Ontological Level Research Articles

Multimedia ontology population through semantic analysis and hierarchical deep features extraction techniques

The rapid increase of available data in different complex contexts needs automatic tasks to manage and process contents. Semantic Web technologies represent the silver bullet in the digital Internet ecosystem to allow human and machine cooperation in achieving these goals. Specific technologies as ontologies are standard conceptual representations of this view. It aims to transform data into an interoperability format providing a common vocabulary for a given domain and defining, with different levels of formality, the meaning of informative objects and their possible relationships. In this work, we focus our attention on Ontology Population in the multimedia realm. An automatic and multi-modality framework for images ontology population is proposed and implemented. It allows the enrichment of a multimedia ontology with new informative content. Our multi-modality approach combines textual and visual information through natural language processing techniques, and convolutional neural network used the features extraction task. It is based on a hierarchical methodology using images descriptors and semantic ontology levels. The results evaluation shows the effectiveness of our proposed approach.

DOMAIN ONTOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOR CONDITION MONITORING SYSTEM OF INDUSTRIAL CONTROL EQUIPMENT AND DEVICES

Context. Modern intelligent systems of failure identification of control equipment and devices in food industry are based on a complexation of approaches implemented on various methods and algorithms. The feature of such systems is that within them operates a large amount of heterogeneous data and knowledge that are difficult to combine. The use of ontologies of different levels in the system development process solves this problem.
 Objective. Domain ontology development for equipment condition monitoring system as a basis for designing intelligent decision support system with ontology knowledge base.
 Methods. There are different ontology development approaches. They may differ in the quantity of levels and types of ontologies or be a combination of subject and problem domains ontologies depending on the complexity of the problem and the chosen ontology development method. This paper represents two levels of the three-level ontology being developed for intelligent condition monitoring system of control equipment and devices. The upper level is represented by top-level ontology Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) which provides systematization of the meta-level, including temporal part. International standards and technical reports such as IEC 62890, ISO 55000, ISA 95, ISA 106, IEC 62264, ISO 10303-242: 2020 are considered in the development process of the second ontology level – Domain ontology.
 Results. The article provides Domain ontology for equipment condition monitoring system in food industry. The developed Domain ontology systematizes, structures engineering knowledge and uses BFO which provides a set of basic elements at the metalevel. They set the values of the following entities: type of production, methods of failure identification, causes, failures, events, equipment, etc. The developed Domain ontology has semantic cross-links. A fragment of the Domain ontology relationships for the “Control equipment” subclass of “Equipment” class is also presented in the paper.
 Conclusions. The developed ontology can be used to analyze the knowledge base on the causes, locations and types of failures and their identification methods. The developed ontology is a basis for application ontology development.

“Being tied to experience”: towards a subjective account of the phenomenology of the event

In this text, Heidegger's notion of the event is understood as a rupture on an ontological level. From this follows the aporia of whether the event concerns the coming about of being itself, or of beings. To address the ontological as well as the ontic aspect of the event, the article suggests to understand the event in a subjective framework, in line with transcendental conditions of experience, specifically as a "receptivity" to the event. The main part of the article considers existing phenomenological approaches to the event and the possibility or impossibility of a receptivity to the event expressed therein. In conclusion, the article suggests that the subjective event can be conceived as a rupture within subjective experience, as being tied to the necessary coming about of experience.

