Open-air System Research Articles

Effect of housing systems on behaviour and growth performance in fattening rabbits

This study was conducted to investigate different housing systems and their effects on the growth performance and behaviour of fattening rabbits. The 120 animals were randomly allocated into 3 treatment groups based on the type of housing, from 35 to 84 days: cages (CG), 10 collective wire cages; each housing, 4 animals in 0.3 m²; closed pens (CP), 10 closed pens accommodating 4 rabbits, each with 0.525 m² and straw bedding on the ground; and an open-air system (OA), with 2 pens in the field each measuring 80 m², housing 20 rabbits in each pen. Live weight and feed intake were monitored every week. At the ages of 70 and 84 days, 10 rabbits per treatment were slaughtered, and blood samples were collected to measure haematocrit, cortisol and corticosterone levels. At the same age, 10 additional rabbits per treatment were chosen for an open field test. Compared with CG rabbits, OA rabbits exhibited a significantly lower final weight (2563 g vs. 2980 g). Compared with CG rabbits, OA rabbits also demonstrated reduced weight gain (33.1 vs. 41.8 g/d) and a decreased intake of pelletized feed (111.5 vs. 139.6 g/d). Corticosterone and haematocrit levels were smaller in other lodgements than in caged rabbits, which may suggest a poorer wellbeing status. This study indicated that animals housed in the outdoor system travelled greater distances (P<0.05) than did those housed in other housing types. The choice of rabbit housing during the growing period has an impact on growth performance, which is compromised in the outdoor system, and behaviour, which is negatively affected in the cage system.

Rapid continuous aqueous production of copper indium sulfide quantum dots via a microwave-assisted microfluidic technique.

Ternary copper indium sulfide (CIS) quantum dots (QDs) have been emerging as attractive alternatives to Cd- and Pb-based QDs in various applications owing to their favorable optical properties and low toxicity. However, methods allowing continuous production of CIS QDs in an easy-to-perform and/or organic-solvent-free way are yet to be realized. Here, we report a facile, rapid, continuous, and aqueous synthetic approach for CIS QDs based on a microwave-assisted microfluidic (MAM) technique with easy scale-up of production. Typically, CIS QDs and CIS@ZnS QDs are continuously produced with a flow rate of 30 mL h-1 at a moderate temperature (∼95 °C) in an open-air system with a continuous flow of water as the reaction medium. This continuous synthesis process circumvents the requirements of batch operation, a degassed/inert atmosphere, high temperatures, organic solvents, and complex/expensive equipment. The resulting water-soluble CIS@ZnS QDs show a photoluminescence quantum yield of 44%. This work provides an efficient and green synthetic route for the scalable production of fluorescent nanomaterials.

N1-Allylation of Arylhydrazines via a Palladium-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution.

A direct and efficient method for constructing N,N-disubstituted hydrazines via a palladium-catalyzed allylic substitution of allyl acetates with arylhydrazines as nucleophiles has been developed. This method is highly selective in terms of both chemo- and regio-selectivity and is carried out under an open-air system with the use of the DPPPy phosphine ligand. Additionally, this reaction is compatible with a wide variety of substrates, including those bearing reactive groups such as Cl, Br, and I, to afford various N1-allylation products in moderate to good yields under simple and mild reaction conditions.

Non-thermal plasma dielectric barrier discharge reactor stability analysis using fiber bragg grating sensor

The main focus in this study is to determine the stability of the plasma generated by a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) reactor in the presence and without glass beads as dielectric enhancement. The stability of plasma was determined based on plasma temperature which measured within plasma stream. The DBD plasma reactor was designed, fabricated and being operated in an open air system. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) was used to measure the plasma temperature. The applied voltage was increased up to 8 kV to determine breakdown voltage and evaluate plasma stability with and without the presence of glass beads as dielectric enhancement. Experimental results revealed that plasma started to generate at applied voltage about 3.0 kV. Plasma formation found generated with stable at applied voltage 8 kV for both with and without the presence of glass beads. With the presence of glass beads, the plasma temperature found much higher about 180 °C compare with without glass beads which is about 90 °C, and yet the plasma generation is still stable.

