Online Teaching Skills Research Articles

Students’ Attitudes Towards Online Teaching and Communication During the Coronavirus Pandemic

The relevance of the researched problem is due to the need for monitoring online teaching during the coronavirus pandemic and improving teachers' skills in the process of online teaching and communication with students. The purpose of the research was to find whether there were statistically significant differences in students' positive attitudes towards online teaching conducted in three different study programmes and the communication between students and professors during the coronavirus pandemic. The following methods were used in the research: theoretical (analysis, synthesis, generalisation), diagnostic (Likert scale), statistics and graphical presentation of the results. Our research also shows that students have positive attitudes towards online teaching and communication with teachers. A contribution to such students' attitudes was probably given by the university teachers' existing online teaching skills as well as students' digital skills and competencies owed to the use of social networks. The research aimed to draw attention to the factors that are important for the implementation of quality online teaching in faculties at the time of the pandemic. It emphasised the importance of researching students' perception of the quality of online teaching and various aspects of communication with teachers at a time when they were unable to communicate live. Therefore, the research results can stimulate similar research in higher education to identify those factors that could contribute to the satisfaction of students and teachers with this type of teaching.

Faculty Development in the COVID-19 Era: A Rapid Systematic Review.

Background: The coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a worldwide evolving situation that has resulted in rapid adaptations of faculty development interventions in medical education. The present rapid systematic review aims to provide a narrative synthesis of the evidence concerning focus, intervention type, instructional methods, duration, and the evaluations results of the faculty development interventions in the medical education area in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This was a systematic study conducted on 5 databases (Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, ERIC, and Scopus) from December 2019 to November 2021. We used specific keywords such as faculty development, COVID-19, and medical education on electronic databases. To find additional relevant studies, we conducted a forward and backward searching strategy by checking the reference lists and citations of the included articles. Studies reporting the educational faculty development interventions in medical education during the COVID-19 era and those articles published in English were included. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened and the data were extracted by 2 authors. Results: Ten articles were included, most of which were focused on the improvement of online teaching and learning skills. The findings are organized into 2 main categories, including a description of the interventions, and the special aspects of the studies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: This review explores the evidence concerning faculty development programs in the medical education area in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. These interventions may develop individual abilities and organizational capacities of health professions educators to enable them to sustain academic vitality and cope with the pandemic crisis. Also a rapid movement to online faculty developments, which will likely continue after the pandemic, was argued and it is required to direct the adaptations and innovations of educational developments to an organized structure in the future.

Faculty Making the Emergency Online Transition During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects of Prior Online Teaching Experience and Strategies Used to Learn to Teach Online (Special Edition 2022)

Objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, university faculty experienced an emergency pivot to online instruction in the Spring 2020 semester. Many had no prior online teaching experience and were given little time to adapt. This study examines pre-pandemic online teaching experience and training strategies used to learn how to teach online during the emergency remote teaching semester, perceptions of change in online teaching ability and the pandemic’s impact on teaching effectiveness, and interest in future online teaching opportunities. Method: Full-time faculty (<em>n</em> = 455) from four public regional universities in the southern United States completed a survey at the start of the Fall 2020 semester. Results: Over 35% had no prior online teaching experience, while 43% had taught several online courses. During the pandemic, in an effort to learn or improve online teaching skills, 13.4% sought peer mentoring, 31.9% completed a training program, and 34.9% both sought mentoring and completed training. Perceived online teaching skills, impact of the pandemic on teaching effectiveness, and interest in future online teaching were significantly related to prior online teaching experience and training sought. Conclusions: Faculty with less online experience perceived a greater negative effect of the pandemic on teaching performance and had less interest in future online teaching. Both mentoring and training enhanced perceived teaching skills, lowered the negative impact of the pandemic on teaching effectiveness, and promoted a positive attitude about future online teaching. Implications for Theory or Practice: The results provide support for the importance of faculty development programs in shaping attitudes and perceived effectiveness in online teaching and add to existent research on university faculty during the pandemic. Evidence from studies such as this provides universities with data that may be used to re-evaluate induction and training to improve instructional delivery in future instances when emergency remote teaching is required.

