Open Green Areas Research Articles

Kyiv metro and urban imageability: a student youth vision

This paper aims to reveal and explain the role of metro stations in a post-socialist metropolis as nodes that determine the perception of the city. By means of Lynch-type mental maps, we sought to find whether metro stations really function as perceptual nodes concentrating urban functions and traffic, and how recent changes of urban built environment and functions induced by neoliberal policy are reflected in the public perception. The results are discussed in relation to transit-oriented development that considers public transport stations and spaces around them as community hubs. The study has confirmed the expectation that the metro system constitutes an important part of the urban image and often functions as a skeleton that is used to arrange and frame the mental map of the city. Most of the metro stations function as perceptual nodes concentrating a particular urban function (monofunctional nodes) or combination of different functions (multifunctional nodes). The current perception of nodal areas around the metro stations reflects the recent transformation of urban built environment and functions, including intense and sometimes aggressive commercialization, as well as deindustrialization, although the role of open green public spaces and waterfronts continues to be important. To promote economic development and produce a more comfortable living environment, the metro-related nodal areas need to balance different functions, resisting abusive commercialization and promoting, keeping, and creating open public spaces, green areas and heritage protections.

Spatial Analysis to Justify Urban Decisions in the Planning and Distribution of Green Spaces within the Urban Range of Cities (Case Study of the City of Samawah - Republic of Iraq)

Green spaces represent an important type of urban land use within the urban fabric of the city, and it is of clear importance, like all other patterns. It is an important goal to bring the urban population closer to nature and to provide a suitable external environment for them by creating balance and harmony with nature. Green spaces represent a healthy outlet for humans, increasing their physical and psychological capabilities and are a haven for them to relax and spend their free time. The green areas in the city of Samawah and other cities in Iraq suffer from a clear shortage, as they do not meet the needs of the population in them, in addition to the fact that these areas are fragmented within the city and are not interconnected and do not work as a unified system. Therefore, it is neglected, which leads to the deterioration of the city’s environment and increased air pollution. With population growth and urbanization in the city, there is a negative impact on the natural ecosystem. Therefore, the researchers analyzed the spatial distribution of green areas in the city of Samawah, where the analysis dealt with the percentages of green areas implemented over the years from 2010 - 2020 to determine the amount of dispersal of the assembly using a set of tools for spatial analysis in spatial information systems (GIS). The research field ends with a proposal to identify new green areas in the city. The new green areas will be linked with the existing green areas in the city of Samawa, which will lead to an increase in the open green areas, increase their accessibility and increase social cohesion. In addition, this interconnection will contribute to improving the city’s environment by reducing air pollution and lowering high temperatures during the long summer season. This approach can also achieve other economic benefits when planning an interconnected network of green areas in the city of Samawa.

The Effect of Outdoor Sports and Green Outdoors on Lung Inflammation

This study aimed to analyze the effect of exercise in open spaces with exposure to pollution and activity in green open areas on lung inflammation. The true experimental method and The Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group Design were used in this study. Twenty-four adult male Wistar white rats weighing 200-250 grams aged 8-9 weeks were randomly divided using simple random sampling technique into four groups, NE (Non-Exercise) as control, NE+Pol (Non Exercise + Pollution Particulate Matter 2.5 >75 ppm, and Carbon Monoxide Meter <100 ppm), Ex (Exercise 5 times/week for four weeks), Ex+Pol (Exercise + pollution). The inflammatory marker Interleukin 6 (IL-6) was analyzed using Western Blotting. To determine the significant differences between groups, one-way ANOVA analysis and Post Hoc test were used. Based on the study results, it can be concluded that there is an effect of exercise in an open space with exposure to pollution on lung inflammation. And other results show that there is no effect of exercise in green open spaces on lung inflammation.

Examination of the Use of Sculpture in the Open-Green Areas of Selçuk University Alaeddin Keykubat Campus

The sculpture, which is the expression of beliefs and fears in prehistoric times, has taken on different roles as an urban reinforcement element in all cultures with numerous themes. In the Middle Ages, it became an organic part of the architectural structure, teaching the truth about religious beliefs. With the Renaissance movement, it became independent by breaking away from the architectural structure and moved to the urban space. In the twenty-first century, its dimensions have grown to be equivalent to architecture, it has created its own space and established new aesthetic and functional relations with the audience. In this study, the relationship of some sculptures on the Alaeddin Keykubat campus of Selcuk University with the landscape elements was examined in terms of design elements and basic design principles. In the light of the data obtained, suggestions have been developed in order to increase the life and aesthetic quality of the campus.