Discrimination of Plastic Waste using Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy-principal Component Analysis: Highlighting Molecular LIBS

Growing plastic waste emission as a planetary threat urges the development of a rapid and efficient recycling process, especially during the classification process. Herein, we aimed to solve the problem by employing laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in combination with principal component analysis (PCA) as means for automated plastic waste classification. Samples used in the study were plastic wastes derived from beverage, food, and stationery products of different brands. The Nd:YAG laser was shot to the sample surface without a pre-treatment and under an open-air system (laser energy= 54 mJ; time delay= 1-2 μs). The spectral profile of each plastic waste revealed the presence of metal components such as those indicated by Ca II 396.85 nm, Al I 395.92 nm, Mg I 383.83 nm, and Fe I 404.85 emission lines. Peak intensities of organic material-related emission lines (C I 247.86 nm, O II 777.32 nm, O I 844.48 nm, H I 666.22 nm, N II 818.83 nm, and N II 821.62 nm) were revealed fluctuating, suggesting that a mere LIBS spectral analysis could not discriminate the plastic waste. PCA analysis revealed that C2 molecular band 490—520 nm had the most discriminative properties against polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP). The molecular band was generated differently between PET and PP because of their contrast thermal behavior. In conclusion, molecular LIBS-PCA could be used to distinguish PET and PP in a simple and rapid way.

Effect of an Air Cleaner Based on Age of Air Distribution Measurement Using the Dynamic Steady-State Concentration

This study aims to determine the range of the effect of an air cleaner in indoor environments. The age of air is often used to evaluate the ventilation performance in indoor air environments, and step-down tracer gas methods are widely used in open-air systems in ventilation rooms. However, conventional experimental methods cannot be used to measure the age of air in air recirculation systems such as an air cleaner that do not have a ventilation system. Previous studies have shown that the dynamic steady-state concentration correlates with the equivalent steady-state concentration in the ventilation room of an open-air system. In this study, we investigated the possibility of determining the age of air by measuring the dynamic steady-state concentration generated in a real space. First, we used the tracer gas experimental technique based on the dynamic steady-state concentration to measure the age of air in a real space when an air cleaner was used. We then performed simulations to confirm the age of air distribution obtained from the tracer gas experiment using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. A comparison of the experimental and CFD analysis results showed that the effect of an air cleaner covered the entire room.

Dihydroxyacetone production by glycerol oxidation under moderate condition using Pt loaded on La1-xBixOF solids.

Pt/La1-xBixOF/SBA-16 (SBA-16: Santa Barbara Amorphous no. 16) catalysts were prepared to produce dihydroxyacetone (DHA) from glycerol under moderate conditions. By using 7 wt% Pt/16 wt% La0.95Bi0.05OF/SBA-16, the DHA yield reached up to 78.4% (glycerol conversion: 100%) after reacting for 6 h at 30 °C in an atmospheric open-air system.

Aqueous One-pot and Oxygen-tolerant Synthesis of Glycopolymers Using Polymer-backbone-bearing Water-soluble Activated Esters

A simple environment-friendly system is attractive for synthesizing functional polymer materials, including glycopolymers. Herein, we successfully synthesized glycopolymers via an aqueous one-pot and open-air system combined with photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization using a novel water-soluble monomer having an activated ester, followed by modification with amine-containing saccharide derivatives in water at room temperature.

Preliminary Evidence Regarding the Detection of Cortisol and IL-6 to Assess Animal Welfare in Various Rabbit Housing Systems

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of three different rabbit rearing systems using animal-based measures. Therefore, in 2021, cortisol and IL-6 were assessed during a Biosecurity System pilot program to evaluate rabbit welfare, based on EU Regulation 2016/429 in the Apulia region of Southern Italy. The study was carried out on a total of 45 meat-type rabbits, divided into 3 groups of 15 subjects, aged approximately 60–65 days. Groups came from either: (i) a niche open-air system; (ii) a niche system in a shed with conventional cages, or (iii) an industrial system. Based on our findings, the rearing system had a significant effect (p < 0.0001) on the animal-based measures. Cortisol levels were higher in rabbits raised in the niche open-air system compared to those raised in both the niche system located in a shed with conventional cages and the industrial system (11.91 vs. 2.86 and 2.72 ng/mL, respectively). Likewise, IL-6 values were higher in rabbits from the niche open-air system (45.80 ng/mL) and lower in rabbits from the niche system in a shed with conventional cages and those from the industrial system (23.30 and 16.80 ng/mL, respectively). According to the results of the stress indicators measured, cortisol and IL-6, rabbit welfare and meat quality may be affected by rabbit rearing systems.

