Online News Research Articles

초등학생들의 뉴스 댓글 수용 양상과 뉴스 리터러시 교육의 시사점

This study is a qualitative study that presents the role and meaning of news comments and implications for elementary school news literacy education by deeply analyzing elementary school students’ acceptance of news comments. For elementary school students, news comments are a mechanism that stimulates interest and interest in news and social issues, and are an auxiliary device that helps them understand news. In addition, news comments frequently expose the context of free communication between people so that they can indirectly participate in social and political conversations and contact various disagreements. And for elementary school students, news comments are a role model for learning the competencies necessary as citizens, such as the attitude of being interested in and participating in social problems and how to express opinions on social problems. According to the results of the study, elementary school students are exposed to negative communication such as criticism and slander by encountering news in the online world, but even in them, they have screened jade stones and showed the possibility of accepting sound social discourse. Therefore, this study demanded serious reflection and reflection on the online news comments and comment spaces currently being produced, and suggested that it is necessary to find ways to use news comments educationally to foster healthy citizenship for future generations. In order to increase the effectiveness of news literacy education for elementary school students in the future, it is necessary to actively utilize news comments in the form of pros and cons and provide educational materials applying various news comment frames to supplement the cognitive abilities of elementary school students. And concrete educational measures should be prepared for practical use and critical acceptance of social approval clues.

Media representation of recovery colleges in Australia: a content analysis

ABSTRACT Background: Recovery Colleges (RCs) are educational hubs that offer a distinct approach to mental health and wellbeing, fostering inclusive learning opportunities. This study aimed to investigate Australian media representations of RCs and discusses how these representations may influence overall community awareness and acceptance of RCs. Methods: Australian online and print news articles on RCs were identified using key words and extracted from two databases: (i) Google News and (ii) Factiva. Content analysis was used to summarise key characteristics of media articles and framing theory informed the identification of news frames. Results: Twenty–three news articles were included. Most were published in local or regional news outlets. Mental health was mentioned in most articles (n = 22), with the majority contextualising RCs as an alternative approach to mental health and recovery through education and participation. The sentiment in the articles was positive, however deficit language was still evident. Human interest and responsibility framing was common. Conclusion: Media coverage highlighted a role for RCs in promoting mental wellbeing through education and participation. However, key elements of their functioning, such as co–production or the role of people with lived experience were less visible. Greater engagement with media outlets to increase awareness and understanding of the individual and community benefits of RCs are needed.

Understanding the Role of Psychosocial Factors in Online News Addiction

ABSTRACT The internet has fundamentally changed the way in which individuals interact with news. Unfortunately, research suggests a growing number of people have become addicted to online news, resulting in negative consequences. In this research, we examine this phenomenon through the lens of social identity theory. We posit that, for some individuals, the identity adopted through group memberships becomes central to their daily life. This, along with fear of missing out and lack of trust in one’s social network, lead to online news addiction. Our findings confirm this view and offer new insights for why users overconsume online news. Our contributions are threefold. First, we provide a theoretically grounded explanation of online news addiction based on social identity theory. Second, our multidimensional conceptualization of social identity combined with centrality provides a nuanced pattern for future addiction studies. Finally, we identify factors which may be used to curb online news addiction.

Exploring the effects of location information on perceptions of news credibility and sharing intention

In recent years, the integration of location-based services into social media platforms has seen a significant surge, coinciding with the growing challenges posed by the proliferation of fake news online. However, the influence of location data on readers’ perceptions of online news credibility, particularly in relation to the reporters’ whereabouts, remains unclear. To investigate this relationship, we conducted a 3 (Topics: crime, science, health) × 2 (Location anchor: event-anchored or participant-anchored) × 4 (Proximity to location anchor - no, same, close-by or faraway location) mixed-method online study (N = 288) on Prolific. Our data collection involved presenting participants with news articles and assessing their credibility assessments and sharing intentions based on the proximity of those disseminating the news to both the subject matter of the news and the audience consuming it. Our findings reveal that the proximity of the reporter’s location to the readers’ location had a noticeable adverse impact on perceptions of news credibility and the likelihood of sharing it. Furthermore, we also identified a weak positive correlation between sharing intentions and trust in social media platforms. In addition, we observed that crime news were generally perceived as less credible compared to health and science news. Our research contributes significantly to a nuanced understanding of how location-based cues impact user behaviour when interacting with online news articles. Furthermore, it provides design insights for social media platforms aiming to enhance user trust and promote pro-social behaviours.

