Ontological Structure Research Articles

CAPEC ontology generator

CAPEC is an effort coordinated by MITRE Corporation. Its aim is attack pattern database structured in taxonomies. CAPEC is available as XML document from its project site. CAPEC structure and content are under permanent change and development. It is still not mature database but may be never will.CAPEC, CWE, and CVE are databases devoted to attacks, weaknesses, and vulnerabilities. They refer each other forming a knowledge ecosystem in cybersecurity area.Traditional approach for knowledge presentation as information does not work well with conceptualizations under dynamics of this ecosystem and particularly of CAPEC. In this paper, an alternative approach to CAPEC knowledge presentation is proposed, as ontology. First, CAPEC structure and content are discussed and then ontology structure is introduced. CAPEC as ontology opens doors to ``open world'' concept that is more adequate to ecosystem dynamics.CAPEC ontology is programmatically generated from CAPEC database.CAPEC ontology generator in implemented in Python.

Literary Realism, Speculative Fiction, and Queer African Futures in Akwaeke Emezi's Freshwater

ABSTRACT: This article positions Akwaeke Emezi's novel Freshwater (2018) as a text that challenges definitions of multiple genres, namely literary realism and speculative fiction. I argue that Freshwater 's seemingly fantastical elements are in fact iterations of Igbo cosmology, which recognizes coterminous human and spiritual realms as part of material reality. By positioning Igbo ontology as the grounding principle of earthly existence, Freshwater contests the division of realism into multiple subsets (magical, animist, literary). Furthmore, I argue that the novel playfully refigures ogbanje identities and Igbo cosmological structures to envision new horizons for future kinship. Rather than speculating about futures that respond to African histories of European colonization, Freshwater reconfigures uniquely Igbo concepts such as ogbanje and iyi-uwa into means for queer agential re-destination. Thus, the novel shifts the speculative focus away from postcolonial efforts to "write back," and instead locates the basis for speculative futures within Igbo ontological structures. Freshwater 's complex navigation of not only multiple realisms and speculative fiction, but also tradition and change, defies easy categorization and instead offers open-ended avenues for queer Igbo and other African futurities.

Ontology modeling for automation of questionnaire data processing

The object of this study is the analysis of questionnaire data using ontological modeling. The task relates to the fact that conventional methods for processing questionnaire data are often insufficiently effective when working with large volumes of information and do not make it possible to automate many analysis processes. As a result of the study, an ontology was designed that structures and analyzes questionnaire data, which allows for a more accurate identification of hidden relationships between variables. Using these theoretical provisions, an information system for assessing the quality of assimilation of preschool children's competencies was built. 150 children from various preschool organizations were involved in the study as respondents. The data integration method proposed in this paper significantly facilitated the process of data analysis both for a group and for an individual respondent. The key difference of the proposed methodology is the automation of routine data analysis operations based on the ontological structure, which significantly simplifies the processing of large volumes of information. This makes it possible to solve the problem of limitations in conventional analysis methods and makes data analysis more scalable and reproducible. The practical application of the results is possible in marketing for analyzing customer satisfaction, market segmentation, and evaluating the effectiveness of advertising campaigns. In the educational domain, the ontology could be used to evaluate the quality of programs and analyze respondents' opinions, and in sociology – to analyze public opinion and conduct research on social phenomena. Thus, the proposed ontology provides an effective tool for analyzing large volumes of questionnaire data, allowing organizations to make more informed decisions and improve their efficiency

“The twain is crossing”

Abstract The storyworld presented in the 2023 fantasy-comedy film Barbie is predicated upon a simple ontological binary: there is the Real World, in which humans reside, and Barbie Land, populated by plastic dolls, and it is roundly accepted that “never the twain shall cross”. However, throughout the film this divide is problematised, as the two domains impinge upon one another so consistently that Barbie herself recognises that “[t]he twain is crossing”. In this article, we explore the complex ontological structure underlying the Barbie film. A multimodal stylistic approach is adopted, and combined with insights from possible worlds theory, in order to investigate the linguistic, structural and visual features which present permeable and liminal spaces and occasion incidences of ontolepsis. Ultimately, the analysis serves to illuminate Barbie’s playful approach to multiple, interwoven, and overlapping ontological levels — be they in Barbie Land, the Real World, or even our own real world.