조선 후기의 세제 개혁 방안에 관한 연구

Studying Korean detergent history should not become an antique taste. In fact, by attempting “a dialogue between the past and the present” with a keen awareness of the present and future of the tax system, the present tax system can only be found vividly under the light of the past tax system. can be found Military service in the early days of the Joseon dynasty, from the restraint of high-ranking bureaucrats to the general public, without any loss of social status, from 16 to 60 years of age unless there is a special reason for immunity, Jang Jeong-eun, who reached all conscription ages, divided into provinces and camps to serve in national defense. It was a national open-air system that was stipulated to work hard. However, before and after the Imjin War, the national open military system was practically abolished, and military service was filled only with the military service of ordinary people excluding the ruling class.
 At that time, Gunpo collected 2 Pills of Pill per year for one Jangjeong, which was equivalent to 12 heads of rice at the average market price at the time. However, since the fact that 2 pills per person per year was not based on productivity and was imposed only according to the number of books without any production mediation, there was an irrationality that was no different than a kind of head tax. there was.
 As such, there was an imbalance in the tax burden, with the landlords paying less and the poor and powerless peasants paying relatively more. Thus, taxation and washing in the late Joseon Dynasty faced a crisis based on this structure.
 This study intends to conduct a study on the background of the introduction of the Gyunyeok method in the late Joseon Dynasty and the negative effects of the gyeokgyeok method, focusing on historical literature and previous studies.

Selective glycerol oxidation to glyceric acid under mild conditions using Pt/CeO2–ZrO2–Fe2O3/SBA-16 catalysts

ABSTRACT Effective glyceric acid production from glycerol was demonstrated under mild conditions in an open-air system at room temperature in the absence of base or oxygen gas flow by employing a Pt/CeO2–ZrO2–Fe2O3/Santa Barbara Amorphous No. 16 (SBA-16) catalyst. At a low loading amount of CeO2–ZrO2–Fe2O3 (16 wt%Ce0.64Zr0.16Fe0.20O2−δ/SBA-16), the oxygen release and storage abilities and high acidity of the catalyst afforded a high glyceraldehyde yield, owing to the enhancement of the oxidation ability of the Pt activator and the acceleration of the desorption of glyceraldehyde. The increase in CeO2–ZrO2–Fe2O3 loading amount further improved the oxygen release and storage abilities and lowered the catalyst acidity induced by crystallite growth and particle aggregation. The high oxygen release and storage abilities, as well as the low acidity, contributed to the high glyceric acid yield; the highest activity for glyceric acid production was obtained for the 7 wt%Pt/40 wt%Ce0.64Zr0.16Fe0.20O2−δ/SBA-16 catalyst. The glyceric acid yield increased up to 68.2% after 10 h of reaction in atmospheric air at 30°C.

Assessment of the food-water-energy nexus suitability of rooftops. A methodological remote sensing approach in an urban Mediterranean area

• A framework to identify roofs for food, water, and energy production is proposed. • Agriculture can be implemented on 8% of roofs to produce tomatoes and lettuce. • A total of 87% of roofs are suitable for integrating rainwater harvesting systems. • A total of 50% of roofs are suitable for integrating photovoltaic panels. • Service buildings and residential housing are more suitable for agriculture. This work established a framework to identify and analyze the technical feasibility of roofs for integrating urban agriculture, rainwater harvesting, and photovoltaic systems using various remote sensing. The framework was applied to a region north of Barcelona. Three levels of solar access requirements for tomatoes, leafy crops, strawberries, and microgreens were established. The case study included compact and disperse urban forms, residential and nonresidential building uses and various building typologies. It was identified that 8% of the roof area is feasible for tomato and lettuce production, and production could satisfy the 210% of average intake of tomatoes and the 21% average yearly consumption of lettuce. Rainwater harvesting systems could supply 94.26% of the water requirements for lettuce growing in an open-air system; in contrast, 53% of irrigation could be satisfied for tomato production in rooftop greenhouse systems. The results showed a potential for 80% of roof area to be used for rainwater harvesting systems, representing the average yearly water consumption of 44% of citizens for laundry, showering, toilet flushing, cleaning and irrigation uses. Finally, 50% of the roofs are suitable for photovoltaic panels, representing an average energy consumption of 18% of citizens.