Patterns of News Consumption during the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis: A 2.5 Year Longitudinal Study in the Netherlands

ABSTRACT During major long-term crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, news media are crucial sources of information for the public. This study aimed to explore the frequency of COVID-19-related news consumption based on (1) phase of the pandemic, (2) socio-demographic characteristics, and (3) news information channels. The study used a dynamic cohort design with 18 rounds of data collection, including 306,692 responses from 83,180 unique respondents in the Netherlands from 17 April 2020 to 11 September 2022. Results showed that the frequency of general COVID-19-related news media consumption varied throughout the pandemic, following a general decreasing trend with relative spikes often coinciding with periods of stricter behavioural regulations. TV news, newspapers, and online news websites were the most popular news information channels among the respondents. Furthermore, multilevel regression analyses identified several socio-demographic factors influencing news consumption and preferred channels, namely age, migration background, living status, health status, and trust in government — these results remained stable throughout the pandemic. This study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate news channels to effectively reach different socio-demographic groups and shows that during a prolonged crisis, news consumption about the crisis fluctuates with worsening conditions but generally follows a decreasing trend.

Analisis Pola Fungsi Kalimat Tunggal Teks Berita Daring Kemdikbud Jelita Edisi Oktober 2023 sebagai Sumber Bacaan Siswa Kelas X SMA

With the existence of online news, students are considered to have easy access to information. Not only as a part of the material but also as learning resources for 10th-grade high school students. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of the function patterns of simple sentences in the online news texts of Kemdikbud Jelita as a reading source for 10th-grade high school students. The approach used in this study is a descriptive approach, which involves analyzing the function patterns of simple sentences. A qualitative descriptive method was employed. The researcher used the note-taking and observation technique on Kemdikbud Jelita's online news texts to understand their content. The researcher also recorded the patterns of simple sentences found in the news texts using the distributional method. From the data analysis conducted, it was found that there were 50 simple sentences in the Kemdikbud Jelita news that had easily understood functional patterns for 10th-grade high school students as a reading source. The results of the analysis in this article can deepen the understanding of sentence function patterns and their appropriateness as a reading source for 10th-grade high school students. The sentence patterns and their usage can provide guidance for educators and material developers to improve the quality of reading sources.

Pola Fungsi Kalimat pada Teks Pidato Capres RI 2024 dalam Berita Daring Detik News sebagai Sumber Bacaan Siswa Kelas 10 SMA

Everyone must have the ability to speak, especially a leader. When writing speech texts, you are expected to be able to write sentence patterns correctly and understandably. The aim of writing this article is to study the function patterns of sentences in the text of the 2024 RI presidential candidate's speech in the online news Detik News to broaden the insight of researchers and readers, especially as a reading source for grade 10 high school students. This research was conducted so that researchers and readers could compose speech texts and deliver speeches with a correct and appropriate structure. This research uses a pragmatic approach and carries out analysis by identifying sentence patterns in the text of the 2024 Indonesian presidential candidate's speech published in the online news Detik News. Information about the data taken is text that contains the sentence structure of speech texts in Indonesian language learning for class X students. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method and a syntactic method. The data collection technique uses listening and taking note techniques. After researching the text of the 2023 Indonesian presidential candidate's speech on the online news Detik News, various sentence patterns were found. These sentence patterns consist of, among others, single sentence patterns, equivalent compound sentence patterns, multilevel compound sentence patterns, and mixed compound sentence patterns. It is hoped that the results of the analysis from this article will increase students' knowledge in writing and analyzing speech texts well and correctly, and also not only writing and analyzing but also hopefully being able to give public speeches well and of course correctly.