The infiltration capacity and rate at the grass, building yard and green open space areas of Universitas Gadjah Mada campus

Land use and soil greatly determine the rate of infiltration. There are three land uses according to vegetation cover and buildings at the Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) campus, namely grassland, building yard and green open space area. The purpose of this study is to determine the capacity and rate of infiltration at the UGM campus area and to design the proposed land use that increases infiltration. This research uses a double-ring infiltrometer, soil samples consist of disturbed and undisturbed. Analysis of infiltration capacity using Horton’s formula, then we analysed the physical and chemical properties of the soil at the laboratory. Based on the results of the study, it concludes that the infiltration capacity of grassland is 12.52 mm/hour, the building yard is 10.89 mm/hour, and the green open space area is 14.02 mm/hour. The infiltration rate of the three land uses is slightly slow. The soil texture is mostly silty clay, crumb soil structure and organic matter content ranges from 1-2.1%. The recommended land use plan for the area of UGM is planting more trees.

Estimation of the Setting and Infrastructure Criterion of the UI GreenMetric Ranking Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This study presents a methodology to estimate the seven indicators of the Setting and Infrastructure criterion of the UI GreenMetric World University Ranking based on three-dimensional data from a point cloud taken from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). This study also estimated the potential aerial biomass, C and CO2, stored in the green spaces of a university campus using photogrammetric data analyzed in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The method was based on isolating classified point clouds using digital surface models (DSMs) and ground control points (GCPs) considering the canopy height model (CHM), the allometric equation (DBH, p, h), the biomass conversion factor, and carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-e). The results confirmed that the national models for estimating the potential C reserves in natural forests are very close to reality and that the open space and green areas available to people on campus are adequate. The use of photogrammetric data facilitated the estimation of UI GreenMetric indicators from a highly detailed, low-cost three-dimensional model. The results of a case study revealed that the campus assimilates the CO2 emissions it produces and generates a surplus.

Estimation of Tree Carbon Stocks in the Green Open Space of the Faculty of Forestry, Tanjungpura University

The presence of green open space containing vegetation in urban areas plays a vital role in absorbing and storing carbon in biomass. Tanjungpura University (Untan) Pontianak has a green open area in the New Building of the Faculty of Forestry. This study aimed to describe carbon reserves stored in biomass above ground level (vegetation) in green open areas around the New Building of Faculty of Forestry Untan Pontianak. Data were collected using an inventory survey by non-destructive sampling, which includes recording with fully enumerated data collection on the type and diameter of trees with a continuous line plot system. The data were then analyzed using allometric equations to obtain biomass values. The results found as many as 56 species of trees with a total of 558 individuals dominated by Litsea garciae and Hevea brasiliensis. The results showed the amount of carbon stored at the tree level of 59.06 tons/ha (76.18%), pole level of 13.94 tons/ha (17.99%), and sapling level of 4.52 tons/ha (5.83%), with an average carbon stock of 77.52 tons/ha. Thus, the green open area could store 148.53 tons of carbon in tree biomass. Although it is a small area, this peatland ecosystem could accumulate peat in organic soil and its vegetation and should be managed as peatland forests. Therefore, proper management is essential, and hydrology management is needed mainly due to its nature. Keywords: allometric equation, biomass, carbon stocks, green open space

Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King.) as urban tree: tree growth and wood quality variation in a progeny test

Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) is a tree species widely planted not only for timber production but also as a shade tree in urban areas both on the side of the highway (green belt) and other green open areas. The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic variation of growth and wood quality of a mahogany progeny test at the Parung Panjang, Bogor, which will be converted into a seedling seed orchard for high quality seed production. The progeny test was established using a randomized complete block design involving 96 families originating from seven populations (land races) in Java Island, i.e., Cianjur, Sumedang, Tasikmalaya, Magelang, Gundih, Madiun, and Jember. The results showed that the family had a significant effect on all the growth and wood quality parameters. Individual and family heritability for all growth and wood quality traits were categorized into the high, i.e., 0.33 - 0.96 and 0.35 - 0.56, respectively. The selection simulation showed that the selection percentage of 44.68% (45 best families) gave the optimum genetic gain based on growth and wood quality traits.

