Open Bar Research Articles

Spatial and Temporal Changes in the Fish Fauna of a Low-Inflow Estuary following a Mass Mortality Event and Natural and Artificial Bar Breaches

Estuaries that become closed from the ocean through the formation of a sand bar are particularly susceptible to degradation and often experience poor water quality and fish kills. Sampling was conducted seasonally for two years in the deeper waters of the Vasse–Wonnerup (southwestern Australia) after a large fish mortality event to identify the fish species present and determine if richness, abundance, diversity and faunal composition differed among regions and over time. Species richness, abundance and diversity were far greater in the downstream regions than in the upstream regions, reflecting patterns in salinity. Catch rates of two marine estuarine-opportunist mugilids (Mugil cephalus and Aldrichetta forsteri) and an estuarine-resident sparid (Acanthopagrus butcheri), which were the species most affected by the mortality event, were relatively stable. It is suggested that before sampling commenced, mugilids had entered the estuary following an artificial sand bar breach, while the loss of 0+ (new recruits) A. butcheri in the mortality event and subsequent recruitment failure prevented stocks from increasing. Temporal shifts in fish composition were driven by less abundant species, which utilized the estuary more opportunistically. Increases in the occurrences and abundances of these species coincided with an open bar and salinities close to those of seawater. The data also show how the estuary responds to differing hydrodynamic phases and artificial breaches.

The subjective value of social context in people who use cannabis.

Disordered cannabis use is linked to social problems, which could be explained by a subjective devaluation of nondrug social contexts and/or an overvaluation of cannabis-paired options relative to nondrug alternatives. To examine these hypotheses, measures to assess the subjective value of social- and/or cannabis-paired contexts were collected in people who use cannabis (n = 85) and controls (n = 98) using crowdsourcing methods. Measures included a cued concurrent choice task that presented two images (cannabis, social, social cannabis, and neutral images) paired with monetary options, hypothetical purchase tasks that included access to social parties with and without a cannabis "open bar," and the Social Anhedonia Scale (SAS). Little evidence was found to suggest that the cannabis group undervalued social contexts. People who used cannabis demonstrated a preference for social- versus neutral-cued options, and no preference for cannabis- versus social cannabis-cued options on the choice task. In addition, social party demand and SAS scores did not differ between groups. In contrast, we observed evidence for an overvaluation of cannabis context in people who use cannabis, including preference for social cannabis- versus social-cued options, and more disadvantageous choices for cannabis-cued options on the choice task, as well as more intense and inelastic demand for the social cannabis party compared to the social party. These results suggest that social problems associated with cannabis use could be at least partially explained by an overvaluation of cannabis-paired options, rather than devaluation of nondrug social-paired options, in the value calculations underlying drug use decisions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Protective strategies and motivations to control drinking among Brazilian college students: a qualitative study

BackgroundTo develop prevention programs or early interventions to reduce alcohol consumption and related problems among college students, it is essential to understand their motivations for drinking and the spontaneous (effective and non-effective) strategies they employ to control, considering the social and cultural contexts influence. This study aimed to explore these factors and the student’s application of selfcare in different situations and environments, as well as to identify their reasons for not drinking.MethodsThe students were invited to participate using a snowball sampling, up to the theoretical saturation point. Qualitative individual semi-structured interviews were carried out and the interviews contents were analyzed using the NVivo software. The participants were 23 college students between 18 and 24 years old, with diverse patterns of alcohol use (low-risk to suggestive of dependence).ResultsData analysis highlighted three main themes: (a) Contexts (such as bars, “open bar” parties and others) and consumption patterns; (b) Protective Strategies (such as stop-drinking intervals, eating before or during drinking, returning home in the company of a friend); (c) Motivations to control drinking (such as sense of responsibility, bad previous experiences, family and religious issues). Protective strategies and motivation to control drinking were perceived to be less prominent in specific contexts that favor high alcohol consumption, as open bar parties.ConclusionsMotivations and protective strategies varied according to the drinkers’ profile, social situations and settings in which they consumed alcohol. The results highlight the need for preventive interventions planned for specific drinking patterns and contexts.