The impact of online teaching on stress and burnout of academics during the transition to remote teaching from home

BackgroundThe higher education institutions worldwide have been transformed unexpectedly to online teaching. This sudden movement from blended learning or traditional face-to-face teaching has severely disrupted university activities and posed many challenges for teaching staff, who were asked to develop online versions of their courses overnight. This study explores the effect of the current changes in education style and working from home on the stress and burnout levels of teaching staff.MethodsThis study utilized a cross-sectional design, whereby 278 participants (faculty and course instructors) from 17 campuses of one of the largest colleges in United Arab Emirates completed a web-based survey. Numerous instruments were utilized to obtain the following data: participants demographics; their perceived stress during online teaching; their perception of the impact of teaching from home on their family’s daily life, physical health, mental health and ability to cope with stress; burnout level; and their satisfaction with online teaching.ResultsAround 60% of participants reported moderate stress level during online teaching (moderate stress = 5 to 8) under COVID-19 (M 6.21 ± 2.26). An independent sample t-test and ANOVA tests revealed that participants with 7–10 years of online teaching experience reported more stress than participants who have 4–6 years online teaching experience (M 7.29, ±1.11 Vs. 5.30, ±2.69; P = 0.04). Moreover, multiple regression analysis showed that higher stress levels and lower satisfaction with the online teaching experience were associated with more significant personal and working burnout. Married participants with school-age children were at greater risk of personal burnout.ConclusionThe transition to remote education imposed mental burdens and stress on faculty members. Supportive professional development strategies to enrich faculty with online teaching skills are urgently required.

Using Digital Technologies for Testing Online Teaching Skills and Competencies during the COVID-19 Pandemic

This study examines the online teaching abilities and competencies needed to teach online courses in Saudi Arabia’s higher education system. As a result, the goal of this study was to examine and expand the technology acceptance model (TAM) to assess online teaching abilities and competences utilizing digital technologies in higher education during the COVID-19 epidemic. Therefore, it aimed to develop a new model to measure and explore critical factors that influence online teaching skills, competencies, and actual use of digital tools in higher education. The participants in the study were 350 lecturers at King Faisal University. The research data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (AMOS-SEM). The findings revealed that: (a) perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness on using digital tools during the COVID-19 pandemic has a direct positive impact on perceived teaching self-efficacy, perceived enjoyment, online teaching skills, and digital tools access; (b) perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of using digital tools have a direct positive impact on lecturers’ attitude toward use and lecturers’ behavioral intention to use digital tools during the COVID-19 pandemic; and (c) perceived ease of use. As a consequence of the findings, a validated instrument was designed to assess and investigate crucial elements that impact lecturers’ real usage of digital technologies for teaching and learning in Saudi Arabia’s higher education.

How to Sustain Quality Education in a Fully Online Environment: A Qualitative Study of Students’ Perceptions and Suggestions

This study explored the learning experience of university students in Hong Kong, where remote online instruction was adopted to sustain student learning during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on student voices, this study aimed to improve online instruction. A qualitative case study approach was adopted, involving 12 university students from different subject disciplines and universities. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted, followed by a series of qualitative data analysis procedures. The findings of this study suggested that our participants were generally satisfied with the way synchronous online lessons progressed, but that instructors’ technical problems were common. Furthermore, the students’ self-reported level of engagement tended to be negative due to, for example, lengthy lessons and poor group dynamics in virtual rooms. We also revealed the need for professional development opportunities for instructors to enhance their online teaching skills. Recommendations for improving online instruction are discussed, such as limiting online lessons to between 90 and 120 min, and allowing students to form their own groups, while helping shy students to join a group. This study thus has important implications for sustaining quality education in a fully online environment.

An exploration of technology acceptance among nursing faculty teaching online for the first time at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has brought to the forefront the importance for schools of nursing to use creative and innovative tools that are of high quality and accessible to learners. Faculty who may have been resistant to teaching online prior to the pandemic, no longer had the option to teach face-to-face and were mandated to teach online despite any apprehensions they may have had.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to learn more about faculty attitudes and acceptance of teaching online by applying the Technology Acceptance Model to nursing faculty teaching online for the first time during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis descriptive-correlational study used an online survey tool to explore factors related to technology acceptance among nursing faculty teaching online for the first time during the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 87 full-time and part-time nursing faculty completed an adapted version of the Faculty Acceptance Survey.ResultsFindings from this study revealed an overall enjoyment of teaching online, confidence in online teaching skills and comfort with technology. However, findings also indicated struggles with workload balance, inferior interactions with students and the need for additional support.ConclusionFindings from this study demonstrate that nursing faculty are generally accepting of technology and positive outcomes are possible if identified concerns are addressed and positive feelings are fostered and supported.