Cultural Re-Importation Through Soft Power and Transnational Cultural Flows Mediated by Digital Influence: The Case of City Pop Music in Japan, Malaysia and Indonesia

Japanese popular culture (pop culture) has penetrated and influenced foreign cultural markets through various means. Japanese city pop music, popular from the 1970s through the 1980s, has charted a new trajectory in this transnational cultural spillover. The attractiveness of the city pop genre was rediscovered abroad; the hit songs were disseminated through social media, which eventually led to a revival of this genre’s popularity in Japan. This study refers to this phenomenon as cultural re-importation and proposes some theoretical deliberations to capture it. It recognises that the complex process of re-importation is mediated by digital means of communication, such as social media platforms YouTube and TikTok. This study employs three theoretical perspectives on the cultural spillover mechanism, namely, Japan’s soft power, transnational cultural flows, and digital influence. To elucidate these processes empirically, we analysed data from in-depth interviews with 35 young people from Malaysia, Indonesia, and Japan. Secondary data were collected as well, including online news and media releases. Based on the interview findings, this study posits that cultural re-importation is a complex interplay of several factors.

A Study on Internet News for Patient Safety Campaigns: Focusing on Text Network Analysis and Topic Modeling.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to identify the main issues related to public patient safety campaigns reflected in Korean online news. This study utilized a text-mining method to identify keywords and topics related to patient safety campaigns. Methods: The data collection period was from 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2023, and 4110 news articles were extracted. Through data preprocessing, 2661 duplicated news and 1213 unrelated news were removed, and 236 news were selected. Using the NetMiner program, keyword co-occurrence frequency calculation, keyword centrality analysis, and topic modeling analysis were performed. Results: The results showed that the most frequently mentioned keywords with high degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and closeness centrality in online news were "hospital", "medical", "medicine", "project", and "treatment". The topics of online news related to the patient safety campaign were "patient-centered care for medical safety", "health promotion projects at a regional institution", "hand hygiene education to prevent infection", "healthcare quality improvement through the Mint Festival", and "safe use of medicines". Conclusions: This study analyzed patient safety campaign news topics using text network analysis and topic modeling. It was confirmed that patient safety campaigns are essential for fostering a patient safety culture, improving medical quality, and encouraging patient participation in hospitals. Therefore, to build a safe medical environment, it is necessary to establish an effective patient safety campaign for not only medical staff providing medical care, but also patients and their caregivers, and for this, cooperation and participation from various professional occupations are necessary.

Perspectives from Public Relations :Media Relations in an Evolving Media Landscape

<p>The purpose of this research is to describe how Public Relations professionnals understands journalists and the media industry works to provide the information to maximise company publications in the media. This research was conducted with in-depth interviews with Public Relations professionals from different companies. Mediating The Media Model will help PR professionals understand the important factors in establishing media relations and media coverage, especially when social media and mainstream media intersect. Media relations extend beyond establishing communication with journalists. Media relations is a complex <del cite="mailto:Carl%20Christianne%20%20G.%20Dizon" datetime="2024-09-12T16:49">,</del>activity; by considering the media works, and the publication strategy that must be given to get news coverage. Especially with the development of digital technology, it provides a new space for Public Relations to carry out media relations.This research found that news values are the primary consideration in providing information subsidies to the media. Although company advertisers are considered as the primary determinant of newsrooms loading company news, the development of digital media has changed how Public Relations defines the meaning of media in media relations. Media is no longer limited to mainstream media, but also personal channels like in the case of influencers. Some mainstream media are also starting to be abandoned, particularly the radio and<del cite="mailto:Carl%20Christianne%20%20G.%20Dizon" datetime="2024-09-12T16:49">.</del> online news is becoming the first choice. Public Relations realizes several factors that influence their company's media coverage.</p>

Neo-institutionalism perspective on local governance in Lombok: Reinstitutionalisation of Tuan Guru in the Indonesian decentralization era

This article delves into an examination and analysis of leadership models within local government institutions in Indonesia, employing the conceptual framework of new institutionalism. We contend that informal local institutions within communities not only influence the behavior and identity of leaders as actors but, within the context of decentralization, have also undergone a process of reinstitutionalization regarding roles and functions, employing distinct patterns of appropriation. Employing an interpretive approach, this article focuses on phenomena within the management of local governance in the West Nusa Tenggara province. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, literature studies on local history, and online news searches. Through a case study of local governance in West Nusa Tenggara province, particularly Lombok, the article reveals that the Tuan Guru, an informal local institution in Lombok society, has experienced reinstitutionalization through vertical and horizontal appropriation. The conclusion drawn is that decentralization has created opportunities for informal institutions to re-establish their roles within formal governance through appropriation patterns.