Instrumented Dynamic Penetration of Sandwich Panels with Auxetic and Non‐Auxetic Core using Direct Impact Hopkinson Bar

This article deals with the dynamic penetration of 3D‐printed panels with auxetic and conventional honeycomb unit cell‐based cores. The geometry of the unit cells and their periodic assembly in the resulting lattices are selected to ensure the same relative density and overall weight of the individual sample types. Such a similarity of both specimen types allows for the evaluation of differences between conventional and auxetic lattices in terms of penetration characteristics and deformation energy mitigation properties. Dynamic penetration of the samples is performed using a fully strain‐gauge instrumented open Hopkinson pressure bar at three impact velocities resulting in three loading scenarios. All the performed experiments are captured by two optical cameras for detailed observation and to track the impactor movement using digital image correlation. The force‐penetration depth relation is used to evaluate the elastic and postyield compression characteristics of the lattices together with their deformation energy mitigation capabilities. The results show that the main differences in the deformation response of the lattices consist of lower overall stiffness and effective yielding of the auxetic lattices at a higher penetration depth. Numerical simulation using an explicit solver is performed to analyze the deformation mechanism of the individual core types.

Outcomes of surgical management for tarsal coalitions: a systematic review.

To analyze the outcome of surgical treatment of tarsal coalition, assess the role of the surgical technique, as well as of coalition size and type on outcomes. The search followed the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis and was performed in four databases: MEDLINE, Central, Scopus and Web of Science. The protocol has been registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews. Patient-reported outcomes (PROMs), complications, revisions and radiographic recurrence were collected. Risk of bias was assessed using MINORS criteria. A random-effects model for meta-analysis was applied for analysis of data heterogeneity. Twenty-five studies including 760 tarsal coalitions were included and had a weighted average follow-up of 44months. Studies scored fair to poor on the risk of bias assessment with a mean MINORS score of 67% (44-81%). In 77.8% (37.5-100%) of surgically treated tarsal coalitions, good/excellent/non-limiting or improved PROMs were reported. Calculated data heterogeneity was moderate (I2 = 57%). Open bar resection with material interposition had a clinical success rate of 78.8% (50-100%). Complications occurred in 4.96% of cases. Coalition size did not prove to be a determining factor in postoperative outcome. The influence of the coalition type was not investigated by any of the studies. Data on outcomes of surgical management for tarsal coalitions is limited to retrospective case series with high risk of bias and moderate data heterogeneity. In about ¾ of cases, open resection and interposition of material results in improved PROMs. The arbitrary margin of ≥ 50% of TC coalition size in relation to the posterior facet has little importance in surgical decision-making. None of the studies reported on the influence of the coalition type on postoperative clinical success.

Factors associated with attending "open bar" parties amongst early adolescents.

"Open bar" parties are events where a flat fee is paid for unlimited alcohol consumption. At these events, alcohol intoxication is frequent amongst attendees. This study explored the prevalence of "open bar" attendance amongst Brazilian youth and the factors associated with this practice. Data was collected at the baseline of randomized controlled trial amongst 5,213 8th grade students in three Brazilian cities. Weighted logistic regression was performed. Mean age was of 13.23 years (SE 0.01) and 17.1% of the students have reported attending "open bar" events in the past year. Attendees were wealthier, had higher odds to engage in binge drinking, to use marijuana, to be exposed to alcohol advertising, and to report more alcohol problems and clinical psychiatric symptoms when compared with non-attendees. The ban on selling alcohol to minors has not been properly enforced. Legislation to restrict alcohol promotions and advertising in Brazil needs to be implemented and effectively monitored.

Integrative taxonomy of Urocleidoides spp. (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae) parasites of characiform and gymnotiform fishes from the coastal drainages of the Eastern Amazon, Brazil.