О соизмеримости несоизмеримого

Today the world lives in a unique historical situation. There are transformations of earthly space and time on the way of collecting numerous tempo worlds of ethnic groups and cultures. The global crisis and environmental catastrophic risks are relentlessly forcing people to unite to solve common problems. Thoughtless attitude to the biosphere, waste of the planet's resources, pollution of the environment are menacing symptoms of the threat of self-destruction of mankind. Only the unification of peoples and an unshakable sense of geosolidarity can resist. The support in the confrontation between technologization and aggressive geopolitics is seen in traditionalism, in the spiritual origins of the traditions of different peoples. The study of non-Western philosophies, attempts to penetrate cultures with different ethnic codes form multiple new trends in the world intellectual space of philosophy. For epistemology, the dialogue of cultures has given rise to a number of methodological problems. What can be the criteria for comparative studies if incommensurable conceptual systems and different worldviews are compared? Science, focused on the knowledge of the external world, relies on intelligence or "embodied consciousness." The empirical mind as an analyzer of feelings in the Indian tradition is not considered independent. The article discusses correlations in the methodological strategies of spiritual thought in the Indian and Old Russian traditions, as well as correlations with the methodologies of non-classical science. The author shows that any abilities in hierarchical ontologies with extreme levels can be thought of only as a part of the whole. Integrity at the ultimate ontological level potentially contains the qualities of subsequent differentiation (emanates). The concept of the mind as dependent is characteristic of spiritual practices, which can be seen in the texts of the Explanatory Palaia and texts of Indian teachings. Comparative analysis of the problem of the nature of intelligence is of interest in connection with discussions on artificial intelligence. An obstacle to the perception of holistic methodologies is the dualistic language in the European tradition (opposition of matter and consciousness, matter and spirit, brain and consciousness). The criteria for the commensurability of different cultural-semiotic systems are developed in the course of the dialogue of cultures.

GFO: The General Formal Ontology

The General Formal Ontology (GFO) is a top-level ontology that is being developed at the University of Leipzig since 1999. Besides introducing some of the basic principles of the ontology, we expound axiomatic fragments of its formalization and present ontological models of several use cases. GFO is a top-level ontology that integrates objects and processes into a unified framework, in a way that differs significantly from other ontologies. Another unique selling feature of GFO is its meta-ontological architecture, which includes set theory into ontology and which accounts for its specific role in common representation approaches. The second level of that architecture starts from the distinction of categories and individuals, which forms the backbone of the world’s structure. Furthermore, GFO comprises several kinds of categories, among them universals and concepts, and it considers several ontological regions and levels. In the context of this special issue paper, we study five pre-determined use cases from the perspective of GFO. The results of these analyses yield insights into how the ontology treats several important notions. Very abridged, this covers material objects and their composition; roles and social entities; properties with their relations to objects and processes, and their changing; changes of processes, including a functional perspective; and, eventually, the nature and changing of concepts as well as terminology. A final part summarizes application projects that use GFO in various contexts.

TUpper: A top level ontology within standards1

Upper ontologies have traditionally arisen from the approach in which concepts that are common across a set of domains can be axiomatized at a general level. The rationale is that reuse across domains is to be supported through specialization of the general concepts from an upper ontology. Similarly, semantic integration between ontologies is to be achieved through the general concepts they specialize. The TUpper Ontology follows an alternative approach (referred to as the sideways approach) to the conventional upper ontology paradigm. Rather than think of an upper ontology as a monolithic axiomatization centred on a taxonomy, the sideways approach considers an upper ontology to be a modular ontology composed of generic ontologies that cover concepts including those related to time, process, and space. TUpper is therefore composed of a set of generic ontologies, and each generic ontology axiomatizes a particular set of generic concepts (e.g., the classes and relations relevant for time, process, and space). The TUpper Ontology is designed as a top-level ontology that contains modules from the ontologies within existing international standards.

Making space for competition: The rationalities of contemporary regional development

Taking as its starting premise that we have a politics of space because space is political at the level of ontology, this article investigates how the governing of regional development is guided by a set of prominent political rationalities that revolve around the notions of competition and competitiveness. To this end, I mobilise the Foucauldian framework of governmentality to provide empirical illustrations drawn from a 5-year long research project concerning globalisation in Swedish sub-national regions. These illustrations show how regions are governed through rationalities that stress adaptability, attraction, environment and sustainability as well as leadership in order to prevail in their inevitable competition for vital resources. I argue that as these chains of rationale are put into motion in the contemporary politics of space, they not only promote specific and particular ways of developing regions, but also displace certain practices and objects from the realm of the political to the realm of a natural order. I therefore conclude that current expressions of the politics of space have strong tendencies to deny its own political foundations. Instead, competition and competitiveness are inscribed as naturally occurring features in social relations, thereby elevating their importance in the creation of new sub-national spaces.