The influence of a closed system combining orange oil and mode of action on quality preservation of salacca fruit

This research investigated an effective closed system containing orange oil to inhibit important mold growth, delay weight loss, protect salacca color and extend the shelf-life of salacca fruit in 1L box during storage at 28 ± 2 °C for 28 days under different conditions, including open-air, closed system conditions, and closed system conditions containing 1 mL of each an emulsion of orange oil at 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16% ww−1. Sensory evaluation was carried out using the 9-point hedonic scale. The action mechanism of storage systems on salacca preservation was investigated in terms of limonene, gas composition, ethylene content, and pigments revealing salacca color were examined. The results indicated the closed system containing orange oil at 0.08% was the most effective compared to the open-air system and control closed system without orange oil. Orange oil could inhibit mold growth on salacca, delay weight loss, maintain redness of salacca fruit with high sensory acceptance (color, flavor, and taste) and delay senescence. The closed system with orange oil could extend the salacca shelf life from 10 days (control open air) to at least 28 days. The mode of action's key main factor was that the closed system offered higher CO2 and lower O2 contents required to maintain pigments related to salacca color in the salacca skin. Limonene was the main factor delaying the growth of mold during storage in a closed system. Consequently, to extend the saleable period of salacca at ambient temperature, the application of a closed system containing orange oil at an optimum ratio is an alternative approach.

Performance of a double-slope solar still for the concentration of lithium rich brines with concomitant fresh water recovery

Lithium recovery from brines has become a hot topic. The current evaporitic technology is slow, and serious environmental concern has been raised regarding the large volumes of water used, relating both to brine concentration through evaporation, and intensive pumping of fresh water needed in the fine chemical processing to produce high purity lithium carbonate.In this work, an experimental and theoretical analysis of brine desalination using a double-slope Solar Still was carried out. The Solar Still was installed right next to an existing lithium mining facility in northwest Argentina, and was tested with native high salinity lithium rich brine for a continuous year under the typical weather conditions of lithium deposits: high altitude, large thermal amplitude between day and night, strong winds, and high solar radiation. The performance of the solar still as an evaporator was compared with that of a PAN evaporimeter class A, and correlated to experimentally determined weather parameters. While the performance of the Solar Still for brine concentration was below that of open air evaporation, the Solar Still allowed for the production of an average of 2 L day−1 m−2 of distilled water, in marked contrast with current practice. Numerical simulations allowed us to quantify heat exchanges in both the Solar Still and the open air system.

Glyceraldehyde production from glycerol over Pt/CeO2-ZrO2-Fe2O3/SBA-16 catalysts around room temperature in open air system

Pt/CeO2-ZrO2-Fe2O3/SBA-16 (SBA-16: Santa Barbara Amorphous No. 16) catalysts were prepared to produce glyceraldehyde (GLA) from glycerol effectively at around room temperature in an open air system. By introducing Fe3+ ion into CeO2-ZrO2, the oxygen release and storage abilities were improved, which led to the high oxidation ability of Pt. The highest activity was obtained for 6.7 wt%Pt/15.3 wt%Ce0.64Zr0.15Fe0.21O2−δ/SBA-16, and the GLA yield reached up to 22.1% under the moderate condition of 30 °C for 4 h in an open air atmosphere.

The influence of firing parameters on the crystallinity of ternesite

This work describes the crystallization and subsequent decomposition processes of ternesite when fired in an open air system. The effects of temperature and sintering period on phase composition and crystallinity were assessed post-mortem in samples fired in platinum crucibles in a laboratory furnace. High temperature XRD was used for observing phase and crystallinity changes in situ. The results indicate that the temperature of 1150 °C is neither high enough for a full synthesis of ternesite of sufficient quality nor high enough for its decomposition. It appears that the temperature of ternesite decomposition in an open system is around 1250 °C. The crystallites grow very fast at the beginning, until the size of 160 nm above which the grow rate is decreasing.

