Open Bank Research Articles

СУДОВА ПРАКТИКА ЩОДО ПРИЙНЯТТЯ ОРГАНАМИ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ПОДАТКОВОЇ СЛУЖБИ УКРАЇНИ РІШЕННЯ ПРО ВІДПОВІДНІСТЬ ПЛАТНИКА ПОДАТКУ НА ДОДАНУ ВАРТІСТЬ КРИТЕРІЯМ РИЗИКОВОСТІ ПЛАТНИКА

The article is devoted to the analysis of judicial practice on the recognition by the State Tax Service bodies of Ukraine (hereinafter - the State Tax Service of Ukraine) of the competence of the value added taxpayers to the risk criteria of taxpayers. This article analyzes the grounds for making decisions on compliance of value added taxpayers with the taxpayer’s risk criterion, analyzes such taxpayer risk criteria, provides analysis of decisions of the Supreme Court of Ukraine and lower courts concerning disputes on recognition of taxpayers’ compliance with risk criteria, the validity and legality of the legal position of the State Tax Service of Ukraine and the legality of such actions by regulatory authorities in terms of electronic document management and compliance with their defined procedure. The problematic issues that have arisen in the tax sphere in electronic document management are identified and solutions are proposed. It is determined that one of the problematic areas of value added tax administration is the adoption of decisions by regulatory authorities on compliance of taxpayers with risk criteria. The terminology is analyzed and it is determined that the value added tax (hereinafter - VAT) is an indirect tax, which is determined and levied in accordance with the provisions of the current Tax Code of Ukraine (hereinafter - the Tax Code of Ukraine). Therefore, VAT is a national indirect, ie one that is a component of prices for goods, works and services supplied and provided, and includes tax liabilities for goods and services supplied, tax credit for such goods (services) and obligations the payment of tax to the state budget. It is analyzed that the taxpayer is obliged to draw up a tax invoice and register in the Unified Register of Tax Invoices, have the necessary economic and industrial capabilities, staff, etc., to carry out business operations for the supply of goods, works or services declared activity. In addition, the laws of Ukraine establish clear grounds for suspending the registration of tax invoices, including compliance of the taxpayer with the risk criterion. Thus, the legislator has defined a clear list of conditions under which at least one of which, namely but not limited to registration on invalid documents, lack of open bank accounts, failure to report VAT and the availability of regulatory authorities information about the risk of business transactions. Such inclusion of the payer in the list of risk puts the company in a critical position and virtually terminates the activities of the payer and its counterparties in the tax chain, as all tax credit received from such a company is blocked, which creates additional tax burden on business.

Chemical literacy as a component of the natural scientific literacy of students

The article is devoted to the problem of the formation of chemical literacy of students of an educational school. It is shown that chemical literacy is a component of natural science literacy, which is considered as a manifestation of functional literacy. The article analyzes the content of the tasks of the international research of natural science literacy PISA from the open bank of tasks. It was found that the tasks are dominated by the context associated with the content of the sciences of physical systems – physics, geography, geology, but practically no content related to chemistry is presented. The literature contains a sufficient number of individual publications that describe different methods of forming chemical literacy. PISA tasks are used as a tool for the formation and assessment of the formation of chemical literacy. But there are no guidelines for chemistry teachers, including a description of the technology for developing tasks in the PISA format and sets of such tasks. As an innovative component, a methodology for preparing tasks in chemistry in the PISA format within the framework of the systemic and competency-based approaches is proposed.

The impact of the Bank of Russia’s macroprudential policy on the risk exposure of banks’ consumer loan portfolios

In this paper, the author examines the efficiency of risk weight add-ons introduced by the Bank of Russia depending on borrowers’ debt burden in terms of discouraging high-risk unsecured rouble consumer lending and the effect of these add-ons on banks’ capital adequacy. The analysis is based on open bank reporting data for the period from October 2019 through August 2020. We show that in this time frame, most banks increased their capital. At the same time, the results obtained do not enable us to confirm the hypothesis that this measure has a pronounced effect on the reduction of the risk profile of consumer loan portfolios. We demonstrate that one of the factors that influenced the efficiency of measures introduced by the regulator is the substantially higher profitability of retail lending as compared to corporate lending.