Media Communications as a Context for Imprinting Formation

The author of this article posits that media communications serve as a context for the formation of imprinting — a psychophysiological mechanism whereby impressions or images are etched into the brain, evolving into stable behavioral programs. The identification of these programs is facilitated through the analysis of media texts with a high attention coefficient. The study analyzed 200 media texts across various typological niches within the contemporary media system: online news outlets, social media platforms (VK, Odnoklassniki), and blogs, including the “Zen” platform. The findings indicate that different typological segments of the media system represent distinct behavioral programs. In online news outlets, behavioral programs are explicitly manifested in cognitive actions aimed at understanding processes related to Russia’s economic and political landscape. In social media, the prevailing behavioral program is encapsulated in a sentiment inspired by the phenomenology of serendipity. The “Zen” blog platform reveals imprinting through the categories of “irresponsibility,” “playfulness,” and “hooliganism.” In other blogs featuring high attention indices, imprinting is observed in the contemplation of professional issues related to activities in the digital space. The various typological niches of the media system are geared towards the formation of heterogeneous psychophysiological mechanisms, which transform into an axiological foundation that shapes diverse behavioral programs.

Conservative Muslim and textual interpretation of the hadiths in polygamy propaganda in Indonesia

The pro-polygamy movement in Indonesia demonstrates not only Islamic doctrine and identity but also the rise of conservative Islam which is legitimized by an understanding of particular hadiths. This article aims to describe polygamy propaganda carried out by conservative Muslim groups on social media which is based on a literal textual understanding of religious texts. This qualitative research used gender analysis to investigate male dominance in polygamous propaganda employing hadith to recruit polygamous class participants. Data for the study were gathered from social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube) as well as online news about polygamy mentoring programs. The polygamous traditions employed by two mentorship communities in Indonesia such as Dauroh Poligami Indonesia (DPI) and Forum Poligami Indonesia (FPI), were used in this study. Polygamy traditions have been selected and interpreted to support polygamy, viewed as mandatory for men, with conservative narratives that support the propaganda of how to marry four wives. It is regarded as a symbol of individual piety and an Islamic lifestyle, inextricably linked to the materialization of religion, which provides polygamy with social and spiritual bliss. Therefore, polygamy propaganda initiated debate among Muslim feminist movements to advocate for gender equality and women's empowerment in modern Indonesia.

Gatekeeping Perspektif Bruce Westle and Malcolm Mclean Dalam Produksi Berita Online www.wonogirikab.go.id

The Wonogiri Regency Government has a website called www.wonogirikab.go.id, which every day provides information in the form of news, appeals, or announcements. The content presented is in the form of activities by Regional Apparatus Organizations (OPD), the regent's agenda, and Wonogiri Regional government programs. From this, the media needs to filter incoming information through a strategy called gatekeeping. This gatekeeping strategy aims to reduce media inaccuracies in presenting news. In this research, the author uses the gatekeeping theory of Bruce Westley and Malcolm McLean which emphasizes the role of a gatekeeper. Gatekeepers are individuals who carry out gatekeeping from pre-production to post-production of online news. Research method through case studies. Data collection techniques include documentation, interviews, and observation. Data analysis uses the Miles and Huberman model, including data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of research in the field showed that in the gatekeeping process from pre-production to post-production of news on the website www.wonogirikab.goid, the duties of a reporter and editor were only carried out by one person. Pre-production starts with determining news criteria, team discussions, and on-location coverage. The production process is carried out by cameramen and reporters when looking for information. Lastly, post-production is the editing stage by the editor and approval by the Head of the Wonogiri Regency Communication and Information Service.

