Ontological Foundations Research Articles

Modeling competences in enterprise architecture: from knowledge, skills, and attitudes to organizational capabilities

Competence-based approaches have received increased attention, as the demand for qualified people with the right combination of competences establishes itself as a major factor of organizational performance. This paper examines how competences can be incorporated into Enterprise Architecture modeling: (i) we identify a key set of competence-related concepts such as knowledge, skills, and attitudes, (ii) analyze and relate them using a reference ontology (grounded on the Unified Foundational Ontology), and (iii) propose a representation strategy for modeling competences and their constituent elements leveraging the ArchiMate language, discussing how the proposed models can fit in enterprise competence-based practices. Our approach is intended to cover two tasks relevant to the combined application of Enterprise Architecture and Competence Modeling: ‘zooming in’ on competences, revealing the relations between competences, knowledge, skills, attitudes and other personal characteristics that matter in organizational performance, and ‘zooming out’ of competences, placing them in the wider context of other personal competences and overall organizational capabilities. An assessment of the representation is offered in the form of an empirical survey.

A dataset without a code book: ethnography and open science.

This paper reflects upon calls for "open data" in ethnography, drawing on our experiences doing research on sexual violence. The core claim of this paper is not that open data is undesirable; it is that there is a lot we must know before we presume its benefits apply to ethnographic research. The epistemic and ontological foundation of open data is grounded in a logic that is not always consistent with that of ethnographic practice. We begin by identifying three logics of open data-epistemic, political-economic, and regulatory-which each address a perceived problem with knowledge production and point to open science as the solution. We then evaluate these logics in the context of the practice of ethnographic research. Claims that open data would improve data quality are, in our assessment, potentially reversed: in our own ethnographic work, open data practices would likely have compromised our data quality. And protecting subject identities would have meant creating accessible data that would not allow for replication. For ethnographic work, open data would be like having the data set without the codebook. Before we adopt open data to improve the quality of science, we need to answer a series of questions about what open data does to data quality. Rather than blindly make a normative commitment to a principle, we need empirical work on the impact of such practices - work which must be done with respect to the different epistemic cultures' modes of inquiry. Ethnographers, as well as the institutions that fund and regulate ethnographic research, should only embrace open data after the subject has been researched and evaluated within our own epistemic community.

ONTOLOGI ILMU PENGETAHUAN PERSPEKTIF ISLAM (Hirarki Wujud Menurut Al-Farabi dan Perbandingannya dengan Barat)

The ontological foundations of science in the western and Islamic views have differences. This has an impact on different classifications of science. One of the Muslim philosophers who classified science was al-Farabi. This article aims to review or explain the ontological foundations of Science in Islamic and Western views, and the herarchy of existence according to al-Farabi. The study in this study uses qualitative methods, the source of data is in the form of ideas from Al-Farabi, which are obtained from secondary sources in the form of books, journals, and scientific articles. Based on the results of this research, it was revealed that in the Islamic view ontological studies are not only limited to physical-empirical matters so that the classification of science according to al-Farabi includes all parts of both the physical and metaphysical fields. One of the important points of the classification of sciences according to al-Farabi's view is that he has classified sciences that depart from the division of the hierarchy of maujudat (ontological status) at 4 (four) levels, namely: Allah, as obligatory al-being, then angels, celestial bodies (celestial) and earth bodies (terrestrial).