Teaching in Tough Times: Examining EFL Teachers’ Perceptions of Online Learning Challenges in the Context of Higher Education in Saudi Arabia

The global spread of online learning is noticeable and has further expanded due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although this mode of learning is effective, several concerns have been raised by teachers. This qualitative study aimed to explore English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ perceptions of the online learning environment in order to uncover the challenges they face while teaching online. To achieve this objective, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 EFL teachers from the Preparatory Year Program (PYP) at King Abdulaziz University (KAU) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia to examine their perceptions of online teaching. The transcribed interviews were coded using NVivo®, after which a thematic analysis was employed to reveal the emerging themes. The results showed challenges related to four main themes: students; institution; teachers; and the system, as well as a number of sub-themes. This study found that the most significant challenge that EFL teachers faced in an online learning environment was related to students, specifically their participation, motivation, tendency to cheat during online exams, and not taking responsibility for their learning. Another major challenge was the result of copying face-to-face learning to the online learning environment without making suitable adjustments. This research also shed light on some of the negative consequences of online learning for EFL teachers; its findings could help institutions and policymakers to modify content and support teachers by training them to develop their online teaching skills.

Teachers’ feedback practices in COVID-19: Has anything changed?

ObjectivesFeedback delivered by teachers to dental students has a profound impact on students’ ongoing learning and development. The aim of this study was to investigate changes to feedback practices as a result of the global COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing challenges to delivering quality dental education. MethodsThis was a mixed method study. Quantitative data were collected through a bespoke questionnaire delivered to attendees of the Association for Dental Education in Europe (ADEE) annual conference. Qualitative data were collected via four focus groups at the conference, each discussing a particular theme. The questionnaire and conference were delivered online via Gmail and MS Teams, respectively.Quantitative data were analysed descriptively; qualitative data were analysed narratively, and both were triangulated. Results67 questionnaire responses were received which represented a 26% response rate. Respondents came from 12 different countries within Europe and beyond and reported having a variety of roles in their dental schools. 77.6% (n = 52) respondents indicated they had changed their delivery of feedback due to the pandemic. One-third of respondents reported giving more feedback and 76% (n = 51) increased their quantity of feedback delivered online.The increased incidence of online learning had resulted in a greater emphasis on teaching small groups, increased use of technology, increased emphasis on student centred learning and heightened awareness of changing the style of feedback delivery. ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic has enforced rapid changes to the delivery of feedback by teachers to dental students, which could pave the way for a more positive, inclusive, individualistic and effective approach for delivering feedback now and in the future. Clinical significanceThe COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant shift from face-to-face teaching to online tuition, which promoted a need to re-evaluate the best method of delivering feedback to students. The ongoing changes in teaching approaches have a profound impact on clinical skills acquisition for dental students. The quality of the feedback students receive may help to enhance the synergies between theoretical online teaching and hands-on clinical skills acquisition, which has been altered and disrupted due to the ongoing pandemic.

Self-Assessed Digital Competences of Romanian Teachers During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Studies on the determinants of school results have shown that they depend largely on the context of learning. Concerning the pandemic, teachers have been forced to find online teaching methods, which leads us to the central issue of this study of whether the effectiveness of online education depends on teachers’ digital skills. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the perceived digital competences of Romanian pre-tertiary cycle teachers about their professional status, school location, gender, age, taught field, and prior participation in training for online teaching. Using data from 3,419 self-completed questionnaires in an online survey of teachers performed at the beginning of the global lockdown in March 2020, we have built two reliable measures of perceived digital skills, namely the Self-Assessed Multimedia and Online Skills Score (SMOS) and the Self-Assessed Digital Office Skills Score (SDOS), which were the dependent variables in our study. Hierarchical linear regressions were used to test the hypotheses regarding the variations of dependent variables, measuring the two concepts of self-assessed digital skills (SMOS and SDOS). These concepts underlined that both decrease with age and are positively affected by prior attendance at training sessions for online teaching skills and by having ICT and informatics as a taught subject field. However, teachers of all specialties are relatively significantly less skilled in this field. The most important results concern the impact of gender and professional status on the teachers’ self-assessed digital competences. In summary, it appears that self-assessed office digital skills are a specialism demonstrated mainly by female teachers, while multimedia and online skills are perceived by teachers to be a “male” domain. Simultaneously, net of the other variables, a higher status within the teaching profession correlates positively with perceived office digital skills. Lastly, implications for future research, as well as for educational interventions and policies, are discussed.

