Online Manufacturers Research Articles

Dual-Channel Pricing of Online Retail Based on Evolutionary Game Theory and Coevolutionary Algorithm

For the offline market entry strategy and product pricing of online retailers in the retailer competitive supply chain structure, a supply chain game model composed of a single manufacturer, a single traditional retailer, and a single online retailer is constructed and an improved coevolutionary game algorithm (ICGA) is proposed to solve the model. In addition, a dynamic optimization model based on dissatisfaction is established to dynamically adjust the coevolutionary game algorithm. The research shows that when online retailers open offline channels, with the increase of offline market share of online retailers, the profits of traditional retailers decrease and manufacturers increase, while the profits of online retailers increase first and then decrease; there is a maximum point. The profits of online retailers, manufacturers, and supply chains will be optimized due to the opening of offline channels. When the offline market share of online retailers is lower than a specific threshold, the new offline channels of online retailers will also make the profits of traditional retailers greater. At this time, the profits of all members of the supply chain will be optimized. Finally, the final optimization stability strategy can make the offline retail and online retail achieve the best operation state, and the overall theoretical rate of supply chain has been significantly improved, which proves the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model and algorithm.

Discourage or encourage? An online manufacture’s response to competing product introduction under physical showroom cooperation

More and more online manufacturers showcase products in retailers’ stores which are regarded as physical showrooms to resolve product fit uncertainty, and retailers provide retail service with private information. To satisfy consumers’ heterogeneous demands, retailers may introduce competing products. This paper focuses on an online manufacturer’s response to a retailer’s competing product introduction strategy under physical showroom cooperation. We find that the impacts of product competition on the online manufacturer’s and the retailer’s profits are inconsistent. When product competition harms the retailer but benefits the online manufacturer, the online manufacturer would encourage the retailer to introduce the competing product; otherwise, the online manufacturer would discourage the introduction of the competing product. Furthermore, the interaction between product competition with information asymmetry is investigated. The results show that although the online manufacturer always suffers loss from asymmetric information, the competing product introduction reduces its cost to identify the information under certain conditions.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОННОЙ ТОРГОВЛИ В РОССИИ

The development of digital technologies has a significant impact on the development of the world economy in the modern world. The introduction of the results of scientific and technological progress has led to a change in people’s lives. Digitalization has predetermined the emergence and development of electronic commerce, which is improving every year, changing, taking an increasingly strong position in international trade. E-commerce is one of the fastest growing technology markets in Russia. The increasing internationalization of production and marketing is a feature of the modern international system. The role of international trade in the context of globalization is becoming increasingly important every day. The sustainable development of the world economy required the participation of countries in international trade. E-commerce is one of the simplified trade procedures that leads to resource savings for traders and the involvement of medium and small enterprises in international trade. Electronic commerce is carried out using computer technologies and electronic data interchange, which distinguishes it from the traditional type of trade. The development of economic relations and information technologies creates new areas of entrepreneurial activity, which can also include electronic entrepreneurial activity.Currently, the development and improvement of digital technologies is an integral part of global integration processes. State regulation of electronic commerce through the improvement of current legislation, support of domestic online retailers and manufacturers, involvement of medium and small enterprises in international trade through the creation of an electronic export trading platform, similar to the Chinese Internet, will help increase the export of Russian goods abroad.

Should an online manufacturer partner with a competing or noncompeting retailer for physical showrooms?

AbstractMore and more online manufacturers collaborate with offline retailers who provide retail services to showcase products in offline retailers’ stores and feature the stores as physical showrooms. Since offline retailers may be noncompeting or competing depending on the product they sell, we investigate two collaboration strategies. Our results show that product competition causes the decreased demand that is realized through physical showroom (negative competition effect) and the increased demand to buy online directly (positive spillover effect) for the online manufacturer. When the positive spillover effect dominates the negative competition effect, the online manufacturer prefers to partner with the competing retailer and strategically sets a high price. Interestingly, the online manufacturer's willingness to partner with the competing retailer may increase with competing product value. Besides, the online manufacturer may benefit from the increased value of the competing product and the increased commission that is paid to the retailer under product competition.

The Nicotine Content of a Sample of E-cigarette Liquid Manufactured in the United States.

Use of electronic cigarettes has dramatically increased in the United States since 2010, with a forecasted growth of 37% between 2014 and 2019. There is little research on e-liquid nicotine concentration from domestic manufacturers. However, limited research outside of the United States found wide inconsistencies between the labeled concentration of nicotine in e-liquids and the actual nicotine concentration. The 7 most popular online manufacturers or distributors were identified. E-liquid samples of the 5 most popular flavors from each manufacturer were purchased in nicotine concentrations of 0 and 18 mg/mL. Of the samples purchased (n = 70), all were labeled as produced in the United States of America. The researchers anonymized the samples before sending them to an independent university laboratory for testing. The 35 e-liquid samples labeled 18 mg/mL nicotine measured between 11.6 and 27.4 mg/mL (M = 18.7, SD = 3.3) nicotine. The labeled 18 mg/mL samples measured as little as 35% less nicotine and as much as 52% greater nicotine. In the 35 samples labeled 0 mg/mL, nicotine was detected (>0.01 mg/mL) in 91.4% of the samples (range 0-23.9 mg/mL; M = 2.9, SD = 7.2). Six samples from 2 manufacturers labeled as 0 mg/mL were found to contain nicotine in amounts ranging from 5.7 to 23.9 mg/mL. This study demonstrates the nicotine labeling inaccuracies present in current e-liquid solutions produced in the United States. Incorrect labeling poses a significant risk to consumers and supports the recent regulation changes enacted by the US Food and Drug Administration. Additional routine testing of nicotine concentrations should be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the regulations on future e-liquid production.