Dynamics of Open Green Areas in Polish and Romanian Cities during 2006–2018: Insights for Spatial Planners

Studying green urban infrastructure is important because of its ecosystem services, contributing to the welfare and comfort of citizens, mitigation of climate changes, and sustainability goals. Urban planning can increase or diminish the performance of ecosystem services. Despite numerous studies on the green infrastructure–services–planning nexus, there are very few concrete planning recommendations. This study aims to provide such recommendations for a broader audience by analyzing the dynamic of open green areas in Polish and Romanian cities, connected with its drivers. A novel approach including mathematical modeling and geostatistical analyses was applied to Urban Atlas and statistical yearbooks data. The results indicated that open green areas were lost and fragmented in all Romanian and Polish cities during 2006–2018. The drivers included urban built-up areas, population and density, the number of building permits, number of new dwellings completed, number of employees, and total length of roads. The study also revealed a tremendous lack of consistent datasets across the countries using the same statistical indicators. Based on the findings, planners should aim to preserve and develop urban greenery and maintain its continuity. City managers should use more research and decision-making policy developers to develop targeted policies and scientists should develop planning manuals.

ERZURUM KENTSEL AÇIK YEŞİL ALANLARINDA MEYVE AĞAÇLARININ KULLANIMI

As in many countries, as a result of the rapid population growth in Turkey, distorted urbanization occurs in cities. Due to this process, the people of the city are becoming deprived of nature day by day. For the urban people who want to find opportunities to meet the need for recreation but cannot find it in urban living spaces, residential gardens, children playgrounds, parks, botanical gardens and such places located in outdoor green area systems, these places undertake a significant role. The vegetation used in these areas seen as an essential element for providing a natural environment. In this study, plant materials used in plant design applications which constitute the urban open-green area system determined in Erzurum city, the plant material used in the main streets, public institution gardens, park and recreation areas, villa gardens, detached residential gardens and site-public housing gardens, were analyzed. Within the survey study conducted and other outdoor plants to the city investigated. With this study, the usage of fruit trees in Erzurum city determined and its contribution to the city and its aesthetics discussed. As a result of the analyzes carried out in this scope, 14932 plants counted in 6 different area usage types. 1716 out of 4292 plants used in the main streets, 910 out of 3426 plants in public institution gardens, 615 out of 3289 plants in park and recreation areas, 476 out of 949 plants in villa gardens, 311 out of 445 plants in detached residential gardens, 1114 out of 2531 plants in site- public housing gardens were determined to be fruit trees. In all land use types, it investigated that fruit tree usage rate among broadleaf trees is 48.85%, 43.88% in main streets,50.50% in public gardens, 30.40% in park and recreation areas, 76.77% in villa gardens 4.64% in detached residential gardens and 61.68% in site-public housing gardens. Research results show that fruity trees are preferred in independent living spaces regardless of income.

IPB University's Policy of Biodiversity’s Innovation for Eco-Edutourism

IPB University has declared as a Biodiversity Campus since 2011. This declaration was carried out considering the high biodiversity at the IPB University Campus. One of the causes of the high campus biodiversity is the uniqueness of the campus landscape and the maintained proportion between the built and open-green areas. The existence of lakes, forests, arboretums, plantations, and three rivers that cross the campus area has contributed to the high diversity of habitats and consequently to the biodiversity. At least 22 species of mammals, 99 species of birds, 12 species of amphibians, 38 species of reptiles, 128 species of butterflies, 173 species of woody-plants, 40 species of bamboos and 127 species of medicinal plats have been recorded inhabiting the 257 ha of the campus area. The biodiversity has significant role as objects for research of the students, lecturers, researchers as well as for tourism such as for bird watching, picture hunting, outbond and other recreational activities. Therefore the campus functions for education and for tourism, thus ecoedutourism for academic community as well as community around the campus. To maintain the biodiversity, IPB University issued several policy innovations. The first policy innovation is monitoring of population and distribution of biodiversity on a regular basis. Second, habitat management for biodiversity. Third, on-site and offsite socialization to campus and offcampus communities. Fourth, conserving the habitats of the flora and fauna. Fifth, rare tree planting. Sixth, the movement to plant fruit trees by each faculty. Seventh, conservation of biopharmaceutical medicinal plants. Eighth, building a garden for food sovereignty. Ninth, conducting research on campus biodiversity. All of these policies involve the academic community, experts, alumni and the community around the campus.