Ontology-based security modeling in ArchiMate

Enterprise Risk Management involves the process of identification, evaluation, treatment, and communication regarding risks throughout the enterprise. To support the tasks associated with this process, several frameworks and modeling languages have been proposed, such as the Risk and Security Overlay (RSO) of ArchiMate. An ontological investigation of this artifact would reveal its adequacy, capabilities, and limitations w.r.t. the domain of risk and security. Based on that, a language redesign can be proposed as a refinement. Such analysis and redesign have been executed for the risk elements of the RSO grounded in the Common Ontology of Value and Risk. The next step along this line of research is to address the following research problems: What would be the outcome of an ontological analysis of security-related elements of the RSO? That is, can we identify other semantic deficiencies in the RSO through an ontological analysis? Once such an analysis is provided, can we redesign the security elements of the RSO accordingly, in order to produce an improved artifact? Here, with the aid of the Reference Ontology for Security Engineering (ROSE) and the ontological theory of prevention behind it, we address the remaining gap by proceeding with an ontological analysis of the security-related constructs of the RSO. The outcome of this assessment is an ontology-based redesign of the ArchiMate language regarding security modeling. In a nutshell, we report the following contributions: (1) an ontological analysis of the RSO that identifies six limitations concerning security modeling; (2) because of the key role of the notion of prevention in security modeling, the introduction of the ontological theory of prevention in ArchiMate; (3) a well-founded redesign of security elements of ArchiMate; and (4) ontology-based security modeling patterns that are logical consequences of our proposal of redesign due to its underlying ontology of security. As a form of evaluation, we show that our proposal can describe risk treatment options, according to ISO 31000. Finally, besides presenting multiple examples, we proceed with a real-world illustrative application taken from the cybersecurity domain.

Managing Provenance Data in Knowledge Graph Management Platforms

Knowledge Graphs (KGs) present factual information about domains of interest. They are used in a wide variety of applications and in different domains, serving as powerful backbones for organizing and extracting knowledge from complex data. In both industry and academia, a variety of platforms have been proposed for managing Knowledge Graphs. To use the full potential of KGs within these platforms, it is essential to have proper provenance management to understand where certain information in a KG stems from. This plays an important role in increasing trust and supporting open science principles. It enables reproducibility and updatability of KGs. In this paper, we propose a framework for provenance management of KG generation within a web portal. We present how our framework captures, stores, and retrieves provenance information. Our provenance representation is aligned with the standardized W3C Provenance Ontology. Through our framework, we can rerun the KG generation process over the same or different source data. With this, we support four applications: reproducibility, altered rerun, undo operation, and provenance retrieval. In summary, our framework aligns with the core principles of open science. By promoting transparency and reproducibility, it enhances the reliability and trustworthiness of research outcomes.

Toward an ontology for EA modeling and EA model quality

Models have long since been used, in different shapes and forms, to understand, communicate about, and (re)shape, the world around us; including many different social, economic, biological, chemical, physical, and digital aspects. This is also the case in the context of enterprise architecture (EA), where we see a wide range of models in many different shapes and forms being used as well. Researchers in EA modeling usually introduce their own lexicon, and perspective of what a model actually is, while accepting (often implicitly) the accompanying ontological commitments. Similarly, practitioners of EA modeling implicitly also commit to (different) ontologies, resulting in models that have an uncertain ontological standing. This is because, for the subject domain of enterprise architecture models (as opposed to the content of such models), no single ontology has gained major traction. As a result, studies into aspects of enterprise architecture models, such as “model quality” and “return on modeling effort”, are fragmented, and cannot readily be compared or combined. This paper proposes a comprehensive applied ontology, specifically geared to enterprise architecture modeling. Ontologies represent structured knowledge about a particular subject domain. It allows for study into, and reasoning about, that subject domain. Our ontology is derived from a theory of modeling, while clarifying concepts such as “enterprise architecture model”, and introduces novel concepts such as “model audience” and “model objective”. Furthermore, the relevant interrelations between these different concepts are identified and defined. The resulting ontology for enterprise architecture models is represented in OntoUML, and shown to be consistent with the foundational ontology for modeling, Unified Foundational Ontology.

Landasan Ontologis dalam Pengembangan Kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Islam pada Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

The current moral decadence is a major concern in the field of education, particularly in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) subjects, which are responsible for instilling moral and religious values in students. This study aims to examine the ontological foundations in the development of the PAI curriculum for the Aqidah Akhlak subject at MI Muhammadiyah 01 Cakru Jember. Utilizing a qualitative method with a case study design, this research involves interviews and observations as the primary data collection techniques, supported by literature reviews. The findings indicate that a curriculum developed based on ontological foundations can serve as an effective reference for educators in implementing Aqidah Akhlak teaching. Key findings include the positive impact of a well-planned curriculum on personal changes in students and the broader community. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of continuous evaluation and monitoring to ensure the curriculum remains on track and supports the development of students' strong and integral character.

