-tank milk compared with conventional dry-lot housing. Herds with evidence of contagious mastitis pathogens were excluded from analysis. Weather data for daily rainfall and temperatures were also collected. All herd groups had mean SCC less than 300,000 cells/ml. During winter months when most rainfall occurred, herds with open dry-lot housing had a significant increase in SCC that averaged 34?000 cells/ml more than herds with free-stall housing. Although some differences were observed in the summer, SCC were not significantly different between herds with respect to housing type. Economic impacts upon milk production related to SCC changes were estimated to provide a seasonal benefit of $10.25 per cow per winter. The present value of this benefit alone over a 20-year planning horizon would potentially account for 36% of the additional investment cost for free-stall housing.

Market Segmentation and Consumer Characteristics of Commodity Housing in Guangzhou: An Analysis of Household Survey Data

The housing reform in China aims at commodification and privatization of urban housing. Using data from a household survey conducted in Guangzhou, the present paper examines the relationship between a household's socio-economic characteristics and the source of housing provision, and the factors governing the tenure form. The results show that households with different sets of characteristics are associated with particular housing types, defined with reference to the source of provision, and that owners and renters differ systematically in socio-economic characteristics. Open market housing residents earn the highest income, work mainly as managers in enterprises of various ownership types or as proprietors of petty trades, and are the youngest among residents of all types of housing. Those in work unit housing are the best educated, and work mainly as managers in state-owned enterprises. Those in housing bureau housing and resettlement housing are relatively old, less well educated, earn lower incomes and work mainly as technical and manual workers. With regard to the tenure mode, owners are likely to be those who are better educated, earn higher incomes, relatively young, work mainly as managers or are proprietors of petty trades, and have longer years of service in their present employment than renters. The results also show a rather high degree of privatization in the housing sector in Guangzhou and the rapid development of its open market housing sector. However, the ownership rate is low in the work unit housing sector, which suggests the need for further reform, if promotion of homeownership is an end.

HUD and the Open Housing Controversy of 1970 in Warren, Michigan

HUD and the Open Housing Controversy of 1970 in Warren, Michigan

The Suburban Racial Dilemma: Housing and Neighborhoods, by W. Dennis Keating

List of Tables and Maps Acknowledgments Part I: Racial Divisiveness and Policy Alternatives 1. Race, Housing, and Neighborhoods in the Metropolitan United States 2. The Open Housing Movement: Metropolitan Dispersion Strategies Part II: Housing, Race, and Neighborhoods in Metropolitan Cleveland 3. Cleveland: A Racially Polarized City 4. Suburban Cleveland: Case Studies of Suburbs and Fair Housing Organizations 5. East Cleveland: Black Suburbanization, White Flight, and Rapid Resegregation 6. Shaker Heights: Integration Maintenance in a Once Exclusionary, Planned Suburb 7. Cleveland Heights: The Struggle for Long-term Stable Racial Diversity 8. Parma: Court-Ordered Racial Integration 9. Euclid: A Suburban City in the Path of White Flight 10. Six Cleveland Fair Housing Organizations Part III: Fair Housing : Policies, Programs, Legality, and Prospects 11. Open Housing Policies and Programs 12. The Legal Status of Race-Conscious, Pro-Integrative Housing Policies and Programs 13. Toward Greater Racial Diversity in the Suburbs Reference Index

Neighborhood Diversity: Social Change, Ambiguity, and Fair Housing Since 1968

: More than a generation after the Civil Rights Act of 1968, fair housing remains an ambiguous and unattained goal in the United States. Entrenched opposition, weakness in the original legislation, racial preferences, and division among proponents help to explain this situation. The author examines the latter two factors and identifies the role of historical change in the persisting weakness of fair housing. Through an analysis of the prointegration movement, he argues that demographic and social change since 1968 have eroded support among both whites and blacks for integration and open housing and exacerbated divisions among proponents of fair housing.

Basic Theory for Open Housing Supplied by Land Leasehold

Basic Theory for Open Housing Supplied by Land Leasehold

Genotype by Environment Interactions in Laying Hens Based on Relationship Between Breeding Values of Sires in Temperate and Tropical Environments

This study was conducted to evaluate the significance of genotype by environment (G × E) interactions for tropical poultry breeding. Three environmental conditions were considered: controlled normal-temperature (20±2 C, CN) and controlled high-temperature (32 C, CH) housing in Germany as well as natural open tropical housing in Malaysia (22 to 34 C, TO). Eighty-four sires were considered as genotypes. Their 5,352 progeny were tested simultaneously over three environments. For each sire, its part breeding value (BV) was estimated within each environment for each performance trait. Correlations between these BV for a pair of environments were used to estimate the magnitude of G × E interactions and the degree of relationship between them to demonstrate their implications on breeding strategies.Differences between observed and expected genetic correlations of BV for body weight, egg weight, egg number, egg mass, feed intake, and production efficiency as a fraction of the expected correlation were 5.1, 4.0, 36.7, 36.5, 17.7, and 31.6%, respectively, suggesting greater significance of G × E interactions for reproduction and production efficiency. The relationships between BV over the three environments were linear for most of the traits studied, but the coefficients of determination were dependent upon the magnitude of interactions involved. Relative efficiencies of indirect selection in CN or CH for performance in TO were also very low.