Online Apparel Retailing: The Mediating Effect of E-Shopping Intention on the Association among Privacy, Website Content and E-Shopping Satisfaction

The purpose of this paper is to understand the efficiency of E-Shopping Intention and its mediating effect on Privacy and Website Content on E-Shopping satisfaction. Consumers Satisfaction is an integral part for online retailers and online manufacturers. The researcher has analyzed the relationship among independent variable called privacy and website content with dependent variable e-shopping satisfaction. The main aims of the article is to find the mediating effect of E-Shopping Intention mediates the relationship between Privacy and E-Shopping satisfaction in an apparel online shopping atmosphere. Thirdly, the article aims to find whether E-Shopping Intention mediates the relationship between Website Content and E-Shopping satisfaction. The writer has used a sample size of 242 respondents from Coimbatore college students and convenient sampling technique was used for the study. The author has used boot strapping technique in AMOS to find the mediating effect of E-Shopping Intention on the relationship between Privacy and E-Shopping satisfaction as well as the relationship between Website Content and E-Shopping satisfaction. The findings show that E-Shopping Intention completely mediates the relationship between Privacy and E-Shopping satisfaction where as E-Shopping Intention partially mediates the relationship between online E-Shopping satisfaction.

Theoretical Analysis on the Pricing and Advertising Coordination of Multi Retailer Supply Chain from the Perspectives of Common Interest Maximization

With the arrival of global economic integration, the enterprise gradually realized the joint and downstream enterprises form a complementary advantage on its importance to enhance the overall competitiveness of the supply chain. To deal with the corresponding challenges, in this paper, we conduct research on pricing and the advertising coordination of multi retailer supply chain from the general perspectives of common interest maximization. For the two stage supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer and single retailer as the background, study retailers to establish online channel and manufacturers to establish the online channel and applicable condition, the difference between two kinds of the channel model and double channel of supply chain coordination mechanism. The core idea of supply chain management is focus on supply chain node enterprise specializing in their core business, and outsources non-core business to other enterprises, so as to achieve supply chain of all enterprises focus on their good at business. Our research optimizes the traditional game theory framework to achieve the better model for the issues. The experimental analysis verifies the feasibility and the effectiveness of our approach compared with the others.

Optimisation of one-stop delivery scheduling in online shopping based on the physical Internet

The circulation of online shopping commodities generally involves many entities, such as online manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and customers. Goods from manufacturers to consumers undergo several exchange stages involving different economic entities. The logistics cost increases in certain supply chain nodes and the risk of backlog or running out of stock is high because of the different income and risk expectations of entities, as well as the varying degrees of information sharing between them. Clearly, a one-stop delivery mode crossing numerous transaction links in online shopping can effectively solve these problems and save social resources. However, realising this one-stop mode requires a series of specific premises, appropriate software and hardware technology support. This study introduces the Physical Internet into the one-stop delivery mode as an important logical and technical support, analyses the operating mechanism of the Physical Internet and discusses the operating conditions of one-stop delivery. It analyses the optimisation contents and objectives of one-stop delivery scheduling to construct a multi-objective optimisation mathematical model and propose a solving algorithm. Finally, this study uses an application case to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the optimisation mechanism and algorithm.

Small and medium sized manufacturer performance on third party B2B electronic marketplaces: The role of enabling and IT capabilities

This research investigates the determinants of the performance of small and medium sized manufacturers on business-to-business electronic marketplaces (B2B EMs). Based on the resource-based view, the framework proposed suggests that a manufacturing firm's performance on a B2B EM is determined by EM enabling capabilities, namely the online marketing capability, flexible manufacturing capability and content management capability. Further, the framework posits that these EM enabling capabilities are in turn determined by the firm's IT capability. Data from 358 online manufacturers participating in a B2B EM is collected and analyzed. The results confirm our hypotheses that the online marketing capability, flexible manufacturing capability and content management capability fully mediate the impact of the IT capability on the firm's online performance. Furthermore, the online marketing capability is found to be a stronger factor in influencing the manufacturer's online performance than the others.

A vision-based LED defect auto-recognition system

Recognising different kinds of light-emitting diode (LED) defect is of great urgency for online manufacturers because such information not only assists in summarising the production variations but also in realising that the defects are caused either by fabricating process or by taping process. Although most of the studies nowadays engage in devising LED defect auto-inspection systems, they are rarely capable of auto-recognising the type of defects simultaneously. This study developed a vision-based defect auto-recognition system for three types of packaged surface-mounted device LEDs. A series of image processing are implemented to obtain the inherent feature of the LEDs. Then, a two-stage multiple discriminant analysis is used to recognise different kinds of defects. The recognition rates of up to 94.34% of LED1S, 95.17% of LED1B and 96.02% of LED2 are yielded, which demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed system.

The Study of MTO Online Manufacturers' Guaranteed Delivery Time Model with Order Batching

To MTO on-line manufacturers, one of the most popular time-based competitive strategies is to widely advertise a uniform delivery time guarantee to all the customers. While providing time guarantee can be an effective marketing approach, it is critical for firms to reduce lead time to keep the promise. Decreasing lot size in batching is one of the most important levers to compress lead time in operation. This research expands existing blanket delivery-time guarantee models by integrating operation approach and marketing approach. The online manufacturers guaranteed delivery time model with order batching is established. Some analytic results are provided, and numerical examples are conducted to provide further insight into the problem. The effects of batch processing setup cost, unit inventory holding cost and unit compression cost of transportation time are analyzed. The results indicate that when batch processing setup cost decrease, unit inventory holding cost or unit compression cost of transportation time increase, the online manufacturer should decrease the lot size and shorten the guaranteed delivery time. The customers time and price sensitivities have adverse influences on the manufacturers delivery time decision.