Landasan Ontologis dalam Pengembangan Kurikulum PAI pada Mata Pelajaran Al-Qur’an Hadist di Madrasah Tsanawiyah

This study examines the critical role of ontological foundations in the development of the Islamic Religious Education (PAI) curriculum, specifically for Qur'an and Hadith subjects in Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs). Recognizing the importance of a strong philosophical underpinning in religious education, this research aims to explore how integrating ontological principles into the PAI curriculum can enhance students' comprehension of Islamic values and their engagement in the learning process. Employing a qualitative research design, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis at several MTs in Yogyakarta over a two-month period. The findings reveal that embedding ontological concepts in the curriculum not only deepens students' understanding of Islamic teachings but also fosters greater spiritual and character development. The study suggests that a more philosophically integrated approach to curriculum design can significantly contribute to the holistic development of students, aligning educational practices with the core values of Islam. The implications of this research highlight the need for educational institutions to adopt and implement curricula that emphasize deep, reflective learning, which is essential for cultivating both intellectual and spiritual growth in students.

Philosophy of Mathematics in Primary Education Mathematics Learning: Ontological, Epistemological, and Methodological

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship, position, and role of the philosophy of mathematics in learning mathematics in basic education through the perspective of the scope of philosophy, namely ontological mathematics, epistemological mathematics, and methodological mathematics. This research is a qualitative descriptive research with a literature study approach. Data collection techniques are carried out through the documentation method of articles originating from the Google Scholar database, as well as books related to the philosophy of mathematics. Data analysis techniques consist of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results highlight three main aspects within the scope of the philosophy of mathematics: ontological, epistemological, and methodological. Ontological mathematics addresses the ontological foundations of mathematics for teaching, including the role of mathematics in various contexts. The epistemology of mathematics emphasizes the importance of understanding the discipline from multiple perspectives to enhance learning and curriculum design. Meanwhile, the methodology of mathematics highlights the role of specific methods in determining mathematical solutions. In conclusion, understanding the philosophy of mathematics in these three aspects is important for educators to improve the learning process of mathematics at the primary level comprehensively and optimally.

Towards an Ontology for Generating Behaviors for Socially Assistive Robots Helping Young Children

Socially assistive robots (SARs) have the potential to revolutionize educational experiences by providing safe, non-judgmental, and emotionally supportive environments for children's social development. The success of SARs relies on the synergy of different modalities, such as speech, gestures, and gaze, to maximize interactive experiences. This paper presents an approach for generating SAR behaviors that extend an upper ontology. The ontology may enable flexibility and scalability for adaptive behavior generation by defining key assistive intents, turn-taking, and input properties. We compare the generated behaviors with hand-coded behaviors that are validated through an experiment with young children. The results demonstrate that the automated approach covers the majority of manually developed behaviors while allowing for significant adaptations to specific circumstances. The technical framework holds the potential for broader interoperability in other assistive domains and facilitates the generation of context-dependent and socially appropriate robot behaviors.

Coordinating virus research: The Virus Infectious Disease Ontology.

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted immense work on the investigation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Rapid, accurate, and consistent interpretation of generated data is thereby of fundamental concern. Ontologies-structured, controlled, vocabularies-are designed to support consistency of interpretation, and thereby to prevent the development of data silos. This paper describes how ontologies are serving this purpose in the COVID-19 research domain, by following principles of the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontology (OBO) Foundry and by reusing existing ontologies such as the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO) Core, which provides terminological content common to investigations of all infectious diseases. We report here on the development of an IDO extension, the Virus Infectious Disease Ontology (VIDO), a reference ontology covering viral infectious diseases. We motivate term and definition choices, showcase reuse of terms from existing OBO ontologies, illustrate how ontological decisions were motivated by relevant life science research, and connect VIDO to the Coronavirus Infectious Disease Ontology (CIDO). We next use terms from these ontologies to annotate selections from life science research on SARS-CoV-2, highlighting how ontologies employing a common upper-level vocabulary may be seamlessly interwoven. Finally, we outline future work, including bacteria and fungus infectious disease reference ontologies currently under development, then cite uses of VIDO and CIDO in host-pathogen data analytics, electronic health record annotation, and ontology conflict-resolution projects.