Stereotypes and Segregation: Neighborhoods in the Detroit Area

Two opposing hypotheses seek to explain why black-white residential segreration persists despite open housing laws. One perspective argues that discriminatory practices in the marketing of real estate are responsible. Another view contends that it is the preferences of both blacks and whites for their own neighborhoods that maintain segregation. Using data from the Detroit Area Study of 1976 and 1992, the authors test the hypothesis that stereotypes among whites play an important role in explaining their resistance to integrated neighborhoods. They conclude that stereotype use links white preferences to discriminatory real estate practices in a way that helps to explain the persistence of segregation in the Detroit area.

Age and white racial attitudes: National surveys, 1972–1989

The responses of white adults to three questions concerning race relations from national surveys (1972–1989) were examined. The questions, which served as the major dependent variables, refer to interracial marriage, open housing, and the election of a black for president of the United States. The responses to these questions were analyzed in terms of four age groups. The issues addressed by this research include: Are there statistically significant differences in the responses among the four age groups regarding the racial questions? Do these differences remain significant or do they change over time? How are the differences among age groups explained? The results indicated significant differences in the percentage responses among the four age groups in the cross‐sectional analysis for each year from 1972–1989. These differences remained rather stable over a 15‐ and 16‐year span, although there was a slight shift in attitudes overall. It is proposed that racial attitudes were developed in the formative years, especially in late adolescence and young adulthood and remained rather constant through time. This explanation corresponds to Mannheim's (1952) idea that we are creatures of the culture and become affected by the “spirit of the time.”

Explaining Trends in Racial Segregation, 1970-1980

The authors argue that white racial attitudes have shifted from a universal rejection of blacks as potential neighbors to an acceptance of open housing in principle—but not in practice. As a result, 1970-1980 declines in racial segregation were confined to metropolitan areas where the number of blacks was so small that desegregation could be accommodated without threatening white preferences for limited interracial contact. Although new housing construction created an impetus for integration in some areas by increasing the proportion of homes built under the Fair Housing Act, most urban blacks lived in older urban areas where new housing was quite limited.

The Impact of Home Ownership On Whites' Racial Attitudes

This article offers an update and extension of Kingston, Thompson, and Eichar's "The Politics of Home Ownership," using more recent data. The result reported by Kingston et al., that home ownership is not strongly related to general conservatism, voting for Republican presidential candidates, or Republican identification, is replicated in this study. However, this study shows that home ownership is significantly related to attitudes toward open housing, and to racial attitudes generally. Thus home ownership may be a more important source of political attitudes than previously thought.

Perception of crowding, racial antagonism, and aggression in a custodial prison

This research investigated the interrelationship of perception of crowding, racial antagonism, and aggression in a custodially oriented prison. Due to the black-white ratio in each dorm (2:1) and the forced, largely inescapable interaction in the open dorm housing arrangement, it appeared that race had an important effect upon the interpersonal dynamics of the prison. Perception of crowding was directly associated with the racial antagonism variables of stereotyping and social distance, especially for white inmates. Additionally, racial stereotyping and social distance were related to aggression, particularly interracial violence. Yet, at the zero-order level, aggression was virtually unrelated to perception of crowding. Thus, racial antagonism appeared to have had a far greater impact upon inmate attitudes and behavior than the effects of social density or the perception of being crowded. The finding that the most significant relationships among the variables in this study existed for the white inmate group is consistent with the hypothesis expressed herein—namely, that whites' excessive sensitivity to race may be due to the fact that they were accustomed to belonging to the majority racial group in society but in prison they constituted the minority racial group.

Field studies on the surveillance of Coquillettidia crassipes (Van der Wulp) and the isolation of a strain of Cardiofilaria in peninsular Malaysia.

Surveillance methods for Coquillettidia crassipes were studied in an open housing estate near Kuala Lumpur using three types of traps Trinidad 10 trap, modified Lard can trap and IMR trap, each baited with chicken or pigeon. All traps attracted Cq. crassipes. There was no significant difference in the catches in the three traps. There was also no significant difference between chicken and pigeon as bait. Catches at heights of 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 m did not show any significant difference in density. Cq. crassipes was active at night with an early peak during the first hour of the night and a minor peak between 0100 and 0200 hours. The activity of the parous and nulliparous sections of the population was similar, except that a higher proportion of the parous females was active during the second peak compared with the nulliparous females. The parous rate was 22.3%, and the probability of survival through one day for two gonotrophic cycles was 0.711 and 0.650. The infection rate for Cardiofilaria was 29 out of 1052 (2.76%) and the infective rate (L3 larvae) was 13 out of 1052 (1.24%). 48.3% of the infected Cq. crassipes had a worm burden of more than ten larvae. One of the chickens in the traps was positive for microfilariae of Cardiofilaria four weeks after exposure as bait. Laboratory bred Cq. crassipes fed on this chicken produced infective larvae in ten days, and these were inoculated into clean chickens and pigeons. Microfilariae appeared in the chickens but not in pigeons. The adult worms recovered await identification.