Eight species (four new) of Urocleidoides are reported from Characiformes and Gymnotiformes fishes of the coastal drainages of the Eastern Amazon. Urocleidoides vanini n. sp. is characterized by having a male copulatory organ (MCO) with three and a half counterclockwise rings, absence of vaginal sclerite, and a V-shaped ventral bar. Urocleidoides atilaiamarinoi n. sp. has MCO with two and a half counterclockwise rings, dumbbell-shaped accessory piece, similar anchors, open V-shaped ventral bar, and open U-shaped dorsal bar. Urocleidoides macrosoma n. sp. exhibits an elongate and robust body, MCO comprising one counterclockwise ring, similar anchors with wavy point, and dumbbell-shaped ventral and dorsal bars. Urocleidoides nataliapasternakae n. sp. has MCO comprising two and a half counterclockwise rings, vaginal canal convoluted, point of the dorsal anchor with ornamentation as sclerotized shredded filaments, elongate dumbbell-shaped ventral bar, and U-shaped dorsal bar. Urocleidoides naris and Urocleidoides brasiliensis from H. malabaricus (Characiformes) and the incertae sedis species, Urocleidoides gymnotus and Urocleidoides carapus, from Sternopygus macrurus (Gymnotiformes) are reported, and their molecular sequences are presented in this study. Phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data (28S rDNA and COI mtDNA) reveal that species of Urocleidoides lacking vaginal sclerite are closely related to species that possess vaginal sclerite, suggesting that the absence of vaginal sclerite in Urocleidoides may be the result of a secondary loss. The relationships between species of Urocleidoides and other Neotropical dactylogyrids are also addressed.

Social Workers as Information Navigators: Insights into the Use of the Web for Serving Clients.

Social workers' critical role as service navigators on behalf of their clients is expanding in the online space at a faster pace than ever before. This study examined the process and outcome of online information navigation through the lens of service providers and service users based on observational and interactive surveys. T tests and correlation results showed that human services providers demonstrated a higher capacity to visit more websites and yield more accurate search outcomes in a similar duration of time compared with general service users. Results suggest that digital literacy for navigating information online can be improved through educational opportunities. At the same time, both groups shared some common feedback on desired features for future service navigation online, including but not limited to an open search bar, search filters, instruction videos, live chat, and discussion forums for seeking mutual help and networking. The findings bear implications for formulating the roles, responsibilities, and desired competencies of social workers for online service navigation in the digital and postpandemic future.

) Musa acuminata Colla Millsp ameliorates paraquat-induced memory deficit and oxidative stress in murine Parkinson disease model

Background: Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and remains an unmet medical need. A number of epidemiological as well as case-control studies have revealed an association between pesticide exposure, especially that of paraquat (PQ) and occurrence of Musa acuminata Colla (Musaceae) also known as banana is widely cultivated for its delicious fruits and is one of the most economically important crops in the world. This study was designed to investigate the protective effffect of M. acuminata fruit extract (MAC) on paraquat-induced Parkinsonism in mice. Methods: Sixty male albino mice were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=10) and treated as follows for 21 consecutive days; Group 1: vehicle control (10 ml/kg, p.o.), group 2: vehicle + paraquat 10 mg/kg, i.p., group 3: MAC (400 mg/kg, p.o), groups 4-6: MAC (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg, p.o.) + paraquat, respectively. Behavioural studies (rotarod, Y-maze, open fifield test and bar test) were carried out on weekly basis. On day 21, one hour post-treatment the midbrains were isolated for biochemical estimation of oxidative stress parameters. Results: MAC (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg) failed to reverse paraquat induced signifificant decrease in latency to fall in rotarod test. Similarly, MAC did not affffect paraquat-induced decrease in locomotor activity in open fifield test. MAC prevented paraquat-induced decrease in percent alternation behaviour in Y-maze task. Conversely, MAC aggravated paraquat-induced cataleptic behaviour in bar test. The pretreatment of mice with MAC (200 or 400 mg/kg) signifificantly reversed paraquat-induced oxidative stress parameters in the midbrain. Conclusion: Findings from this study showed that M. acuminata prevented paraquat-induced memory impairment through improvement in antioxidant defense mechanism but failed to reverse paraquat induced locomotor defificit and cataleptic behaviour.

The Beginning of Memory

The Beginning of Memory

The open bar is closed: restructuration of a native parasitoid community following successful control of an invasive pest

The open bar is closed: restructuration of a native parasitoid community following successful control of an invasive pest

Arbutin effectively ameliorates the symptoms of Parkinson's disease: the role of adenosine receptors and cyclic adenosine monophosphate.