COVID-19 as an enabler for enhancing online learning and teaching skills for nurse educators at the University of Namibia: Prospects and challenges.

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused instability in the education system and has compelled higher education institutions (HEIs) to find alternative ways of teaching and learning by making use of the latest online teaching approaches.AimThe purpose of the study was to explore how COVID-19 could serve as an enabler for the enhancement of online learning and teaching skills for nurse educators at the University of Namibia with specific emphasis on prospects and challenges.SettingSemi-structured interviews were conducted in English at a public nursing education institution located in the northeast of Namibia.MethodsA qualitative explorative, descriptive and contextual research design was used. Data were collected by means of in-depth semi-structured interviews with 18 nurse educators from the School of Nursing. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Field notes were simultaneously taken to enrich the data.ResultsThe study revealed three themes: nurse educators’ experiences of the use of online learning and teaching skills, COVID-19 as an enabler for enhancing online learning and teaching skills and strategies to sustain online teaching and learning.ConclusionInternet technology has generated a surge in demand for web-based teaching and learning. The online learning mode was not effectively utilised during the COVID-19 era because of inadequate technological skills on the part of nurse educators.ContributionThese findings can be used by universities to equip students and academic staff with skills to adapt to e-learning as the new modus operandi in learning and teaching in the post-COVID-19 era.

The Profile of Students’ Basic Teaching Skills Through Blended Learning in Microteaching Courses During Covid-19 Pandemic

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, prospective elementary school teachers must be able to teach both online and offline using a blended learning model. The purpose of this study is to examine the fundamental teaching skills of prospective elementary school teachers in the Microteaching course. This study used qualitative descriptive method. The subjects were students of the Primary School Teacher Education Study Program in University of Nahdlatul Ulama Sidoarjo who programmed Microteaching courses. The data were collected using observations with a performance assessment rubric. Observations were conducted in two stages: first, when students practiced online teaching, secondly, when they practiced offline teaching. The results showed that online teaching skills obtained an average score of 84.71, while offline teaching skills obtained an average score of 85,78. Hence, prospective elementary school teacher students in the blended learning model received an overall score of 85,24, meaning that they were categorized as very good category

Online family medicine training amid the COVID-19 crisis in KSA: A mixed-method study

ObjectiveLiterature on the perceptions and experiences of postgraduate trainees and trainers regarding online methods of learning is scarce. We aimed to assess the perceptions and experiences of family medicine trainees and trainers regarding online learning during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Qassim, KSA. MethodsThis was a mixed-method study involving trainees and trainers at the Family Medicine Academy, Qassim. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires from 36 trainees and 26 trainers. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with trainees (n = 4) and trainers (n = 3). Descriptive analysis was performed on the quantitative data, while thematic analysis was performed on the qualitative data. ResultsAmong the trainees, 39% perceived online learning to be less effective than traditional classroom learning. Moreover, 61% and 64% of the respondents were concerned about the motivation and quality of online learning, respectively. Lack of direct contact with other students was the most commonly perceived concern among 80% of trainees. Among the trainers, the majority were either dissatisfied or neutral about participation and interaction, speakers’ and students’ motivation, the quality of online learning, and the online teaching experience. Qualitative data showed that online methods provide the advantages of learning from other institutions and flexibility, as well as a viable alternative during crises. However, there were issues with interaction, participation, and trainers’ online teaching skills. ConclusionOnline learning has provided an opportunity to continue training during the COVID-19 crisis. However, there are widespread concerns regarding its effectiveness among trainees and trainers. There is a need to train trainers in online teaching and adopt interactive methods to increase trainees’ interaction, motivation, and participation.