Tingkat Kerawanan dan Arahan Pengendalian Pengurangan Risiko Bencana Banjir di Kecamatan Mandonga, Kota Kendari

The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of vulnerability and direction of flood control in Mandonga District, Kendari City. The study used a quantitative descriptive design and a survey. The population and sample of the research in Mandonga District, the informants were determined by purposive sampling. Data were analyzed spatially (GIS namely ArcView 3.2) and descriptive qualitative. Flood vulnerability in Mandonga District, Kendari City is in “high” vulnerability covering an area of 137.02 ha or 31.55%; “Medium” vulnerability covering an area of 79.07 ha or 18.21%; and “low” vulnerability covering an area of 218.14 ha or about 50.24%. The directions for flood control that can be taken are construction and repair/maintenance of infrastructure such as drainage; river normalization; manufacture of injection wells (Atificial Recharge) and infiltration wells; integrated sewer; application of bioretical technology; creation of green open areas (RTH); and afforestation or reforestation.

The Effect of Environmental Factors on Children from The Viewpoint of Parents

Purpose The main purpose of this case study is to investigate the effect of increasing negative risk factors on children in outdoor playgrounds. There is a close relationship between children's playgrounds and children's health and safety in the open green areas that are gradually decreasing in the urban landscape. Children are faced with increasing parental concerns (abduction, harassment, self-harm, and inability to socialize), attention deficit in children, obesity and depression diseases. For this reason, the quality and livability of the environment we live in appear as factors that affect the decisions of parents on their children. Design/Methodology/Approach In this study, environmental factors and the quality of the environment were examined and the study questioning the concerns of parents about the use of children's playgrounds was discussed in three parts. The first part of the study consists of (i) the examination of children's playgrounds by the parents, the second part consists of (ii) the socio-demographic characteristics of the parents and the third part consists of (iii) the evaluation of the park criteria. Findings The findings obtained show that that parents with young children (2-4 years) (r =-,191*; r =,214**) prefer shopping malls suitable for all weather conditions (r =,261**) if there is not a playground in the garden of the house lived, but in some cases, the shopping mall is not preferred due to the risk of disease transmission and it brings a serious financial burden to families (r =-,163*), and if the parents are given a chance to prefer, they prefer a natural playground made of natural materials (r =-,220*). However, fathers did not prefer to wait at a very close distance for a well-groomed (r =,176*) control (r =,228*) where their children can spend time with their friends (r=,247**) on weekends alone (r =,166*), but it was determined that they were worried about their children being excluded and harmed by their friends (r =,249**). Research Limitations/Implications Children are faced with increasing parental concerns (abduction, harassment, self-harm, and inability to socialize), attention deficit in children, obesity and depression diseases. Originality/Value These data show that "play" has positive effects on children's health, and provides benefit in exploring children's creativity, sharpening their thinking skills and environmental awareness. Based on the results of the article, suggestions were developed on how designers, planners and park managers can implement the results in order to eliminate parents' fears and increase their motivation to take their children to children's playgrounds.

Türkiye’de Yerel Yönetimlerin Kentsel Açık-Yeşil Alan Yönetimi Stratejilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