Achieving Sustainable Organisational Performance through Employee Job Satisfaction and Organizational Culture

The reason for this examination is to inspect the intervening function of occupation fulfillment on the connection between the components of authoritative culture, association culture, consistency culture, flexibility culture and mission culture with hierarchical execution on the financial segment of Pakistan. This investigation was directed to advance the idea of hierarchical culture out in the open banks with the goal that it very well may be reflected in the exhibition of the bank. The example of this investigation comprises of 320 including branch chief (BM), provincial supervisor (RM), operational director (OM), and colleague branch administrator (ABM) workingin eight public banks inside the region of Punjab and Sindh,Pakistan.Dimensions of hierarchical culture weremeasured by a prior approved 12item instrument, work fulfillment 16 things and authoritative execution were estimated by 7 things. Factor examination was utilized to develop four elements of hierarchical culture (i.e., contribution culture, consistency culture, versatility culture and mission culture). The connection between hierarchical culture measurements, work fulfillment, and authoritative execution was tried by SmartPLS 3.2.9.Among the variousdimensions of authoritative culture, inclusion culture, versatility culture and mission culture had a critical, positive relationship with work satisfactionalso as hierarchical execution. Moreover, consistency culture displayed the most grounded, negative relationship however huge impact on work fulfillment, while consistency culture indicated aninsignificant impact, negative relationship with hierarchical performance.Bank administrators and policymakers ought to be cognizant that circumspect the authoritative culture can assist them with figuring out where to endeavor to help increment their worker work fulfillment and bank execution. The aftereffects of this investigation could likewise be helpful to bank leaders who wish to broaden authoritative execution. Improving worker work fulfillment inside the work environment may expand productivity and help guarantee steady and effective representatives.

Finding key points in a hand image using heatmaps

This paper presents an approach to finding key points in the image of a hand using heat maps. For this, a convolutional model of a neural network and a training method on heatmaps were combined. An open bank of palm photos, supplemented by a set of own images and synthetic data, was used as a dataset. Direct and inverse transformations of two-dimensional coordinates on the plane into heat maps with a 2D Gaussian function centered at coordinate points were applied, data was prepared, the model was trained and tested. As a result of this approach, a neural network model able to recognise real world images was obtained.

DETERMINANTS OF ASSETS GROWTH OF FOREIGN OWNED BANKS IN INDONESIA

The aim of this research is to assess the dominant factors enabling foreign owned banks to increase their assets in Indonesia and to confirm whether the “follow the customers hypothesis” is also applicable in motivating foreign owned banks to do business in Indonesia to support investment and trade activities of the companies originated from foreign countries. Using the panel data of 28 foreign owned commercial banks in Indonesia between 2006-2015 obtained from Indonesian Banking Directory, Indonesian Banking Statistics databases, foreign country central bank websites, a least square dummy variable (LSDV) regression model was applied to examine the effect of Bilateral Trade, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Interest Rate Differences, Domestic Deposits, Parent banks Return on Assets (ROA) and Length of Time presence of the foreign owned banks in Indonesia on Assets or Size of Foreign Owned Banks. The main findings is that the decisions by foreign owned banks to operate and to expand its business in Indonesia is predominantly affected by the increase in realization of projects funded by Foreign Direct Investment from counterpart countries, third parties fund or domestic deposit denominated in foreign currencies, profitability of the parent banks in home country and long time presence in Indonesia to enable parent bank and their branches or subsidiaries gain better operating experience, better general managerial expertise and better knowledge of local environment. Bilateral Trade and Interest Rate Differences between home and host country has no impacts at all on Assets of Foreign Owned Banks. “Follow the customer hypothesis” is applicable in Indonesia only in terms of FDIs but not applicable in terms of bilateral trade. The findings will help management of the banks in designing more reliable business plan and also used as input or tools for policy makers prior issuing the license for the newly open foreign owned banks offices or increase of its branch offices. It is suggested foreign owned banks to consider empowering its trade financing scheme which will increase the banks size or assets.