An antagonistic communication exists between adenosinergic and dopaminergic signaling in the basal ganglia, which suggests that the suppression of adenosine A2A receptors-cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway may be able to restore the disrupted dopamine transmission that results in motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Arbutin is a natural glycoside that possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether arbutin could ameliorate the symptoms of PD and to examine the underlying mechanism. In this study, Swiss albino mouse models of PD were established by the intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine for 4 successive days, with the concurrent intraperitoneal administration of arbutin (50 and 100 mg/kg) for 7 days. The results showed that arbutin significantly reduced lipid peroxidation, total nitrite levels, and inflammation in the substantia nigra and striatum of PD mouse models. In addition, arbutin decreased the activity of endogenous antioxidants, reduced the levels of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid, and minimized neurodegeneration in the striatum. Arbutin also reduced the abnormal performance of PD mouse models in the open field test, bar test, pole test, and rotarod test. The therapeutic efficacy of arbutin was similar to that of madopar. The intraperitoneal injection of the A2AR agonist CGS21680 (0.5 mg/kg) attenuated the therapeutic effects of arbutin, whereas the intraperitoneal injection of forskolin (3 mg/kg) enhanced arbutin-mediated improvements. These findings suggest that arbutin can improve the performance of PD mouse models by inhibiting the function of the A2AR and enhancing the effects of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (1616/PO/Re/S/12/CPCSEA) on November 17, 2019 (approval No. IAEC/2019/010).

Improved functional and histochemical outcomes in l-DOPA plus tolcapone treated VMAT2-deficient mice

Parkinson disease is typically treated with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (or levodopa) co-prescribed with concentration stabilizers to prevent undesired motor fluctuations. However, the beneficial role of the chronic combined therapy on disease progression has not been thoroughly explored. We hypothesized that tolcapone, a catechol-O-methyl-transferase inhibitor, co-administered with levodopa may offer beneficial long-term disease-modifying effects through its dopamine stabilization actions. Here, we followed vesicular monoamine transporter 2-deficient and wild-type mice treated twice daily per os with vehicle, levodopa (20 mg/kg), tolcapone (15 mg/kg) or levodopa (12.5 mg/kg) + tolcapone (15 mg/kg) for 17 weeks. We assessed open field, bar test and rotarod performances at baseline and every 4th week thereafter, corresponding to OFF-medication weeks. Finally, we collected coronal sections from the frontal caudate-putamen and determined the reactivity level of dopamine transporter. Vesicular monoamine transporter 2-deficient mice responded positively to chronic levodopa + tolcapone intervention in the bar test during OFF-periods. Neither levodopa nor tolcapone interventions offered significant improvements on their own. Similarly, chronic levodopa + tolcapone intervention was associated with partially rescued dopamine transporter levels, whereas animals treated solely with levodopa or tolcapone did not present this effect. Interestingly, 4-month progression of bar test scores correlated significantly with dopamine-transporter-label density. Overall, we observed a moderate functional and histopathological improvement effect by chronic dopamine replacement when combined with tolcapone in vesicular monoamine transporter 2-deficient mice. Altogether, chronic stabilization of dopamine levels by catechol-O-methyl-transferase inhibition, besides its intended immediate actions, arises as a potential long-term beneficial approach during the progression of Parkinson disease.

Raise and fall of an invasive pest and consequences for native parasitoid communities

A recommendation of: David Muru, Nicolas Borowiec, Marcel Thaon, Nicolas Ris, Madalina Ionela Viciriuc, Sylvie Warot, Elodie Vercken The open bar is closed: restructuration of a native parasitoid community following successful control of an invasive pest. 10.1101/2019.12.20.884908