Collaborative Semantic Annotation Tooling (CoAT) to Improve Efficiency and Plug-and-Play Semantic Interoperability in the Secondary Use of Medical Data: Concept, Implementation, and First Cross-Institutional Experiences

The cross-institutional secondary use of medical data benefits from structured semantic annotation, which ideally enables the matching and merging of semantically related data items from different sources and sites. While numerous medical terminologies and ontologies, as well as some tooling, exist to support such annotation, cross-institutional data usage based on independently annotated datasets is challenging for multiple reasons: the annotation process is resource intensive and requires a combination of medical and technical expertise since it often requires judgment calls to resolve ambiguities resulting from the non-uniqueness of potential mappings to various levels of ontological hierarchies and relational and representational systems. The divergent resolution of such ambiguities can inhibit joint cross-institutional data usage based on semantic annotation since data items with related content from different sites will not be identifiable based on their respective annotations if different choices were made without further steps such as ontological inference, which is still an active area of research. We hypothesize that a collaborative approach to the semantic annotation of medical data can contribute to more resource-efficient and high-quality annotation by utilizing prior annotational choices of others to inform the annotation process, thus both speeding up the annotation itself and fostering a consensus approach to resolving annotational ambiguities by enabling annotators to discover and follow pre-existing annotational choices. Therefore, we performed a requirements analysis for such a collaborative approach, defined an annotation workflow based on the requirement analysis results, and implemented this workflow in a prototypical Collaborative Annotation Tool (CoAT). We then evaluated its usability and present first inter-institutional experiences with this novel approach to promote practically relevant interoperability driven by use of standardized ontologies. In both single-site usability evaluation and the first inter-institutional application, the CoAT showed potential to improve both annotation efficiency and quality by seamlessly integrating collaboratively generated annotation information into the annotation workflow, warranting further development and evaluation of the proposed innovative approach.

OHDSI Standardized Vocabularies-a large-scale centralized reference ontology for international data harmonization.

The Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) is the largest distributed data network in the world encompassing more than 331 data sources with 2.1 billion patient records across 34 countries. It enables large-scale observational research through standardizing the data into a common data model (CDM) (Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership [OMOP] CDM) and requires a comprehensive, efficient, and reliable ontology system to support data harmonization. We created the OHDSI Standardized Vocabularies-a common reference ontology mandatory to all data sites in the network. It comprises imported and de novo-generated ontologies containing concepts and relationships between them, and the praxis of converting the source data to the OMOP CDM based on these. It enables harmonization through assigned domains according to clinical categories, comprehensive coverage of entities within each domain, support for commonly used international coding schemes, and standardization of semantically equivalent concepts. The OHDSI Standardized Vocabularies comprise over 10 million concepts from 136 vocabularies. They are used by hundreds of groups and several large data networks. More than 8600 users have performed 50 000 downloads of the system. This open-source resource has proven to address an impediment of large-scale observational research-the dependence on the context of source data representation. With that, it has enabled efficient phenotyping, covariate construction, patient-level prediction, population-level estimation, and standard reporting. OHDSI has made available a comprehensive, open vocabulary system that is unmatched in its ability to support global observational research. We encourage researchers to exploit it and contribute their use cases to this dynamic resource.

The Relation Between Mathematics Philosophy And Culture-Based Learning Model

The aim of this study is to study the correlation of mathematical philosophy with cultural-based learning models. The method of research used is the method of library research, i.e. conducting studies related to mathematical philosophy, philosophical mathematics learning, culture-based mathematic learning, the connection of mathematically philosopher with ethnomatematics, the relationship of mathematic philosophies with cultural-based learning models. The results of the research have been obtained that the philosofy of maths, the model of learning based on culture, and ethnomathematics have close connections in the context of understanding and teaching of Mathematics. Mathematical philosophy deals with the foundations of mathematical epistemology and ontology, while a culture-based learning model emphasizes the integration of values and cultural contexts in mathematics learning. Ethnomatematics refers to the study of mathematical ways of thinking in a particular culture. By understanding the cultures, traditions, and world views of a particular society, ethnomathematics can help develop more culturally relevant and meaningful learning models. Therefore, the interrelationship between mathematical philosophy, culture-based learning models, and ethnomathematics can create a more holistic and contextual approach to mathematics learning.
 Keywords: Mathematical Philosophy, Cultural Based Learning Model, Ethnomathematics