Bank Attribute Factors in Determining Customers’ Choice of Commercial Banks

The paper aims to identify the factors influencing customers the choice of commercial banks in Nepal. Banks mainly earn from customer deposits, so they influence customers to open bank accounts by providing different services. The study seeks to analyse the impact of different variables (reputation, service quality, financial gain, convenience, group influence, information availability, and physical facilities) on the customers’ choice of the bank. Based on descriptive and inferential research designs, the study made use of primary data collected through a structured questionnaire surveyed successfully on 150 customers having accounts in different commercial banks. Descriptive analysis shows the highest mean score in convenience, it urges banks to focus on providing easy access to their services. By using correlation and regression, the study discovered that reputation, service quality and financial gain have influenced customers to choose banks. Among the three variables measured, reputation made the strongest influence on customers' choice of the bank, whereas group influence and information availability had no impact.

Living in a Parallel Society

Living in a Parallel Society

Impact of Digital Banking in India: Trends & Challenges

For the growth of any country’s economy various sectors play a very important role. In the Indian economic growth banking sector is the most important aspects. Banking sector become the backbone of Indian economy. Any changes regarding technology or other aspects directly impact the growth of the economy. With the change in technology various changes occur in banking sector. Now more of customers are educated. They don’t want to stand in queue for various activities like: Make payments, Deposit Cheque, Open bank accounts, Deposit Cheque and many more. With the change in time now digital banking introduced and it proves a star for the banking sector. Today’s era accept this digital banking concept very easily and in a short time period it become more demanded mode of transaction in the market. In this paper we analyse the concept of digital banking. How it effects the human life. The research is based on secondary data. The concept of digital banking in banking industry brings numerous opportunities. But with every benefits some risk also introduced. And this digital banking also come with some risk.

Cash transfer scheme for people with tuberculosis treated by the National TB Programme in Western India: a mixed methods study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the coverage and explore enablers and challenges in implementation of direct benefit transfer (DBT) cash incentive scheme for patients with tuberculosis (TB).DesignThis is a mixed...

SAFEGUARDING OLDER PEOPLE FROM FINANCIAL ABUSE: EXPERIENCES OF IRISH BANKS

Financial abuse is a significant issue for older populations and was identified as that most common form of maltreatment in a 2010 Irish prevalence study (Naughton et al. 2010). This study examined how abuse was experienced and responded to by staff in five Irish banks. A mixed method approach was used: online survey (n=898) amd semi structured interviews (n=25) Findings from the survey data demonstrate that more than half of the respondents (66.5%) had previously suspected a customer to be experiencing some form of financial abuse. There was a high index of suspicion to the five scenarios presented to the staff. Findings from the interviews demonstrate the complexity and wide variations of case experiences of bank managers and the National Safeguarding Committee. These include being financially abused in the context of undue influence, scams, fraud and some cases described the naivety or potential naivety of some customers who may have capacity challenges, engage with strangers through social engineering scams, share PINs or open bank accounts without fully understanding the consequences. All staff had some experience of a suspicion of financial abuse in older people and employed various strategies to respond to their suspicions. We focused our recommendations in two areas: Bank level responses-inter-sectorial collaboration, education and training, a vulnerable adult champion, having a choice of banking methods of engagement, direct client communication and enhancements within the Central bank of Ireland. Macro level responses were increasing public awareness, raising the profile of financial abuse as a crime and enhancing safeguarding legislation

A Study On Role Of Union Budget On Banking Fund Flows

Dr. P Alekhya1, P Samyukta2,
 The center target of this examination is to dissect the effect of association spending plan on chosen open and private bank part reserve streams by inspecting the budget reports of five noteworthy Public and private area banks during 2008 to 2017. The proficiency of banking division is viewed as most significant for financial development, money related arrangement usage and large scale monetary soundness. From the previous couple of years, premium spread of banking area is ascending in India. In this paper the relationship of association spending reserves
 
 allocation with selected banks fund flows. Pearson correlation, Multi-regression, Linear regression method is used in this study. As a result it is found that there is positive correlation between union budget funds allocation with public and private sector banks. It found the linear regression that public and Private Banks are having negative influence on fiscal deficit.

Why is Higher Institution Students Un-banked in Duhok City? Evidence from a Survey Analysis.