Mythological thinking in the cognitive system

Each era's theoretical-cognitive thought forms a new cultural and historical integrity because it is the heir to all of its preceding main directions while evolving at a qualitatively different level, choosing a distinct re-search topic and range of interests, and creating its own vocabulary for describing and explaining the phe-nomena of the surrounding reality. In addition to providing a theoretical understanding of the phenomena of understanding the world by our forebears, the modern theory of cognition has an important task in revealing the ontological structures and mechanisms of knowledge, demonstrating the subject volume and pluralism of concepts of cognition and understanding of the world, and adequately and clearly demonstrating some sub-stantive and logical parallels. The article deals with the evolution of the cognitive capabilities of myth. It ana-lyzes various scientific points of view concerning the epistemological function of myth.It also notes that the study of the heuristic role of myth in relation to culture and science requires a philosophical concept capable through the analysis of the universal aspects of myth to synthesize a holistic picture of the mythological way of thinking as the basis for all creative activity immanently inherent in man.

A multi-strategy ontology mapping method based on cost-sensitive SVM

As the core of ontology integration, the task of ontology mapping is to find the semantic relationship between ontologies. Nevertheless, most existing ontology mapping methods only rely ontext information to calculate entity similarity, thereby disregarding semantic nuances and necessitating substantial manual intervention. Therefore, this paper introduces an ontology mapping method. Based on the traditional ontology mapping method, the process employs a deep learning model to mine the semantic information of entity concepts, entity properties and ontology structure to obtain the embedding vector. We use the similarity mechanism to calculate the similarity between different embedding vectors, and combine the similarity values obtained from multiple strategy entities into a similarity matrix. The similarity matrix serves as input to the support vector machine (SVM), and the ontology mapping problem is finally transformed into a binary classification problem. However, since the number of mapped pairs is much larger than the number of non-mapped pairs, the number of positive samples in the data set is much smaller than the number of negative samples. Therefore, based on the traditional SVM, the paper adopts cost-sensitive strategy to deal with the class imbalance problem. In comparative evaluations against contemporary ontology mapping techniques, our method demonstrates a noteworthy 5.0% enhancement in recall and a 3.0% improvement in F1 score when tested on both public benchmark datasets and domain-specific datasets.

Thomistic actus essendi and spirituality of the soul.

The purpose of this contribution is to rethink the problem of the ‘infusio animae rationalis’ within Thomist thought, based on the same metaphysical principles that Aquinas used to define the ontological structure of the human soul.

Predicates in Linguistics as Tools for Analysing the Meaning of Words and Terms

The aim of the article is to underline the predicative character of the meaning of a lexeme and the coherence of the conceptual system underlying (ontological entity) the first meaning of a lexeme (word or term). After distinguishing between meaning and concept, then concept in knowledge engineering and concept in cognitive linguistics based on realist metaphysics, the author presents the Aristotelian predicate as that which expresses at the metalinguistic level the properties of a conceptualised entity of reality. It is characterised by different levels of expression and is linked to ontological structure. An ‘essentialist legacy’ of Aristotle's predicates is realised in essentialist definitions in natural language. They are studied in lexicographic and terminological definitions. The predicates that have their predicative structures in the ontological structure of an entity are illustrated by examples of French and Polish predicates of eagles taken from lexicographical definitions and ornithological terms. They are also used to analyse precisely the metaphors of the parts of an aircraft inherited from the properties of a bird, thus demonstrating the metaphorical conceptualisations specific to each speaking community. The method of analysing the meaning of a word using an Aristotelian predicate makes it possible to separate the ontological level from the level of signifiers, and makes it operational for application to formal language.