Drifter

Drifter Laura Steadham Smith (bio) Peter had only been dead a year, and Natalie still saw him everywhere. In the man running down her street, in the car beside her in traffic. Some mornings, he lay next to her in bed just before she opened her eyes, though in the light he was gone. Sometimes he looked exactly the way she remembered: hair fanned around the crown of his head, too straight to lie still, too thin to look kempt. Sometimes before she remembered he was dead, she wondered where he was. Like maybe he'd gone out. To buy a sandwich, maybe. To sit on the boat dock behind the abandoned TV station and look for dolphins. To cook with durian fruit. This time, a biker who looked like Peter sat between a garbage can and the door of the 24-hour Circle K on the causeway going into Mobile. Natalie closed the door of her truck and opened the gas cap. Sweat slid down her back. Across the highway, black water shimmered to Goat Island and the gulf beyond. The moon was a white disk where the sun would rise in a few hours. The man who wasn't Peter ran his hand over his mouth and looked back at her. He had the same broad shoulders and tense posture. His eyes were wide and brown, his mouth turned inward, his features traced with thin lines. Maybe 35, 36 years old. A red gash cut a line across his forehead. He leaned against a bicycle and held an open Snickers bar. He chewed and watched her. She lifted her chin and looked back. A breeze, wet like an open mouth, tugged at her t-shirt. She let the pump run until the numbers stopped, and then she put it back. She turned to slide her wallet back onto the passenger seat, then closed the door and looked to see him next to her. He wore boots heavy with dirt. Grime had settled into the crevices that lined his eyes, his mouth, but he smiled. The cut on his forehead was crusted with old blood. He pointed to his bike. The front tire lay in ribbons on the concrete. "Any bike shops around here?" he asked. She looked across the water to the dark smear where the bay melted into the gulf. The small boats scattered even now, their lights nodding on the surface. The trawler in the marsh, its nets two arms flung high. The gulls, always circling. Always calling. She nodded and slung the truck door open. "Help me with something first," she said. _____ The alligator breeding center sat tucked between Fish River and the pine forest that stretched all the way to the delta. Natalie turned off the highway and onto a dirt road that swung around the back of the farm. "I was going to take one of the babies," she told him. "But maybe we can get one a little bigger." The man who wasn't Peter raised his eyebrows. He didn't say no. He looked relaxed as she jolted him closer to the waiting alligators, which struck her as odd. [End Page 73] "Where you from?" she asked. "Ocala," not-Peter said. He rolled down the window. "You mind smoke?" She looked to her left, at the white house that waited with darkened windows across a wide lawn. "Wait till we're out of here," she said. He nodded and rolled the window back up. "It's Clay." "Natalie." She hadn't driven real Peter many places. There'd been a night when she drank too much and gave him her keys, but he couldn't drive standard. She'd leaned across the gearshift to put her head in his lap, then sat up and talked him through it, her speech slurred, the streetlights white halos on the pavement. He lurched all the way home, and she laughed, but he never offered again. "You bum all the way here?" she asked. He shook his head, and the truck pitched over an old rut. He spoke loudly. "Biked from central Florida. Ten days and only two states. Then my tire blew." He...

26 Do we need a Plan B for Plan S?

Abstract A group of European funding agencies launched an initiative called “Plan S” in September 2018 that would require scientific publications resulting from funded research to be published only in Plan S-compliant open access journals by 2020. A delegation from the European Commission visited the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and other federal agencies in December 2018 to gain support for Plan S. Plan S would force authors to publish solely in open access journals and bar researchers from publishing in hybrid journals, such as the Journal of Animal Science, that allow authors to choose between Gold and Green Open Access publishing. Gold Open Access allows immediate open access with articles made freely available at time of publication and requires payment of article processing charges that are usually higher than page charges of subscription-based journals. Green Open Access publishing is subscription-based and defers open access for the publisher embargo period (usually 12 months). Because 85% of journals are hybrid or subscription based, Plan S would limit researcher’s academic freedom to decide where to publish and prevent authors from publishing in most research society journals that are hybrid or subscription-based. Research society-based journals provide rigorous peer review and comprehensive editorial processes and thus, have earned the trust of researchers, professionals, and the public. Funneling research output to non-research society based open access journals may distort the dissemination of scientific research and reduce the quality of scientific communication. Nonprofit research societies use revenues from their publishing operations to finance educational, journalistic, outreach, and other activities and thus, Plan S threatens the financial stability of these research societies. Authors should be allowed to choose the best venue to publish their work. Plan S must be rejected.