Phosphorous Requirements of Laying Hens in a Semiarid Continental Climate

Single Comb White Leghorn layers raised in floor pens in conventional open housing were used to determine their phosphorous requirement in a semiarid continental climate. Dietary available phosphorous (AP) of .15, .25, .35, and .45% were fed continuously from 26 to 74 weeks of age. Concurrently, diets containing .45, .35, and .25% AP or .35, .25, and .15% AP were “phase fed” during the age intervals of 26 to 42, 42 to 54, and 54 to 74 weeks, respectively. Diets used were corn-soybean diets in which the phosphorous was varied by changing the level of dicalcium phosphate in the ration. Under the conditions of this experiment, hens required a minimum of .25% AP for best egg production, feed consumption, and body weight gain. The AP levels above .35% depressed shell thickness. In a phase-feeding program, when the last phase corresponds with the summer season, AP should not go below .25% for best performance.

Effect of Early Rearing Experience on Subsequent Behavior and Production of Holstein Heifers

Sixty-seven heifer calves were assigned at birth to one of four rearing treatments: 1) groups of six, 2) individual hutch, 3) isolation, and 4) isolation with handling (10min daily interaction with calf feeder). Calves were on the same diet and except for group calves were in 1.2×2.4-m hutches. Group calves were in open shed housing with 3m2/calf. Calves were weaned at approximately 10 wk and then assimilated into regular herd routine. An open field test of 3min for each calf was conducted on 3 consecutive days at weaning. Samples for blood plasma glucocorticoids were taken before and after open field testing. Forty-eight heifers milked twice daily completed 305-day lactations. There were no differences in weaning weight or average daily gain to weaning. Group calves urinated and defecated more during open field tests, but number of vocalizations was not different. There was a signifiant rise of glucocorticoids for all calves, but treatment effects were nil. Cows reared in isolation (treatments 3 and 4) produced significantly more milk (922kg 3.5% fat-corrected milk), had a 1205kg advantage in relative milk, but were not different from group or individually reared cows in relative milk fat. A hypothesis to explain these results is proposed.

Open housing laws as stimulus to central city employment

Open housing laws as stimulus to central city employment

The Effect of Light Intensity on the Growth Performance of Male Turkeys

The growth performance of tom turkeys maintained in closed and open confinement housing was examined. Treatments were initiated on the day of hatching and consisted of constant light intensity of 1, 11, 110, or 220 lx in an enclosed house or sunlight supplemented with 11 or 220 lx at night in an open-sided house; all treatments received a total of 23 hr of light each day (23L: 1D). Body weight, feed conversion, mortality, leg abnormalities, and final testes weight were recorded.Growth performance at market age was not significantly different among treatments except for a heavier 18-week body weight in the open-confinement group given sunlight only (DL) and, in the closed confinement, a better feed conversion in the 11 lx treatment (C11) than the 1 lx treatment (C1) at 22 weeks of age. There was no apparent relationship between light intensity level and leg abnormalities but 22-week testes weight increased as light intensity increased.It was concluded that within closed confinement a constant light intensity of 1 lx resulted in an inferior growth performance, whereas 11 lx was sufficient to allow a growth performance similar to that obtained with 110 or 220 lx. In open confinement, supplemental artificial light at night of 11 or 220 lx did not result in an improved growth performance from birds on natural daylengths.

Prejudice and Jury Selection

A survey of the literature indicates, generally, that racial prejudice has been diminishing in the United States during the last twenty or thirty years. Thus, while stereotypes of the 1930s and 1940s supported white superiority (Sheatsley, 1966), by the 1950s and 1960s the white population verbalized more positive attitudes toward blacks (Schlenker, 1976: 319, 326; Meer and Freedman, 1966: 11-19). The civil rights movement of the 1960s may have ameliorated racial prejudice in several areas. For example, a survey of 15 cities showed that white acceptance of open housing increased from 53% in 1964 to 65% in 1968 to 67% in 1970 (Campbell, 1971: 133). By the 1970s at least some segments of the white population attributed few, if any, negative traits to minorities (Maykovich, 1971: 377; Burdsal, 1975: 255-259)-. Despite this generally more tolerant attitude toward minorities, there is still a great deal of variation in the white population's racial predispositions, and many white individuals

Serum prolactin levels of non-cycling [formula omitted] buffaloes ( [formula omitted

Prolactin levels were quantified by double antibody radio-immunoassay in the blood sampled daily for 24 days, from 9 non-cyclic Murrah buffaloes during hot months (ambient temp.41 to 43°C). All buffaloes were kept in open loose housing. Three buffaloes were sprinkled with water for half an hour twice daily between 1200 and 1430 h to overcome partly the effect of heat during the period of investigation. Mean prolactin levels of 6 unsprinkled buffaloes ranged on different days from 249 to 739 ng/ml serum. The range of averages in case of 3 sprinkled animals was from 152 to 342 ng/ml serum. Buffaloes subjected to sprinkling had significantly (P / 0.01) lower prolactin levels than control buffalo.