MAKG: A maritime accident knowledge graph for intelligent accident analysis and management

With the increasing frequency of human activities at sea, maritime accidents are occurring more often. Analyzing and mining maritime accident cases can help uncover the causal mechanisms behind these incidents, thereby enhancing maritime safety. As an emerging technology for knowledge management and mining, knowledge graphs offer significant support for the storage, reasoning, and decision-making processes related to maritime accidents.In this study, we established a knowledge graph construction and application framework for maritime accidents to facilitates the extraction and management of maritime knowledge from unstructured texts. First, 581 accident reports released by the China Maritime Safety Administration over the past decade (2014–2023) were used as the data basis for analysis and construction of the maritime accident ontology structure using the seven-step method, which comprises 8 entity types, 8 relationship types, and 18 attribute entity types. Second, We proposed MBERT-BiLSTM-CRF-SF, a named entity recognition model based on domain pretraining and self-training, to reduce graph construction costs. This model achieved state-of-the-art performance in the maritime domain, with an F1 score of 0.910 ± 0.006, which is about 5% higher than the mainstream model. In addition, we proposed an entity alignment method based on font and semantics to refine knowledge further. On the basis of the proposed method, we constructed a large, high-quality maritime accident knowledge graph (MAKG) system that contains 16,099 entities and 20,809 relationship instances. Finally, we reduced the complexity of applying knowledge graphs by integrating the CRISPE prompt learning framework of the large language model, and experiments on graph traversal, pattern recognition, and aggregation analysis were conducted to assess the quality of MAKG. Results demonstrate that MAKG can effectively enhance the efficiency of querying and reasoning about maritime accident information, thus providing significant support for the prevention and management of maritime accidents.

Chronological Analysis of The Ontological Sequence of The Neighborhood in Urban Physical Stratification; Şükran Neighborhood-Konya

The aim of this study is to understand the change in the spatial structure of Şükran district, which has been shaped by the concept of neighborhood from past to present in the urban memory of Konya. In this context, the stratification in the urban space with the historical stratification, the structure and road relationship that will be revealed together with the ontological structure of the neighborhood, and the evolution of the land subdivision form and situation over the years will be examined in detail. In this sense, the connection of the structure, which is expected to be completely changed in the future with the urban transformation of the neighborhood, which is located in the historical city center of Konya and where mainly dwellings are built, will be questioned and the systematic structure of the transformation will be investigated. As a result, questioning the transformation of urban spaces where the urban physical gradation continues is important in order to transfer urban memory to future generations. In line with these purposes, within the scope of the study, the ontological structure of the neighborhood will be questioned within the urban physical stratification that took place in the historical process, its formation in the city in unplanned and planned periods from the past to the present will be investigated in detail within the framework of the decisions taken by the city administrators and the changing regulations and a documentation will be done at the point of transferring the urban memory to the future.

UAV, GNSS, Total Station, and Data Management Applied to an Ancient Clay Structure as a Historic Building Information Modeling Proposal: A Case Study of Huaca Arco Iris (Trujillo, Peru)

In light of current risks and environmental impacts, HBIM (historic building information modeling) offers a highly efficient and interactive method for managing historical data and representing the current states of ancient clay structures. In this study, traditional geodetic techniques were employed to digitally locate a structure without compromising its topographic information to create an accurate model. Tools such as total stations, GNSS receivers, and UAVs were utilized to generate detailed topography of the study site and its surroundings. An ontology-based data management structure was also developed to store historical data and site intervention projects, adhering to the ISO 12006-2 standard. This was achieved through automated scripts in Dynamo softwarev.2.18.1. A comparison between the point cloud (279 images) and total station data (600 points) revealed a georeferencing accuracy difference of +/−0.003 m. Consequently, the developed methods can effectively represent similar structures digitally. The proposed ontological structure facilitates automated storage of internal and external information.

Formalization of Elements and Control Schemes in Intelligent System Models

The purpose of the work is to formalize the concepts and principles that form the basis of the mathematical model for controlling the life cycles of intelligent systems. The controlling elements formal description is part of a universal model of such systems. This model part is important for implementing complex intelligent systems with a large amount and diversity of knowledge flows and knowledge processing schemes performed simultaneously. The other two areas of this model are associated with a unified logical-algebraic description of the concept of knowledge representation formalism, as well as concepts related to the architecture of intelligent systems. Formalization of ideas about control in intelligent systems is carried out according to the principle of a hierarchy of controlling elements and processes. The elements of the mathematical model that implements this principle correspond to event-controlled automata with infinite memory and associated algorithms for the automata simulation in specific systems. The objectives of the research include the development of formats for describing the hierarchy of diagrams and assemblies of control elements in a universal model of an intelligent system, and diagrams of algorithms for the functioning of intelligent systems based on the processing of model descriptions. Models of intelligent system control elements hierarchy and execution algorithms for the sets of activated control elements for the implementation time of life cycles of intelligent systems are described by extending the special ontological structures. These structures implement customizations of universal control model

Homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) gene family in Apostasia shenzhenica Z. J. Liu & L. J. Chen (Orchidaceae): In silico identification and characterization

The homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) gene family constitutes an important class of transcription factors found in plants that play crucial roles in various aspects of growth, development and stress regulation. Despite this, there have been minuscule reports on identification and characterization of HD-ZIP gene family in orchids. The present study identifies 31 putative genes (AsHD-ZIP) in Apostasia shenzhenica, using in silico approaches. All of the identified transcription factors were grouped into four subfamilies (HD-ZIP I to IV) based on the distribution of various conserved domains and motifs i.e., HD-ZIP I (homeodomain and leucine zipper), HD-ZIP II (homeodomain, leucine zipper and CPSCE), HD-ZIP III (homeodomain, leucine zipper, MEKHLA and START) and HD-ZIP IV (homeodomain, leucine zipper and START). Prediction of physicochemical properties, protein structures, protein-protein interactions, gene ontology, and gene structures further validated this classification. Phylogenetic analysis showed clustering of all subgroups separately along with their orthologs in Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Dendrobium catenatum and Phalaenopsis equestris. Furthermore, spatio-temporal expression profiling and presence of cis-regulatory elements confirmed tissue specific expression. As HD-ZIP genes are vital players in regulation of plant growth and development as well as in biotic and abiotic stress responses, this study provides a foundation for genetic improvement in orchids through functional validation and characterization of HD-ZIP gene family.

Development of Unified Terminological System Based on UMLS: Experience and Perspectives.

This article presents experience in construction the National Unified Terminological System (NUTS) with an ontological structure based on international Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). UMLS has been adapted and enriched with formulations from national directories, relationships, extracted from the texts of scientific articles and electronic health records, and weight coefficients.

A lightweight security defense algorithm for multimodal attack blocking in industrial control networks based on momentum enhanced feature graphs

AbstractAs the infrastructure of modern industry, the safe and stable operation of lightweight industrial control network is crucial for industrial production. Multi‐mode attack is a kind of highly customized and low resource consumption network attack method, which can target the specific vulnerabilities and configuration weaknesses of lightweight industrial control network. In order to improve the defense capability of industrial control network against multimodal attacks, a lightweight security defense algorithm based on momentum‐enhanced feature graph is proposed. The lightweight industrial control network operation mode is determined by abstract relationship, and the ontology structure of industrial control network multi‐mode attack is established; with reference to the ontology structure, the multi‐mode attack map of industrial control network is defined; the normal behavior and lightweight attack behavior are divided, and the convolutional network is used to enhance the characteristics of lightweight attack; and the momentum‐enhanced feature map technology is used to correspond to the enhancement process, and to block and defend against the multi‐mode attack of industrial control network. The results show that the studied algorithm can realize accurate prediction of attack behaviors with different attack behaviors as test objects, and ensure accurate blocking of all kinds of attack behaviors with better security defense effect.

Towards a standard benchmark for variant and gene prioritisation algorithms: PhEval - Phenotypic inference Evaluation framework.

Computational approaches to support rare disease diagnosis are challenging to build, requiring the integration of complex data types such as ontologies, gene-to-phenotype associations, and cross-species data into variant and gene prioritisation algorithms (VGPAs). However, the performance of VGPAs has been difficult to measure and is impacted by many factors, for example, ontology structure, annotation completeness or changes to the underlying algorithm. Assertions of the capabilities of VGPAs are often not reproducible, in part because there is no standardised, empirical framework and openly available patient data to assess the efficacy of VGPAs - ultimately hindering the development of effective prioritisation tools. In this paper, we present our benchmarking tool, PhEval, which aims to provide a standardised and empirical framework to evaluate phenotype-driven VGPAs. The inclusion of standardised test corpora and test corpus generation tools in the PhEval suite of tools allows open benchmarking and comparison of methods on standardised data sets. PhEval and the standardised test corpora solve the issues of patient data availability and experimental tooling configuration when benchmarking and comparing rare disease VGPAs. By providing standardised data on patient cohorts from real-world case-reports and controlling the configuration of evaluated VGPAs, PhEval enables transparent, portable, comparable and reproducible benchmarking of VGPAs. As these tools are often a key component of many rare disease diagnostic pipelines, a thorough and standardised method of assessment is essential for improving patient diagnosis and care.