Formation of core&shell type nanocomposites based on the Fe(II)-Fe(III) layered double hydroxides

Fe(II)-Fe(III) layered double hydroxides (Green Rust) play an important role in the environmental systems due to their soft reductive properties and capacity to decrease the migration rate for various dissolved inorganic species. The core&shell type nanocomposites FeFe2O4&Au0 were obtained when the hydroxycarbonate Green Rust, that was preliminary formed on the steel surface in the open-air system, was contacting with HAuCl4 water solution. The formation of the nanocomposites was accompanied by the appearance of the second lepidocrocite phase. The nanocomposite particles belong to superparamagnetics and they showed the unique bioplasmonic properties that will be perspective for the bio-medical application in the future.

ESR dating of megafauna enamel teeth from Lagoa Uri de Cima Archaeological Site (Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil)

Excavations in the Lagoa Uri de Cima Archaeological Site (Salgueiro, Pernambuco, Brazil) revealed considerable Pleistocene mammalian fossils and lithics in multiple sedimentary layers of the ancient lake, currently dry. The site was found in 2010 during the construction of an open-air system of canals to connect water sheds of the semi-arid regions with the São Francisco River. The coexistence of a variety of extinct mammals and archaeological remains suggested the possibility of further light on the question of overlapping occupation of Northeastern Brazil by megafauna and humans in the Late Pleistocene. Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating of tooth enamel of mammal fossils can provide valuable information on the chronology of this site. This work presents the ESR dating of four teeth of two mammal species: Toxodon platensis (2) and Haplomastodon waringi (2). Dose-response curves were constructed using T1-B1 and T1-B2 amplitudes of the ESR signal of the hydroxyapatite CO2−radical, measured with a Bruker EMX-10+ X-band spectrometer. To verify the experimental protocol and the reliability of the exponential fittings for additive-doses and ESR signal intensities, the dose-response curve of one Toxodon platensis sample was independently obtained with a Jeol FA-200 X-band spectrometer. Equivalent dose to age conversions were carried out with the ROSY ESR dating program, with the external dose rate given by the environment and cosmic radiation and the internal dose rate given by probable uranium uptake models. The results show ages varying from 12,000 to 19,000 years for the four samples. The stratigraphical consistency is sub-optimal, but can be explained by the overall geomorphology of the site. These results place the creation of the lowest sedimentary levels of Lagoa Uri de Cima within the Late Pleistocene.

Effect of earthworms and plants on the efficiency of verticalflow systems treating university wastewater.

One of the possible ways to improve the operation efficiency of constructed wetlands and to prevent their clogging is the application of earthworms. They have already been successfully applied for vermicomposting and for sludge dewatering and treatment. A few studies have already examined the effect of earthworms on the treatment of wastewater by vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs), but none of them have provided a yearlong research result from an open-air system or compared the effect that different seasons in a temperate climate area can have on these invertebrates. The goal of this research was to estimate the effect that earthworms and plants have on VFCW's operation. Four mesocosms (a filter, a filter with earthworms, a VFCW and a VFCW with earthworms) were built and their influent and effluent water quality was monitored for a period of 1year. They were fed with wastewater coming from a building of the University of Bologna (Italy). The results have shown that the presence of earthworms in this specific system did not reduce the organic matter content of the substrate, but it has positively influenced plants' growth. However, since neither earthworms nor plants had a statistically significant effect on the effluent quality, it can be concluded that the integration of these invertebrates cannot improve wastewater treatment of vertical flow filters or constructed wetlands.

Fundamental Study on a Tracer Gas Experimental Method that uses Dynamic Steady State Concentration and can be Applied to an Air Recirculating System

In the previous paper, theoretical consideration of the tracer gas experimental method that uses dynamic steady state concentration was made. In this study, the feasibility of the tracer gas experimental method was examined based on a laboratory experiment. It was confirmed that a dynamic steady state concentration in case of negative generation of tracer gas corresponds to the age of air in an open-air system. The sum of dynamic steady state concentrations in case of positive generation of tracer gas and that for negative generation in the air recirculating part of a room is similar to the steady state concentration in an open air system.