Preparing to teach online before and during emergency pandemic teaching: staff perceptions and future directions

Online teaching, using internet-based resources with students at a distance, could be described as an innovation when compared to the traditional in-person teaching carried out by universities. This makes Rogers’ diffusion of innovations theory useful for examining the factors that enable this mode of teaching to be used, including staff development. Teaching online requires different techniques to teaching in campus-based courses to provide good student engagement. Transition to online teaching can be a daunting experience if development of online teaching skills and knowledge is poor, or absent. This study aimed to investigate practices and perceptions of efficacy in staff development with surveys, utilising staff replies to suggest future provision of staff training, in terms of Rogers’ theory. The study objectives were to elucidate from staff what training was received prior to their transition to online teaching, their opinions on its effectiveness, other specific training they consider necessary and timeliness of current provision. Two groups were surveyed. The pre-COVID-19 group (22 staff), the innovators, taught online distance masters students in a UK medical school Graduate School. The COVID-19 emergency teaching group (27 staff) normally taught in-person masters courses and could be considered Rogers’ late adopters. Thematic analysis of comments revealed that for both cohorts training was hit and miss, with some feeling adequately trained and others struggling with the new mode. Clear knowledge of who to ask for help, with education technologists as innovation champions, provided confidence in teaching, as did the availability of exemplars of good practice. Barriers to teaching confidence came from lack of support and time for training. Future training provision with technologists acting as innovation champions and support from them and early adopters as mentors is suggested, with staff working relationally together.

Online Neuroscience Instruction: Insights, Lessons Learned, and Moving Forward.

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, most of us had little to no experience with online teaching. With the realization that we would need to teach our students remotely during the pandemic, we needed to develop our online teaching skills and apply this knowledge to create effective online classes for our students. Tulane University's Center for Engaged Learning and Teaching (CELT, http://celt.tulane.edu) and its Innovative Learning Center (ILC, http://it.tulane.edu/innovative-learning-center) partnered to teach an Online Teaching Training (OTT) course for all instructors. This five-week session covered many of the topics needed to teach an engaging and interactive online course. The training included not only the theory but also practical applications of many resources available to online course instructors. This training prepared me to teach a fully online course for the first time in Summer, 2020 and again the following summer. Student evaluations compared between the Emergency Remote Learning done in quick response to the COVID-19 pandemic (Spring 2020) and the online course after completion of the OTT (Summer 2020) indicated that student experiences were much more positive when taught by a trained instructor. Many of the resources/techniques for online courses can be incorporated into in-person or hybrid classes, and vice versa. Further, sharing ideas among colleagues, especially as new resources become available, is critical for the success of all instructors. In this article I share my lessons learned, insights, and thoughts for moving forward as we approach a new era of neuroscience instruction.

UPAYA PENINGKATAN MUTU PEMBELAJARAN MELALUI SUPERVISI AKADEMIK DI SMPN 7 SAMPANG

The quality of learning is determined by the quality of the teacher. The more competent teachers are, the more they can provide services to students well. Teacher competence can continue to be developed with academic supervision activities carried out by school principals. Therefore, school action research was conducted with the aim of improving the quality of learning. This research is School Action Research conducted at SMPN 7 Sampang. Collecting data by observation, interviews, documentation and tests. The results of the study show the quality of learning with indicators, namely: 1) the ability of teachers to prepare lesson plans, 2) the use of learning media, and 3) online teaching skills can be improved through academic supervision at SMPN 7 Sampang. This is evidenced in the first cycle of teacher competence in making lesson plans with a medium and high success rate of 64.29%, increasing to 85.71 in the second cycle. Competence using online media has a medium and high success rate of 71.43% in the first cycle increasing to 92.86% in the second cycle and online teaching competence with a medium and high success rate of 64.29% in the first cycle increasing to 85.71 in cycle II so that it is proven that academic supervision can improve the quality of learning at SMPN 7 Sampang

Online Learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Survey of Undergraduate Students of Pokhara University, Nepal