СОЦІОЛОГІЗАЦІЯ ПРИРОДНОГО ПРАВА: ДО ПИТАННЯ ПРО СУМІСНІСТЬ ТИПІВ ПРАВОРОЗУМІННЯ

The article presents research of the widespread tendency to justify the concept of natural law within empirical sociocultural and anthropological factors in order to deprive it of its metaphysical character, which corresponds to sociological methodology. Emphasis is laid on the assumption of fundamental compatibility of the concepts of natural and sociological law, which, according to the author, is false. This outlines the related goal of the thesis that lies in proving formal logical and methodological incompatibility of the aforementioned concepts as well as inability of the sociological interpretation of natural law to solve the problem of lack of trust therein. Emphasis is also laid on inability of sociological methodology to solve the problem of ethical justification of the correctness of legal standards and behavior, which is clearly manifested in the projections of legitimacy and values. It is emphasized that the ethical foundations of law are not derived from the actual condition and require absolute values of transcendent (metaphysical) nature. The conclusion is made that natural law and sociological law are comparable but logically incompatible concepts, since they are formed according to opposite essential features determining the oppositeness of the elements that constitute their scope. In addition, the notions and concepts under research are opposite according to the ontological principles of origin and essence as well as according to the cognitive ideals forming the principles of their methodology. Together, this makes it possible to insist on the oppositeness of their nature. However, their oppositeness does not exclude complementarity in performance of the methodological work they do, albeit in their own way. Therefore, the gaps in knowledge of the ontological foundations of the theory of natural law are not a reason to abandon its instrumental capabilities as a value-oriented measure for the norms established by people. To restore trust in natural law, sociologization thereof is not enough, since the empirical methodology of sociologism creates only the illusion of solution to the problem of justifying the ethical foundations of the legal order solved by the concept of natural law in a different cognitive way. Key words: natural law, sociological law, sociologization of natural law, sociological methodology, metaphysics, legitimacy, values.

"Dasein" или "поток переживаний": онтологические основания человека через призму феноменологического и психоаналитического подходов

The article addresses the problem of human existence from the standpoint of phenomenological and psychoanalytic approaches. Human existence from the standpoint of phenomenology is revealed by the concept of Dasein – “here is being” – derived from the consciousness of a person whose being is the being of his consciousness. Psychoanalysis considers human existence as a stream of experiences, often of an unconscious nature, as a result of “games of the unconscious”; however, consciousness and living by the consciousness of the irrational unconscious drives have a therapeutic significance in the treatment of mental disorders, and therefore consciousness is of crucial importance in the ontological foundations of psychoanalysis. This confirms the desubjectifying and rationalizing role of the analyst in a psychoanalytic situation. The aim of the article is to consider the ontological foundations of man through the prism of phenomenological and psychoanalytic approaches. As a result, their common and special features were identified, the concept of Dasien analysis was considered, represented by the use of a phenomenological approach to psychoanalysis. The methodology of the study is related to its problem field. The main method of research is phenomenological analysis. The research also relies on a number of general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, modeling, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, abstraction. When considering human existence, a dialectical approach was used in the context of the study of the relations of the dichotomous pair “consciousness – the unconscious” as the subject-object foundations of existence. Exploring human existence through the prism of phenomenology and psychoanalysis, similarities were revealed in the understanding of the role of rational or conscious processes in human existence in the works of Martin Heidegger and Sigmund Freud. In phenomenology, the intentionality of consciousness was considered as the most essential being, Dasein residing in active actual thinking. In psychoanalysis, consciousness is the possibility of healing from mental disorders, where the awareness and rationalization of the problem become the central tools of psychoanalytic therapy. For Dasein analysis, consciousness is actually equated with human existence; namely, Dasein is a true reality, while not split by the dichotomy of subject-object relations.