The BMS-LM ontology for biomedical data reporting throughout the lifecycle of a research study: From data model to ontology

Biomedical research data reuse and sharing is essential for fostering research progress. To this aim, data producers need to master data management and reporting through standard and rich metadata, as encouraged by open data initiatives such as the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) guidelines. This helps data re-users to understand and reuse the shared data with confidence. Therefore, dedicated frameworks are required. The provenance reporting throughout a biomedical study lifecycle has been proposed as a way to increase confidence in data while reusing it. The Biomedical Study - Lifecycle Management (BMS-LM) data model has implemented provenance and lifecycle traceability for several multimodal-imaging techniques but this is not enough for data understanding while reusing it. Actually, in the large scope of biomedical research, a multitude of metadata sources, also called Knowledge Organization Systems (KOSs), are available for data annotation. In addition, data producers uses local terminologies or KOSs, containing vernacular terms for data reporting. The result is a set of heterogeneous KOSs (local and published) with different formats and levels of granularity. To manage the inherent heterogeneity, semantic interoperability is encouraged by the Research Data Management (RDM) community. Ontologies, and more specifically top ontologies such as BFO and DOLCE, make explicit the metadata semantics and enhance semantic interoperability. Based on the BMS-LM data model and the BFO top ontology, the BioMedical Study - Lifecycle Management (BMS-LM) core ontology is proposed together with an associated framework for semantic interoperability between heterogeneous KOSs. It is made of four ontological levels: top/core/domain/local and aims to build bridges between local and published KOSs. In this paper, the conversion of the BMS-LM data model to a core ontology is detailed. The implementation of its semantic interoperability in a specific domain context is explained and illustrated with examples from small animal preclinical research.

Miki Kiyoshi’s Philosophy of History and the historical role of myth

ABSTRACT In this paper, I argue that Miki’s concept of myth offers a continuation and consolidation of his Philosophy of History (1932), providing an important conceptual tool to comprehend his philosophical project. To understand Miki’s originality, it is important to contrast his conception of history with that of Rickert’s, one of Miki’s professors during his stay in Germany. Although scholarship about the Kyōto School does not mention these texts, between 1932 and 1935, Miki’s writing focuses on the importance of myth as a manifestation of the historical consciousness during periods of social crisis. Thus, myth, as a form of knowledge tied to the most fundamental ontological level of human existence (that Miki calls ‘fact’), was able to serve as an operationalization of social change.

An interdisciplinary perspective on scaling in transitions: Connecting actors and space

The question of how sustainable innovations and how niche experimentation lead to systemic changes are a core motivation of sustainability transitions research. As an inherently interdisciplinary field, although this question is addressed from different academic perspectives, the dominant understanding of relevant scaling processes is grounded in concepts of growth, diffusion and expansion. This article contributes to the discussion of more nuanced understandings of scaling, acknowledging the value of ontological levels for analytic purposes, but also drawing on knowledge from socio-psychological and spatial perspectives. Alternative understandings of spatial and agency-related scaling approaches are discussed and compared. An integrative socio-spatial framework is developed, providing a mid-range framework capable of supporting analysis of transitions that connects different disciplinary perspectives within a level-based ontology. We use an illustrative case study and derive implications for how this can inform questions of scaling and particularly spatial upscaling of new ways of doing, thinking & organizing

A Deconstructionist Reading of Populist Claims Related to Covid-19: A Rhetorical Discourse Analysis

Rhetoric at the ontological level—for instance, the way in which hegemony is structured like speech—is a tool that can be used to give meaning to narratives such as the medical populist claims that arose in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Although these populist claims ranged from explicitly trivial conspiracies to rational demands about healthcare, outside the truth–falsity binaries we can explain how the narratives functioned metaphorically to gain acceptability. While guarding against linguistic reductionism, but considering that hegemony works like grammar, rhetorical discourse analysis, inspired by the work of Ernesto Laclau, is used to read the metaphorical transformation of disinformation into “rational” demands and the construction of enemy outsiders to stabilise this populist hegemony. Through a metaphoric mechanism, disinformation is converted to information and linked to rational demands, which enables what is otherwise irrational to become believable. This linking is achieved through disinformation and rational demands metaphorically substituting each other to become what they are not in their literal form. Thereafter, the metaphorical meaning loses its metaphoricity, allowing the disinformation to become catachrestic and to be taken as literal or genuine knowledge. Several cases are cited to illustrate concrete examples of knowledge generated through metaphorical contamination of rational demands with disinformation.