Abstract A164: Rural and religious differences in online news outlet headlines about HPV and HPV vaccines in Utah

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the penetration of online HPV vaccine information in Utah, where HPV vaccination and completion rates are low, and uncover potential disparities by religiosity and rurality in the types of language used by news headlines in the social media ecosystem. Methods: We described the language used in local news outlets' headlines about HPV and HPV vaccines. We included headlines posted on Facebook from 23 news outlets within 6 counties (including high and low vaccination, rurality, and religiosity) from 2011-2023 to represent the public online discourse about HPV vaccination. We searched each news outlet’s Facebook page for eligible posts using 11 key terms (e.g., HPV, HPV vaccination) that were identified through literature review and refined with content experts, resulting in N=851 headlines. After removing duplicates, there were a total of n=531 unique headlines for analysis. Area-level (county) measures of rurality (2013 Rural and Urban Continuum Codes) and religiosity (Public Religion Research Institute 2020 Census) were coded for each post title based on the originating news outlet. We analyzed the language used in each headline. Differences in the valence of online discourse about HPV and HPV vaccination by rurality and religiosity were compared using summary statistics and t-tests. Linguistic analyses were conducted using Linguistic Inquiry Word Count and Stata 18. Results: Overall, urban areas were less religious than rural areas (28% unaffiliated in urban areas vs. 13-26% unaffiliated in rural areas, p<0.001). There were more headlines about HPV and HPV vaccination from news outlets in urban than rural areas (69.7% vs. 30.3%). Nearly 70% of HPV and HPV vaccine headlines came from the least religious areas—counties whose religiously unaffiliated populations ranged from 28%-32%. News outlets differed in how they disseminated information about HPV and HPV vaccines by rurality and religiosity. On average, news outlets in urban areas used more positive language than in rural areas (mean 2.04 vs. 1.28 words, p<0.01). Rural news outlets used more emotion-laden terms than those in urban areas (mean 1.2 vs. 0.6 words, p<0.01) and negative emotion was more prevalent among rural than urban headlines (mean 0.73 vs. 0.42 words, p=0.02). These observations were mirrored for areas with higher religiously unaffiliated populations demonstrating titles with more positive words (mean 2.05 vs. 1.27, p<0.01), less emotional words (mean 0.63 vs. 1.17 words, p<0.01), and less negative language (mean 0.42 vs. 0.73 words, p=0.01) compared to headlines in areas with lower proportions of religiously unaffiliated, respectively. Conclusions: The penetration of HPV and HPV vaccine information in rural and religious areas is less positive, more emotionally charged, and uses more negative emotional language than in urban areas. This may, in part, perpetuate the low HPV vaccine uptake in these regions. Citation Format: Echo L. Warner, Ida Tovar, Kaila Christini, Stephen Gubler, Becca Slagle, Jennifer Smith, Michelle Litchman, Wendy Birmingham, Deanna Kepka. Rural and religious differences in online news outlet headlines about HPV and HPV vaccines in Utah [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr A164.

Kualitas Isi dan Kalimat Efektif pada Teks Berita di Website Detikjabar Edisi Februari 2024 sebagai Bahan Bacaan dan Sumber Informasi bagi Mahasiswa

Ineffective sentences are sentences that have several words that are difficult to understand. This research is motivated by the writers in the preparation of sentences in news texts that are not in accordance with linguistic rules. This research aims to identify the use of effective sentences in online news texts, with a focus on the article "It's Time to Clean up APKs in Bandung City" found on the February 2024 Edition of the Detikjabar Website. This analysis aims to analyze ineffective sentences in the article and produce more effective sentences, in accordance with linguistic rules. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive approach, with a syntactic theoretical approach. The results showed several ineffective sentences found in the news text, such as the use of less formal words and typos. The sentence improvements offered aim to improve clarity and conformity with correct linguistic rules. It is hoped that this knowledge can help readers understand the importance of effective sentences in news texts and avoid language errors in writing. The benefits of this analysis include a better understanding of the correct use of language in the context of online news, both in academic and non-academic activities.

Donor human milk practice in Indonesia: a media content analysis.

