Online Journals Research Articles

Comparison of Instructions to Authors and Reporting of Ethics Components in Selected African Biomedical Journals: 2008 and 2017.

Journal editors instruct authors to describe human participant protections in original research reports. However, little is known about African biomedical journal authors' adherence to such journal editors' instructions. This study investigated changes in editors' instructions to authors and authors' reporting of research ethics information in selected African biomedical journals between 2008 and 2017. Twelve selected journal websites and online articles were reviewed in Eastern, Southern, and Western African [ESWA] countries. A pre-tested schema and a checklist were used to collect data from journal websites and articles published in 2008 and 2017, and the data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Half of the journals requested prospective authors to disclose ethics approval and related issues in their manuscripts between 2008 and 2017. There was a significant increase in instructions to authors regarding information on the protection of research participants within this period; more authors complied with these requirements in 2017 than in 2007.

A Critical Analysis of Medical Crimes: From the Perspective of the Penal Code of Afghanistan

Aim: This study explores the phenomenon of medical crimes within the context of the penal code of Afghanistan, focusing on how legal frameworks address illegal activities in the healthcare sector. Medical crimes, such as revealing medical secrets, using expired medicine, refusing to offer treatment by medical personnel, negligence, carelessness, non-observance of medical regulations by medical personnel, and patient rights violations. These medical crimes pose significant risks to public health and patient safety and are punishable under the Penal Code. The Afghan penal code discusses these crimes in detail, specifically from Article 886 to Article 892. The importance of this study lies in removing ambiguities in the recognition of medical crimes and clarifying the position of the Afghan penal code regarding their classification and punishment. Methods: By examining legislative texts, judicial practices, and real-world case studies, the research highlights gaps and challenges in the current criminal justice system. This work employs the doctrinal research methodology along with descriptive, explanatory, and analytical research approaches. It is worth mentioning that this research study is entirely based on library sources. Most of the sources are textbooks, scholarly published and unpublished journal articles, law reports, and online websites related to the research area. Results: The findings underscore the need for enhanced legal reforms, improved judicial capacity, and greater accountability to ensure a safer and more equitable healthcare environment. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on healthcare and legal reform in Afghanistan, offering insights for policymakers, legal professionals, and healthcare practitioners aiming to strengthen the intersection of law and medicine.

A Conceptual Review on the Influence of Social-Media Influencers Towards Generation-Z TikTok Users’ Food Purchase Intentions

Nowadays, the popularity of social-media influencers has experienced a significant surge among the public. Individuals engaged in business endeavours have also begun seeking marketing tactics that may effectively capture the purchasing intents of consumers. Today, TikTok has been widely regarded as one of the top social-media platforms that facilitate the interchange and sharing of information, as well as connecting and communicating with individuals from all around the globe. Based on this reason, this paper serves an understanding on the potential influence of several characteristics associated with social-media influencers on the purchase intention of TikTok users, which are communication skills, attractiveness, and trustworthiness. The method used for this conceptual paper is based from literature reviews from journal articles, books and online news which are related with the keywords and research area. Lastly, this paper proposes a framework as a primary attempt on the role of the communication skills, attractiveness, and trustworthiness of the social-media influencers on the Generation-Z TikTok users’ purchase intentions.

A systematic review of healthcare professionals and women's experiences and perceptions of colposcopy method of cervical cancer screening in Nigeria

Background: Cervical cancer continues to pose a significant public health issue in Nigeria, characterized by high rates of incidence and mortality. Colposcopy is integral to the cervical cancer screening process and its early detection. However, the uptake of colposcopy screening in Nigeria remains suboptimal, with various factors contributing to this phenomenon. Comprehending the experiences and perceptions of healthcare professionals and patients concerning colposcopy for cervical cancer screening is vital to enhance screening initiatives and alleviate the impact of cervical cancer in Nigeria. This systematic review aims to identify the gap in knowledge and synthesize the existing literature on the experiences and perceptions of healthcare professionals and patients regarding colposcopy for cervical cancer screening in Nigeria. Methods: A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted in Academic search elite, African journals online (AJOL), CINAHL, MBASE, psycho info, Cochrane, Medline (via PubMed) and Scopus databases from 2010 until March 2023. The quality of the included studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. Thematic analysis was deployed to synthesize the extracted data. Results: Fourteen (14) studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Most studies were conducted in developed countries and urban settings. The review revealed key themes that were categorized into four: insufficient knowledge/awareness, emotional factors, cultural/religious factors, and organizational/systemic factors. Conclusion: The review identified barriers to colposcopy screening in Nigeria, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to improve cervical cancer screening rates. Hence, the need for a qualitative study in rural parts of Nigeria to explore the in-depth understanding of patients' and healthcare professionals’ regarding colposcopy screening utilization.

Impact of electronic medical records on healthcare delivery in Nigeria: A review.