Freedom: Created or Uncreated

There are two reasons why Christian theology introduces the concept of the absolute nothing into its doctrine of creation. Firstly, unlike platonic non-being, the absolute nihil is not eternally co-existent with God and it does not limit His creative freedom. We notice that God’s freedom is identified with the freedom to create. Platonic non-being represented a necessity. To create, therefore, means to be able to overcome every form of necessity. The concept of the absolute nothing, therefore, needs to provide an ontological ground for the creation of the absolute novum. Sergius Bulgakov and Nikolai Berdyaev, the authors I am quoting in this essay, agree that the apology of the world is inconceivable on the level of monistic ontology, for which substance or ousia is the main category. They are aware that simultaneous communion and otherness between God and the world is imaginable only on the level of the person or hypostasis. Christian theology introduces absolute nothing to secure God’s creative freedom. God is free if He can overcome givenness and create a newness in being. But Bulgakov stresses that to “create out of nothing” means that God creates out of Himself. God can create only what is already given in Him. Berdyaev’s God does not create out of Himself but out of uncreated freedom. Berdyaev explicitly confirms uncreatedness of freedom by stressing that this freedom is outside of God. This is why God can break through the givenness of the world and create an absolute newness.

Jedinstvo duše i njenih sposobnosti u islamskoj filozofiji

Islamic philosophers claim that the human soul is one being because we feel it as such within ourselves. On the other hand, owing to a very wide range of cognitive and practical activities that go beyond the boundaries of the material world, the earlier representatives of philosophical thought in Islam up to Mulla Sadra believed that the abilities of the soul are not an integral part of its essence, but mediators in its various actions. Based on his innovative ideas especially about the primacy of the being and the physical origin of the individual being of the soul, Mulla Sadra Shirazi comes up with the idea of the unity of the soul and its abilities. This view of the soul unites all the lower levels of the soul in man with the intellectual human soul and completely connects the starting point of the soul's developmental path with the lowest ontological level of the material world. Some contemporary Islamic philosophers believe that the vegetative abilities, being exclusively material, cannot be equated with the supramaterial soul. In this paper, we present arguments about the unity of the soul, as well as answers to critiques that can arise on the basis of other theories presented in Mulla Sadra's transcendental philosophy.

Pedro and Pita Built Peter Priesthood's Mansion and Now They Work the Grounds: Whose Masc Does “the Lamanite” Wear?

Pedro and Pita Built Peter Priesthood's Mansion and Now They Work the Grounds: Whose <i>Masc</i> Does “the Lamanite” Wear?

Cognitive Metaphor and Discourse: Research Methods and Paradigms

The article dwells on a modern cognitive and discourse study of metaphors. Taking the advantage of the analysis and fusion of information in foreign and domestic papers, the researcher delves into their classification from the ontological, axiological and epistemological points of view. The ontological level breaks down into two basic approaches, namely metaphorical nature of discourse and discursive nature of metaphors. The former analyses metaphors to fathom characteristics of discourse, while the other provides for the study of metaphorical features in the context of discursive communication. The axiological aspect covers critical and descriptive studies and the epistemological angle comprises quantitive and qualitative methods in metaphorical studies. Other issues covered in the paper incorporate a thorough review of methods for identification of metaphors to include computer-assisted solutions (Word Sense Disambiguation, Categorisation, Metaphor Clusters) and numerical analysis of the metaphorical nature of discourse – descriptor analysis, metaphor power index, cluster analysis, and complex metaphor power analysis. On the one hand, the conceptualization of research papers boils down to major features of the discursive approach to metaphors and on the other, multiple studies of metaphors in the context of discourse pave the way for a discursive trend in cognitive metaphorology.