In Turkey, problems arising from insufficient legal provisions about landscape and not determining landscape policy strategies, are observed in the urban landscape management strategies of local governments. Although there are associated strategies with landscape in national urbanism policies, the lack of detailed actions related to landscape protection, planning and management makes complicated to reflect these strategies on local policies. Since the concept of landscape policy is not included in national and local policies, in this study, the management strategies about urban open-green areas in local governance have been evaluated in order to examine how the urban landscape is managed. For this purpose, 30 metropolitan municipalities in Turkey selected as the sample group, the 5-year strategic plans of the municipalities, which are the institutional policy documents, were used as material. The data in the strategic plans regarding the policies of the municipalities related to open-green areas, which are considered as an element of urbanism, environmental and social policies, were compiled. And the existence of strategies for a holistic, correlate green space system compatible with urban development strategies in local governments was sought. The assessment results show that corporate reports included information about the surface of green area, not the qualities and functionality of green spaces and the strategies in the plans contain actions to increase the amount of green space in cities. These actions were limited to recreation areas, planting works and maintenance services of green spaces that will be implemented in the plan period. It has been observed that local governments focus only on the recreational and aesthetic functions of open-green spaces and disregard their other functions. The absence of data on open-green space planning and systematic management in most of the strategic plans is an indication that local landscape policies are not established.

Socio Economic Impact Assessment of City Growth on Residents of Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Promising better life attracted flux of migrants from rural areas, and nearby adjoining states such as UP, Haryana, Punjab, and Delhi. This has resulted in the large-scale expansion of the city. Many agricultural and forestry areas (full of Litchi and Basmati Rice) around the Dehradun region have changed into building apartments, universities, schools and colleges, shopping complexes, hotels, restaurants, and factories without keeping in mind harmony and ecological balance with the neighboring environment. It is also observed that green banks now gradually converted into gray area with sprawling slums. The aim of this paper is to recognize changes in built-up areas and open areas of Dehradun city using the geographical information system to analyze land use changes of the period 1998, 2008 & 2017. To achieve the objectives three digital images .The satellite image downloaded from earth explorer USGS of the year 1998, 2008 & 2017 has been taken to calculate the areas of three main categories they are built-up, vegetation & non-built-up area. The areas changes in three years gap 1998-2008, 2008-2017 and 1998-2017 have been calculated. The downloaded images converted into shape files of the study area as per Dehradun municipal map 2011 using Arc GIS10.3 and last ERDAS for classification of buildup and open areas. The socio economic impact is profoundly visible in terms of various kinds of infrastructural development and varied changes in residential areas especially in ground coverage and total built up areas, even in architectural built forms, on FAR. Open spaces and green areas, and traffic transportation main roads and link roads etc. To identify the Impact of land-use and land cover change on the residents of Dehradun the field survey was done on a restructured questionnaire among the 303 samples. The samples include the head of the families since 1998 living into Dehradun along their experience with the growth. This research predicted the socio-economic impact of urban growth ahead of the actual growth, raising realm stage of the future urban growth and expected to avoid ill effects,

Development of Single Sized Aggregate Porous Concrete for Sustainable Road in Low Traffic Area

Porous concrete design with selected gradation and the developed method is proven to be able to withstand light traffic loads and pass water so that rainwater can be used optimally and keep the ground surface remains a green open area. Porous Concrete is a special concrete material produced with aggregate, cement and water with high porosity, which is between 15 to 30 %, so that water can be easily to pass. The main function of porous concrete is as a concrete pavement covering the soil surface with the aim that water can easily flow under the concrete layer, and thus the excess surface water will be reabsorbed into the ground, rather than just being wasted into the sea, the method of producing porous concrete has been patented. The mixture creates an open cell structure, allowing rainwater to penetrate the underlying land. It can be used for low-traffic areas. Porous concrete that uses one size aggregate or uniform aggregate has low compressive strength but good permeability. Porous concrete at 28 days age has a compressive strength between 3 to 28 MPa with a porosity of 14 to 31 % and a permeability ranging from 0.25 to 6.1 mm / second.

Cemeteries as Sustainable Urban Open-Green Areas and Ecological Services Offered: Historical Seyyid Burhaneddin Cemetery-Kayseri