This paper attempts to find out why higher institution students in Duhok are not opening or having bank accounts. With the use of interview process and questionnaire, 100 students were selected from Newroz University, Dohok Polytechnic University and Dohok private technical institute in Duhok city. It was found from this study that most of these students’ approximately 90 students of them have no bank accounts while only 10 of them have bank accounts. Moreover, this research found that trust on banks, security, bad banks infrastructure, lack of money, costs of opening bank accounts, access to bank accounts and unemployment are the main reasons for low banking interest among students in Duhok city. However, the highest reason is lack of trust on Duhok banks and lack of money due to high unemployment rate. It is suggested that banks in Duhok city should encourage students to open bank accounts by advertising the importance of banking services and offer student loans. Also, Duhok government should award scholarship to student to ease the pressure from the unemployment menace in the country.
 Keywords: Un-bank, Bank trust, Poverty, Banking access

Do migrant remittances matter for financial development in Kenya?

The paper analyzes the relationship between remittances and financial development using Kenyan quarterly data from 2006 to 2016. Five different indicators of financial development are used: credit to the private sector as a share of GDP, the number of mobile transactions, the value of these mobile transactions, the number of mobile agents, and the number of bank accounts. The results from using an autoregressive distributed lag demonstrate a strong, positive relationship between remittances and financial development in long-run equations. This suggests that higher levels of remittances provide opportunities for recipients to open bank accounts, enhance their savings, and access financial systems, in addition to exposing the previously unbanked to both new and existing financial products. The results also confirm the potential advantage of embracing modern and advanced technology to facilitate international mobile transfers. Using international remittance transfers through mobile technology reduces costs by eliminating the need for physical branches and personnel to attend to walk-in customers. Aside from offering convenience and safety for remittance actors, this method also dominates traditional remittance business models. Therefore, a policy window exists for the government to leverage on remittances as a tool of financial inclusion and depth, and particularly through the continued expansion of regulatory space to accommodate the wider use of international mobile remittance transfer channels. Moreover, given the strong, positive relationship between remittances and credit to the private sector as indicated by its share of GDP and number of bank accounts, commercial banks and other players in the remittance market may also find it useful to develop customized products for migrants to access their remittances. For example, financial intermediaries can consider providing better deposit interest rates for diaspora deposits compared to deposits made in the local currency. Further, these institutions can allow regular remittance flows to act as collateral for the allocation of credit, among other incentives to tap into the significant potential of money remitted by migrants to Kenya. The study also recommends that the government consider expanding exploitation of diaspora bonds and diaspora savings and credit cooperative societies while drawing lessons from other countries’ previous attempts.

Carbonate factory turnovers influenced by the monsoon (Xisha Islands, South China Sea)

Carbonate factory turnovers are the integrated result of climatic, oceanographic and biological controls. Sedimentological, geochemical and palaeontological data from core XK-1 drilled in the Xisha Islands, South China Sea, reveal that photozoan to heterozoan carbonate factory turnovers during the Early and Middle Miocene in isolated carbonate platforms were mainly caused by changes in the upwelling regime. A heterozoan open bank association thrived in tropical shallow water under conditions of nutrient excess, indicated by high ln(Cu/Ti) and ln(Ba/Ti), and by the increased abundances of rhodoliths and some foraminifer genera. During the Early and Middle Miocene, episodes characterized by a heterozoan carbonate production correlate with times of East Asian Summer Monsoon strengthening, especially from 21.2 to 17.3 Ma and from 15.6 to 11.6 Ma. This study thus provides new insights into the variability of shallow water carbonate deposition in monsoon-influenced areas and also shows that carbonate factory turnovers can contribute to a better understanding of the monsoon's evolution. Supplementary material: Biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic data, coral content, geochemical data and mineral compositions related to this study are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4507070

The implications of Truworths Limited v Minister of Trade and Industry 2018 (3) SA 558 (WCC) for access to credit by historically disadvantaged and low-income consumers

ABSTRACT The problem of safe and affordable credit for low-income consumers has remained a conundrum for policy makers. More pointedly, sustainable participation of historically disadvantaged and low-income consumers in the mainstream credit market has proved to be problematic in South Africa. Despite the introduction of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 ("NCA") numerous South Africans are still trapped in debt. To alleviate this problem the NCA was amended by the National Credit Amendment Act 19 of 2014 ("NCAA") to promote responsible lending and borrowing. Nonetheless, certain regulations that were promulgated under the NCAA were challenged in Truworths v Minister of Trade and Industry 2018 (3) 558 (WCC) ("Truworths") on the basis that they discriminated against the informally employed and financially excluded since they require consumers to provide bank statements, pay slips or financial statements as proof of income. This article presents a reflective appraisal of Truworths in the light of its support for access to credit by those on the peripheries of South Africa's credit market. Although the authors applaud the decision in Truworths as having the potential to open up the credit market to the financially excluded, they also raise concerns about whether striking down regulations that encourage consumers to open bank accounts is the optimal approach to promoting financial inclusion in South Africa. Keywords: National Credit Act; Financial inclusion; Over-indebtedness; Historically disadvantaged individuals; Low-income consumers; Affordability assessment regulations; Reckless lending