Donor human milk (DHM) is recommended as the second-best alternative form of supplementation when a mother is unable to breastfeed directly. However, little is known about the experience of mothers and families in the communities regarding accessing and donating expressed breastmilk in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify the experience related to donor human milk in the society in Indonesia. A search was conducted through six main online news portals. The keywords used included "donor human milk," "expressed breastmilk," and "wet nursing" in the Indonesian language, Bahasa Indonesia. A total of 107 articles were found, but only 20 articles were included for analysis using a qualitative media content analysis approach. In the study, the following five themes were identified: (1) the whys and wherefores of donor human milk, (2) national and religious-based regulations, (3) recommendations from authorized organizations, healthcare professionals, and Islamic scholars, (4) the negative impact from the lack of national regulations, and (5) contradictory feelings among mothers. With the lack of detailed information on how to access or donate expressed human milk and the absence of a human milk bank in place, informal human milk sharing is inevitably occurring in the community. This has also raised concerns among authorized organizations, healthcare professionals, and Islamic scholars. Consequently, mothers, both donors and recipients, experienced negative impacts, which included contradictory feelings. Engaging with Islamic scholars and healthcare professionals to develop clear guidelines and regulations to enable mothers' and families' access and/or make contributions to DHM in a safe and accountable way is critical to prevent further problems from occurring in Indonesian society.

Online news coverage of migrants’ grief at a distance during COVID-19: A qualitative framing analysis

Grieving at a distance is a common and often challenging experience for migrants. As a result of travel restrictions and border closures, grieving at a distance became a focus of media reporting during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper aimed to examine the representation of migrants’ grief at a distance during the pandemic in online newspaper articles. We used a qualitative framing analysis to analyze nine articles published in online international newspapers. Three frames were identified: Grief as an impossible situation, migrants left with impossible choices, and grief as culturally mediated. These frames focused on how the psychological experience of grief was intertwined with migrants’ broader societal and cultural contexts. They emphasized the complex choices migrants faced due to their personal situations and cross-cultural experiences. Findings offer insights into how the media depicts migrant experiences, thus shaping public perceptions of their grief and bereavement. They reveal the difficulties of transnational grief migrants experienced.

Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa dan Tanda Baca Teks Berita pada Artikel Detik.com Edisi Februari 2024 sebagai Kelayakan Bahan Bacaan dan Sumber Informasi

News text is information about things that have happened, presented in various forms such as print media, broadcast, and the Internet, so the news must use language that can be understood by the general public so that the news can be conveyed well and there are no misunderstandings in interpreting the information. existing news. The aim of this research is to describe and imply language and punctuation errors in the February edition of detik.com online news text. In this research, a method used to analyze language errors involves an approach, namely quantitative descriptive. Research data collection techniques are the listening method and the note-taking method. This research also uses the collection method and uses formal methods. Based on the research results, language errors in the February edition of detik.com online news text consist of language errors such as several sentences that are difficult to understand, punctuation errors such as a lack of commas, periods, and other punctuation marks, as well as the use of capital letters and morphological errors. The benefit of this research for society is that it can increase the insight of writers and readers, and it can increase knowledge of information that does not yet exist, namely information related to education. The data taken in this research is an analysis of language errors and punctuation in news texts in the February 2024 edition of detik.com articles as appropriate reading materials and sources of information.

Parties and the power of capital intensive under open-list proportional representation system: The case of Indonesia

Since the Indonesian election adopted the Open-List Proportional Representation (OLPR) system in 2009 until the present, most political parties have altered their campaign strategies in the parliamentary election. The ownership of capital intensive is seemingly a certainty for political parties if they wish to succeed in the electoral match. Therefore, this article is aimed to demonstrate that capital intensive has a powerful impact in regard to the party triumph in the electoral arena under an OLPR system. It can be seen with the successful experience of four political parties in Indonesia, namely the Gerindra Party (Great Indonesia Movement), PKB (National Awakening Party), the Nasdem Party (National Democrat), and PKS (Prosperous Justice Party) in two elections, 2014 and 2019. Methodologically, it is qualitative research by utilizing in-depth interviews and online news gathering as the data collection technique. With the usage of four marketing-mix indicators (product, price, place, promotion), the article findings revealed that most political parties generally had uniformity in those four indicators despite different ideologies, programs, and strategies. Each party respectively required financial costs, an ideological platform, past achievements, popular candidate profile, physiological costs, local networks, direct campaign strategies to voters, elite approaches, and tactical promotions through mass media. Thus, this study concludes that these costs, which are referred to as “capital intensive,” determine the party’s victory in achieving electoral success.