Towards a semi-automatic classifier of malware through tweets for early warning threat detection

This paper presents a method for developing a malware ontology structure by detecting malware instances on Twitter. The ontology represents a semi-automatic classifier fed by the data extracted from tweets. In particular, the automatic part of the presented methodology relies on a pattern-based approach to detect trigger expressions leading to new information about malware, whilst the manual one covers the evaluation of the results by domain-experts, who also validate the reliability of the semantic relationships within the ontology framework. We present preliminary results on the application of our methodology to tweets extracted from MalwareBazaar database showing how the documents’ collection analysis, through Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, can support the knowledge retrieval and documents’ classification procedures for building early warning system of detected malware. Results obtained from this research paper within the time framework of 2023 are referred to the previous version of the current social network X.

Chaos, Territory, Art. Deleuze and the Framing of the Earth

This paper is about the ontology, the materiality and logical structure of art. While I am not trained in the visual arts or architecture, nonetheless I see there are many points of overlap, regions of co-occupation, that concern art and philosophy, and it is these shared concerns that I want to explore. I want to discuss the ‘origins’ of art and architecture, but not the historical, evolutionary or material origins of art – an origin confirmable by some kind of material evidence or research – but rather, the conceptual origins of art, what concepts art entails, assumes and elaborates. These of course are linked to historical, evolutionary and material forces, but are nevertheless conceptually, that is to say, metaphysically or ontologically separable from them. Art, according to Deleuze, does not produce concepts, though it does address problems and provocations. It produces sensations, affects, intensities, as its mode of addressing problems, which sometimes align with and link to concepts, the object of philosophical production, the way philosophy deals with problems. Thus philosophy may have a place, not in assessing art, but in addressing the same provocations or incitements to production as art faces, through different means and with different effects and consequences.

Buddhist Fundamental Ontology

With the aim of bring Vaibhāṣika’s distinctive fundamental ontology into clearer view, here I argue that the Vaibhāṣika describe two general kinds of ontological dependence relations that generate different kinds of ontological structure: (1) ordering relations that generate hierarchical ontological structure and (2) existential dependence relations among the dharmas that co-temporaneously bundle or asynchronously causally relate them. Ordering relations are defined in terms of the distinction between ultimately real and conventionally real entities. Existential dependence relations among dharmas are defined in terms of dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda): the view that all phenomena that occur in time are dependent on other phenomena for their occurrence in the present moment. The Vaibhāṣika position is worthy of our philosophical attention because it challenges two commonly held views (1) that fundamentality is to be understood in terms of ontological independence and (2) that causal dependence is distinct from ontological dependence.

КОМПЛЕКСНІ ОНТОЛОГІЧНІ ТА НЕЙРОМЕРЕЖЕВІ МОДЕЛІ ФОТОГРАФІЧНИХ ОБРАЗІВ

This article explores an innovative approach to developing computer vision systems, based on the deep integration of complex ontological and neural network models for effective analysis of photographic images. This work proposes a novel hybrid method in the context of contemporary challenges associated with image recognition, such as a high diversity of classes and problems with the occlusion of objects in low-quality photos. This method provides computer vision models with a deeper understanding of the context and semantics of images, utilizing ontological structures to represent visual content. The analytical process includes the identification of key objects in the image and the determination of their ontological context, allowing neural networks to effectively perform a gradient transformation of the input data for more accurate recognition and classification. The proposed model demonstrates the potential for gaining an advantage over traditional methods in computer vision tasks, opening new possibilities for expanding computer vision applications in scientific, industrial, and domestic spheres.