Weaponizing Interpol

Interpol, the world's leading police-cooperation body, aims to "connect police for a safer world." Although the organization's constitution states that Interpol cannot engage in "any intervention or activities of a political, military, religious or racial character," it is increasingly being subverted by autocratic regimes seeking to pursue their exiled political opponents. The number of Red Notices (a type of arrest request issued through Interpol) has increased tenfold in the past fifteen years. Those targeted face the risk of arrest if they travel across borders; have difficulties obtaining visas and open bank accounts; and suffer reputational damage. Interpol remains opaque and lacks accountability for its actions. Recent reforms have started to address some of these issues. But more needs to be done to prevent the hijacking, repurposing, and weaponizing of Interpol by today's globalized authoritarian regimes.

Организационное и методическое обеспечение дистанционного обучения студентов с инвалидностью

The article presents the experience of developing and organizing an expert assessment of the quality of online courses for students with disabilities of various nosological groups. The approbation of courses took place in the conditions of network interaction of 15 universities. The article describes the conditions of testing, identified problems and proposed solutions. The authors, on the basis of the analysis of the results of testing online courses in universities of the Russian Federation, made recommendations on their development, examination, educational and methodological support and use in the educational process. Conclusions are drawn about the need to organize joint work of universities on the creation of online courses for people with disabilities, to ensure networking on the organization of a single open bank of developed distance learning courses and teaching and learning complexes in higher education disciplines.

Does Banking Behaviour Differ by Occupation? A Contextual Investigation

Besides providing access to financial services, the basic objective of financial inclusion programme is to develop banking awareness and positively influence the banking behaviour of various sections of society that remain excluded from the formal financial system. The mega financial inclusion programme of India, 'Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana' (PMJDY), provides the context to study the financial and banking behaviour of two major sections of society namely the self-employed and the service holders. In this research, important issues like (i) product and service awareness (ii) effective usage of technology (iii) banking behaviour and others have been compared between the two groups, i.e., service holders and the self-employed. This study finds that the financial inclusion programme has impacted the two occupation groups differently. Self-employed people were assumed to have higher level of awareness, behaviour and usage of technology related to banking, but it is the service holders who indicated higher levels of response in most of the banking parameters. The study suggests that education and self-employment context in rural areas could be the reason for lower level of acceptance and usage of banking services. There seems to be a need for occupation specific banking orientation, and usage programme. Policy success would actually depend on higher level of acceptance by all occupation groups. The study suggests that education moderates awareness about banking products and habits related to banking. The financial inclusion programme has prompted people to open bank accounts because there was no money required to open such an account and this has positively impacted their savings habits. The duration of banking service usage also could influence the usage and gradual spread of effective financial inclusion.

Ensuring the Environmental and Industrial Safety in Solid Mineral Deposit Surface Mining

The growing environmental pressure of mineral deposit surface mining and severization of industrial safety requirements dictate the necessity of refining the regulatory framework governing safe and efficient development of underground resources. The applicable regulatory documentation governing the procedure of ore open-pit wall and bench stability design for the stage of pit reaching its final boundary was issued several decades ago. Over recent decades, mining and geomechanical conditions have changed significantly in surface mining operations, numerous new software packages and computer developments have appeared, opportunities of experimental methods of source data collection and processing, grounding of the permissible parameters of open pit walls have changed dramatically, and, thus, methods of risk assessment have been perfected [10-13]. IPKON RAS, with the support of the Federal Service for Environmental Supervision, assumed the role of the initiator of the project for the development of Federal norms and regulations of industrial safety “Rules for ensuring the stability of walls and benches of open pits, open-cast mines and spoil banks”, which contribute to the improvement of economic efficiency and safety of mineral deposit surface mining and enhancement of the competitiveness of Russian mines at the international level that is very important in the current situation.