Ontology-centric industrial requirements validation for aircraft assembly system design

The development of an aircraft industrial system faces the challenge of integrative requirements validation with de-correlated modelling languages and distributed proprietary formats. This paper specifies an ontology-centric industrial requirements validation based on a cognitive digital twin approach, aiming at addressing the potentials of utilizing MBSE ontology integration for different models and leveraging a top level ontology BFO as a semantic core to integrate cross-disciplinary requirement validation, heterogonous models and simulations towards an optimized digital consistency, interoperability and reusability, with an example of such requirements validation presented.

Strategic Analysis of Collaborative Governance for Disaster Management on Forest and Land Fires in Indonesia

This research aims to understand the strategic analysis of collaborative governance on forest and land fire disasters at the ontological and sociological level that are very significant in reducing risk of natural disasters in Indonesia. The problem is very interesting to be analyzed by conducting a descriptive qualitative research based on theory of public policy, collaborative governance, and strategic management. The data were collected through in-depth interview, observation, and related documentation in forest and land fire cases in Indonesia. The data were analyzed by using interactive models, which are data reduction, data display, data verification, and supported by triangulation. The results were based on ontological and sociological level by using collaborative governance perspective and strategic analysis of internal, external, supporting, and inhibiting factors for reducing disaster risks and improving disaster management. Vision and mission of public policies on disaster management are needed for improving and providing information to stakeholders regarding regulations and sanctions in natural disaster management and produce a revised relevant regulation for state agencies as public officials in making regulations on disaster management in Indonesia.

Abuse of Power on Managing the Health Care Services Policy for the Indonesian National Army Forces and its Implication on Marginalized Soldier’s Health

This research aims to understand the abuse of power on managing the health service policy and its implication that is very significant in reducing marginalized soldiers’ health due at the ontological level and sociological level. The problem is very interesting to be analyzed by conducting a qualitative research method based on public policy theory, abuse of power theory, and health services theory. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation related to managing the health service policy cases in Indonesia. Data were analyzed by using interactive models are data reduction, data display, data verification, and supported by triangulation. The results were based on ontological level and sociological level using public policy perspective and power perspective for improving health service policy and practice for The Indonesian Army Forces. Vision and mission of public policy on managing health service policy are needed for providing information to stakeholders related, regarding the regulations and sanctions in health service policy. This result provides inputs for making better regulation on health service policy in Indonesia for state agencies as public officials and practitioners.

Implementation of Supply Chain and Logistics for Natural Disaster Management in Indonesia: A Smart Governance Perspective

This research is at the ontological level and sociological level of the implementation of supply chain and logistics equipment for disaster management that are very significant in reducing risk of natural disaster in Indonesia. The problem is very interesting to be analyzed by conducting a descriptive qualitative research. The research used the theory of public policy, smart governance, and supply chain management and logistics. The data were collected using in-depth interview to several key informants, direct observation, and related documentation. The data were analyzed using interactive models, which were data reduction, data display, and data verification, supported by triangulation to obtain validity and reliability. The results were based on ontology, epistemology, and sociology using smart governance perspective by empowering supply chain and logistic to improve disaster management in Indonesia. Vision and mission of public policies related to natural disaster are needed to complete the facilities of prevention, equipment management and logistics supervision, providing information to stakeholders regarding regulations and sanctions in natural disaster that were carried out deliberately and balanced provision of disaster management. Therefore, it will produce a revised and detailed relevant regulation for state agencies as public officials in making regulations on natural disaster and disaster management in Indonesia. The researchers suggest that state institutions must conduct and cover smart governance in making regulations on disaster management.

Power Relation and White-Collar Crime: Case Study of Coastal Reclamation in Indonesia

This research aims to understand the power relation and white-collar crime on managing the coastal reclamation and its implication in Indonesia that is very significant at the ontological and sociological level. The problem is very interesting to be analyzed by conducting a qualitative research method based on power theory and crime theory. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation related to coastal reclamation and its implication in Indonesia. Data were analyzed by using interactive models are data reduction, data display, data verification, and supported by triangulation. The results were based on ontological and sociological levels using criminology perspective for understanding the coastal reclamation and its implication in Indonesia that are needed for providing information to stakeholders related to the regulations and sanctions. This result provides inputs for making better regulation on coastal reclamation policy in Indonesia for state agencies as public officials and practitioners.