Adulting 101: Social Do's and Don'ts at Professional Events

Feel free to get yourself a drink. Many of these events are open bar. Just remember this is absolutely the time to sip. Pick something delicious that takes you awhile to get through. If you don't drink, that's fine too; you can always grab a water because it gives you something to do with your hands. (Seriously, what are your hands supposed to do!?) As long as you always keep things professional, feel free to visit the bar! Make sure to keep your cards handy. Don't just pass them out willy nilly or the very first second you meet someone, but cards do have a value. Personally, after a show/conference, I like to go through the cards and add those people to my LinkedIn. This way, I maintain the connection but can ditch the physical cards. There's always going to be the awkward “So what do you do?” question. It just happens. The best plan for this is to have a strong defensive game. Have a quick sentence or two prepared about what your company does and what you do there. It doesn't have to be the best bio of the year; your only goal here is to move the conversation into a more interesting territory. Another way to move the conversation into a topic you're more comfortable with is to come prepared with a few generic questions. They can be industry specific or just general small talk questions. Relax. At the end of the day, unless you personally insult someone, the worst-case scenario is that your conversation is forgettable. That happens sometimes. Find another person and start up a new conversation. Rinse and repeat throughout the evening until you find a great conversation. Have a goal (or two) in mind. They can be lofty (like landing a new client) or as simple as meeting a few new contacts. Keeping in mind what you want to get out of the night can help drive your conversations in the right direction or guide you to the right people. Take notes. Not in a weird and creepy 1940s journalist way, but if you had a great conversation with someone or they mentioned any noun (person, place, or thing) that can help you, then make a note on the aforementioned business card. There's no set formula on what you're supposed to get out of a networking event, but keep in mind networking events are supposed to be the easy part of your day.

Facies, sedimentary environments and sequence stratigraphy of Cretaceous deposits in the northwest of Azerbaijan, Iran

The Cretaceous deposits in Morakan, located in the northeast of Khoy, a town in western Azerbaijan province, Iran, are primarily made up of carbonate rocks. These deposits, which are of 717 meters thick, lie on the clastic facies of Jurassic and are covered with beneath the pelagic beds of the Upper Cretaceous. To investigate the facies, sedimentary environment and sequential stratigraphy of these successions, a stratigraphic section was made in the south of Morakan village. Carbonate facies in this section have deposited in open marine, bar, lagoon, and tidal flat facies belts. The study of these facies and comparing them with old and modern sedimentary environments reveals that these succes-sions have deposited in a carbonated platform of rimmed shelf type. The study of the vertical succes-sion of microfacies shows four main sequences in the form of system tracts of TST and HST, which are made up of shallowing and deepening parasequences. The first lower boundary of the sequences is the type SB1 unconformity, and other identified sequences are the type SB2 unconformity.

Pewarisan Saham Perseroan Terbatas Kepada Warga Negara Asing Melalui Surat Wasiat

The implementation of a will for the object of inheritance in the form of shares in a limited company of domestic investment aimed at foreign nationals as recipients of a will until now has not been regulated in the Laws and Regulations in force in Indonesia. The author in this study wants to examine and analyze further about the validity of a will addressed to foreign nationals and legal protection for foreign nationals who obtain an inheritance in the form of shares from a will. The research method used is normative legal research, namely legal research carried out by examining library materials or secondary legal materials while the problem approach is carried out using a law approach and conceptual approach. The results of the study indicate that making a will is not limited to the citizenship of a person, either an Indonesian citizen or a foreign national. A will addressed to a foreign national must be made in the form of an open will (open bar testament) made before a Notary who is domiciled in the country where the object of inheritance is located. Legal protection for the transfer of shares due to inheritance to foreign citizens is to change the status of the company into a foreign investment limited liability company in accordance with the provisions in Indonesia.

Understanding Wedding Preferences of the Millennial Generation

This study examined the wedding preferences of the Millennial generation, specifically Millennial females, by focusing on their preferences for the wedding ceremony and reception venues, food and beverage options, and the most influential sources for wedding detail ideas. The study found that a religious space was the most popular wedding ceremony venue and preferred types of wedding reception venues were a hotel and a banquet hall. Preferred food and beverage purchasing options included traditional sit-down dinner style of reception along with an open bar. The website Pinterest was a key communication and social marketing tool for companies to interact with Millennial women regarding wedding-related information, inspiration, products, and services.