 Background: COVID-19 pandemic has forced educational institutions throughout the world to shut, putting academic calendars in jeopardy. To continue the academic activities, most educational institutions have switched to online mode of learning.
 Objective: Against this backdrop, the study aims to identify the perception and attitude of the undergraduate students towards e-learning during Covid-19 pandemic, to determine the online learning characteristics of the students across different academic year, and to explore the factors that influence the online learning activities of the students.
 Method: The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional research design. The self-administered questionnaire was developed after a thorough assessment of the literature and consultation with topic specialists, and it included demographic information about the research participants, as well as their perceptions and attitudes regarding online classes. The questionnaire was created on Google Forms, and the link was distributed to the students of all the four schools through Viber and Messenger groups. Data was collected online from 300 undergraduate students at Pokhara University in Nepal. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage) and inferential statistics were used to examine and interpret the data. The Chi-squared test was employed to analyze the link between the student’s online learning characteristics and academic year. To discover the characteristics that impact online learning activities, exploratory factor analysis was performed.
 Result: The results indicated statistically significant association of online learning characteristics of students of different academic year with availability of alternative power source, internet service, digital platform used and availability of basic computer skill and continuation of online class. Majority of the students evinced a positive attitude towards online classes. Online learning was deemed advantageous since it offered learners with flexibility and convenience. Furthermore, teachers devote appropriate time to studying, motivate students to learn, and emphasize student-centered learning. However, students are dissatisfied with the teachers’ online teaching skills owing to a lack of training and familiarity with modern information technology.
 Conclusion: The study concluded that although students reported positive attitude towards online classes, there are serious challenges of power backup or alternative power supply, poor connectivity, unfamiliarity of digital platforms and poor ICT skills among students. Teachers need to be trained properly for the effective and productive teaching and learning along with proper handling of digital platforms. The school/ college/ university must have a well-established IT infrastructure for the smooth operation of online classes.

Online Learning Challenges in School

The concept of independent learning has been echoed and realized in the management of education in Indonesia, especially now that the Covid-19 pandemic has affected almost all aspects of human life. This research is intended to examine and analyze related to the application of learning from school. The type of research used is a qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews, observation and documentation review. The data analysis technique was carried out by descriptive analysis, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions or verification. The results of the study indicate that in distance learning (PJJ) or online but in its implementation there are still polemics or challenges experienced by teachers including; lack of online teaching skills, lack of Learning Facilities, lack of teacher interaction with students. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the ability of teachers in the implementation of online learning through workshops and the provision of assistance for learning facilities in the form of smartphones for the underprivileged.

What we do in the shadows: Cultivating faculty teaching and learning relationships in online tutorials

Many academic faculties found themselves unexpectedly thrown into the online teaching context during the COVID-19 pandemic. In our context, online tutorial attendances ranged from 20 to 150 students per session, necessitating the creation of a virtual teaching team. This article offers a perspective on developing collaborative team-teaching from the lived experiences of three academics who suddenly found themselves team-teaching online. We reflected on our experiences of collaborative online teaching over the year and shared our stories with each other. Our analysis drew from elements of Appreciative Inquiry and collaborative autoethnography. Based on the five principles of Appreciative Inquiry, we constructed positive and supportive conceptions of our experiences and opened positive possibilities for course delivery and our ongoing relationships. Important outcomes from this study included the development of our online teaching skills and strategies necessary for effective collaboration in online team-teaching. Our findings will be of interest to educational staff transitioning to online team-teaching.

Online Teacher Quality and TPACK Framework of Knowledge: EFL Pre-service Teachers' Views

This study aimed at examining prospective EFL teachers' views about quality of online English language teaching and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) and the related skills. To this end, the viewpoints of 100 graduate students of TEFL (M = 23, F = 77) at Iran University of Science and Technology were investigated via administering two questionnaires, namely online teacher quality and frames of knowledge and skills, along with two-open ended questions to gain more insight into online teacher quality and their knowledge frames. Internet-based survey method was employed to administer the questionnaires and collect the required data. The quantitative and qualitative data obtained were analyzed through descriptive statistics and thematic analysis, respectively. With regard to online teacher quality, the results revealed that pre-service teachers agreed that an online teacher should be an organized mediator, communicator, and problem solver as well as being highly passionate, energetic, and competent in teaching. The results also indicated that having content and pedagogical knowledge, clearly organizing and structuring content, time management skills, using appropriate resources, and providing feedback and multiple opportunities for communication were the most significant knowledge types required of an online language teacher. Considering online teaching skills, effective online communication skills, effective content delivery, technological skills, and effective evaluation and assessment were the most frequent skills suggested for online language teachers. The findings of this study could give more insights into designing knowledge-based and skills-based professional development programs for prospective teachers to enhance the quality of their online teaching.