Hızla artan kentleşme ile birlikte kentsel alanlardaki açık-yeşil alanlar giderek azalmaktadır. Kültürel tarihin önemli bir parçası olan mezarlıklar kentsel açık-yeşil alan sistemlerinin önemli bir parçasını oluşturmaktadır. Dolayısıyla mezarlıklar sahip oldukları yeşil doku ile kentsel alanlarda giderek önemi artan geniş açık-yeşil alanlardandır. Kentsel açık-yeşil alanlar, kentsel biyolojik çeşitliliği destekleme, kent iklimini iyileştirme, kent estetiğine katkı sağlama gibi birçok ekosistem hizmeti sağlamaktadır.Bu çalışmada, Kayseri kentinde yer alan ve Kayseri kültürel tarihinin önemli bir parçası olan Tarihi Seyyid Burhaneddin Mezarlığı’nın kentsel açık-yeşil alan sistemi içerisindeki önemi ve yeniden kentsel peyzaja kazandırılması irdelenmiştir. Daha sonra kente ve kentsel yaşama kazandırdığı kültürel ve düzenleyici ekosistem servisleri belirlenen parametreler çerçevesinde incelenmiş, çalışma alanının sağladığı ekosistem hizmetleri ortaya konmuştur.

Investigation of Çankiri City Railway in Scope of Greenway

Nowadays, the importance of greenway applications in planning studies has increased to meet the increasing environmental problems in cities, the loss of open spaces, and the increasing need for recreation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate within the scope of the greenway about the part of 11 km of the Çankırı railway passing through the city center by considering the planning and design dimension. The research was carried out in four stages: literature review, analysis of natural and cultural landscape characteristics, preparation of a conceptual plan, and design suggestions. The area has a straight aspect, the slope is 0–3%, and it is an alluvial structure. It was determined that there are registered historical buildings, but structural areas are intense. According to plan, a green area and a bicycle path arrangement was proposed at the side of the railway. Also, along the existing road routes, a walking or bicycle path was proposed to provide connection between open green areas in the city. In the design process, appropriate landscape design solutions were developed for the station area, and it was proposed that street area and some intersection points be pedestrianized.

Light pollution impairs urban nocturnal pollinators but less so in areas with high tree cover.

The increase in artificial light at night (ALAN) is widely considered as a major driver for the worldwide decline of nocturnal pollinators such as moths. However, the relationship between light and trees as 'islands of shade' within urban areas has not yet been fully understood. Here, we studied (1) the effects of three landscape variables, i.e. sources of ALAN (mercury vapour/LED street lamps; overall light pollution), impervious surfaces (e.g. roads, parking lots and buildings), and tree cover on species richness and abundance of two major macro-moth families (Noctuidae and Geometridae) and (2) the potential mitigating effect of trees on macro-moths attracted to ALAN. We undertook a landscape-scale study on 22 open green areas along an urban-rural gradient within Berlin, Germany, using light traps to collect moths. Macro-moths were identified to species level and GLMMs applied with the three landscape variables at different scales (100m, 500m and 1000m). We found a significant negative effect of mercury vapour street lamps on macro-moth species richness, while impervious surfaces showed significant negative effects on abundance (total and Geometridae). We further found significant positive effects of tree cover density on species richness and abundance (total and Geometridae). Effects of tree cover, however, were mostly driven by one site. LED lamps showed no predictive effects. A negative effect of ALAN (MV lamps and overall light) on macro-moths was most prominent in areas with low tree coverage, indicating a mitigating effect of trees on ALAN. We conclude that mercury vapour street lamps should be replaced by ecologically more neutral ALAN, and that in lit and open areas trees could be planted to mitigate the negative effect of ALAN on nocturnal pollinators. In addition, sources of ALAN should be carefully managed, using movement detection technology and other means to ensure that light is only produced when necessary.

Investigation of Biomass Efficiency Assessment Methods of Open Green Areas for Sustainable Cities

One of the most important environmental problems in today's world is climate change caused by greenhouse gases. Due to the increase in CO2 emissions from greenhouse gases, climate change is increasing and moving towards the point of no return. In this process, many ideas have been developed to combat climate change. One of these ideas is that cities should be sustainable. In order for cities to be sustainable, activities such as expanding the use of renewable energy resources in cities, increasing green and environmentally friendly transportation, improving air quality, and minimizing carbon emissions should be carried out. In this context, open green areas have important effects in terms of improving air quality, reducing the heat island effect in cities and especially keeping carbon emissions to a minimum. Thus, the efficiency and productivity of carbon capture and storage of green areas come to the fore. There are several methods to measure the carbon capture and storage efficiency of green areas and to evaluate their efficiency. In this study, the methods used in determining open green areas in cities and evaluating biomass productivity in these areas will be examined.