Understanding and Defining Hindu and Integrative Spiritual Care

Spiritual care holds significant promise for the future of work in organizations. However, it lacks a workable ontological foundation in the management context due to its heterogeneity. This article investigates the nature of spiritual care in contemporary contexts and identifies its key elements from an integrative perspective using the holistic framework of Hinduism. The definition of spiritual care was derived by applying design science research and a novel integrative approach adapted from the Tarka method of the Hindu philosophical system. The proposed definition was validated by spiritual-care providers in the field. The proposed integrative definition will allow scholars to develop their own comprehensive definitions for practice and for contributions to the field. The expansion of the scope of spiritual care into domains like business will support the recognition of the positive outcomes of spiritually based interventions in the workplaces of the future.

«Правда» в исследовательских работах А.П. Скафтымова о Достоевском

The article explores the works of classical literary critic Skaftymov concerning Dostoevsky. Its aim is to provide an initial definition of the concept of “pravda,” as used in Skaftymov’s scholarly works. The meaning of this concept evolves from a student essay to the completion of the final work about the writer. “Pravda” is understood as the ethical and ontological foundation of an individual rooted in Christ’s love. It is closely tied to the ideas present in Dostoevsky’s works, where the ultimate expression of “pravda” is found in forgiveness and love. Forgiveness and love serve as the functional essence of characters such as Prince Myshkin from the novel The Idiot and Liza (the heroine of the story Notes from Underground). Prince Myshkin epitomizes Dostoevsky’s truth, living with a lovingly open acceptance of existence, a comprehension of human pride and forgiveness, compassion, and a keen sense of moral well-being. Similarly, Lise embodies “true” characteristics, including selfless heartfelt sympathy, the capacity for self-sacrifice, and moral sensitivity. These qualities are also found in Dostoevsky’s “proud” characters, who yearn for brotherly love but struggle to attain it. Skaftymov portrays the state of these “true” heroes in Dostoevsky’s artistic world as akin to Orthodox righteousness. The concept of “pravda” in Skaftymov’s interpretation is considered as a free law of life, emphasizing love and forgiveness as fundamental principles in Dostoevsky’s work.

Application of Taoist Principles and Feng Shui in Urban Spaces (Landscaping and Garden Design)

The Taoist school emphasizes concepts such as "Yin and Yang" and "Tehya." Taoism has had a profound influence on architecture, painting, landscaping, home decoration, and lifestyle, extending beyond the borders of China to impact the entire modern world. The application of Far Eastern worldviews based on Taoist thought and its arrangement techniques, such as Feng Shui and its unique interior decoration in homes, urban spaces, garden design, and landscaping, deeply enhances and elevates the quality of life. Relying on ancient knowledge and experience, it can be stated that Tao is a spiritual way of life that enables humans to channel the positive energies of nature into themselves. The present study poses the question of how Taoist philosophical concepts influence urban space design. Taoism, one of the oldest philosophical schools in China, has significantly impacted the art of that region, with its ultimate goal being the harmony and consonance of humans with the natural order in life. Given that the practical art of Feng Shui is a derivative of this philosophy, the aim of this research is to identify and apply the fundamental elements of this mystical philosophy in urban planning and landscaping, and to bridge the gap between theory and practice in the philosophy and art of interior and exterior design. In this study, which presents its findings in an analytical-descriptive manner, we first analyze and examine Feng Shui's influence on the mystical and ontological foundations of Taoism and the manifestation of this approach in design and landscaping principles. It is then demonstrated that the application of these elements in urban spaces can bring not only visual beauty but also peace, balance, and harmony to the modern urban dweller.

Heteronormativity

Unity has been touted as the cornerstone of Indonesian nationalism since its declaration in 1945. With the national motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, Indonesian unity holds a sacred and absolute status. However, in reality, unity sometimes becomes a national problem. This article revisits Indonesian unity by shedding light on its darker aspects, namely heteronormativity, and introduces how Indonesian unity can be supported by a new ontological alternative: pluriverse. The study provides a brief historical overview of the New Order era and the family ideology that shaped an adherence to heteronormative norms, and followed by exploration of the pluriverse as an ethical ontological foundation that can deepen the struggle for unity.