Electronic medical records (EMRs) have great potential to improve healthcare processes and outcomes. They are increasingly available in Nigeria, as in many developing countries. The impact of their introduction has not been well studied. We sought to synthesize the evidence from primary studies of the effect of EMRs on data quality, patient-relevant outcomes and patient satisfaction. We identified and examined five original research articles published up to May 2023 in the following medical literature databases: PUBMED/Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, African Journals Online and Google Scholar. Four studies examined the influence of the introduction of or improvements in the EMR on data collection and documentation. The pooled percentage difference in data quality after introducing or improving the EMR was 142% (95% CI: 82% to 203%, p-value < 0.001). There was limited heterogeneity in the estimates (I2 = 0%, p-heterogeneity = 0.93) and no evidence suggestive of publication bias. The 5th study assessed patient satisfaction with pharmacy services following the introduction of the EMR but neither had a comparison group nor assessed patient satisfaction before EMR was introduced. We conclude that the introduction of EMR in Nigerian healthcare facilities meaningfully increased the quality of the data.

Effect of Electrolyte Concentration on the Efficiency of Electrochemical Cells in India

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of electrolyte concentration on the efficiency of electrochemical cells in India. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study found that higher electrolyte concentrations generally enhance the conductivity of the cell, which improves the overall cell efficiency by facilitating the movement of ions between the electrodes. This results in a reduction in internal resistance, leading to a more efficient electrochemical reaction. Conversely, low electrolyte concentrations can hinder ion transport, increasing resistance and decreasing the efficiency of the cell. Additionally, optimal electrolyte concentration ensures a stable electrochemical environment, minimizing side reactions and enhancing the durability and performance of the cell. Therefore, maintaining an appropriate electrolyte concentration is crucial for maximizing the efficiency and longevity of electrochemical cells used in various applications, including energy storage and conversion technologies. Implications to Theory, practice and policy: Nernst equation, butler- Volmer equation and grotthuss mechanism may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the effect of electrolyte concentration on the efficiency of electrochemical cells in India. Based on empirical findings, manufacturers should focus on developing and commercializing electrolyte formulations that are optimized for specific cell types and applications. Policymakers should develop and enforce standards and guidelines for the optimal electrolyte concentrations in different types of electrochemical cells.

Relationship between Physical Activity Levels and Sleep Quality in College Students

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between physical activity levels and sleep quality in college students. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study showed that students who engage in regular physical activity tend to experience better sleep quality compared to their less active peers. Regular exercise appears to enhance various aspects of sleep, including sleep duration, sleep onset latency (the time it takes to fall asleep), and sleep efficiency (the percentage of time spent asleep while in bed). Additionally, physically active students often report fewer sleep disturbances and improved overall restfulness. The type and intensity of physical activity also play crucial roles. Moderate to vigorous physical activities, such as aerobic exercises and strength training, have been particularly effective in promoting better sleep quality. These activities help regulate circadian rhythms, reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, and alleviate stress, all of which contribute to more restful and uninterrupted sleep. Conversely, a lack of physical activity is associated with poorer sleep outcomes. Sedentary behavior, common among college students due to academic pressures and lifestyle choices, can lead to sleep problems such as insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness. Furthermore, inadequate sleep can negatively impact academic performance, mental health, and overall well-being, creating a cyclical problem where poor sleep and inactivity reinforce each other. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Self-determination theory (SDT), stress and coping theory and circadian rhythm theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the relationship between physical activity levels and sleep quality in college students. Colleges and universities should create and promote structured physical activity programs tailored for students. Universities should develop health-integrated policies that promote physical activity as a fundamental component of student life.

Role of Nanoparticle Size in the Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the role of nanoparticle size in the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that smaller nanoparticles exhibit a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, providing more active sites for pollutant interaction and adsorption, which enhances the overall degradation process. Additionally, smaller nanoparticles tend to have higher charge carrier mobility and reduced recombination rates of electron-hole pairs, further improving photocatalytic activity. This increased efficiency is critical in environmental applications, as it allows for the effective breakdown of various contaminants, including dyes, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals, at lower catalyst loadings and shorter reaction times. The optimization of nanoparticle size, therefore, plays a crucial role in developing advanced photocatalytic systems for environmental remediation. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Optical absorption theory, surface area and reaction kinetics theory and charge carrier dynamics theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the role of nanoparticle size in the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants. Develop robust methodologies for synthesizing nanoparticles with precise control over size distribution. Establish standardized protocols for evaluating the performance and safety of nanoparticle-based photocatalytic materials. This includes setting benchmarks for degradation efficiency, durability, and potential environmental impacts.

Influence of Accessible Sports Facilities on Community Health Outcomes in Tanzania

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of accessible sports facilities on community health outcomes in Tanzania. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that the presence of easily reachable sports amenities significantly boosts physical activity levels among community members. This increased engagement in regular exercise leads to improved physical health, reducing the incidence of chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular ailments, and diabetes. Additionally, accessible sports facilities foster mental well-being by providing venues for stress relief, social interaction, and community bonding. Such facilities promote inclusivity, allowing individuals of varying ages and abilities to participate in physical activities, thereby enhancing overall community health. Furthermore, the availability of these facilities is linked to better health education and awareness, encouraging healthier lifestyle choices. The cumulative effect is a more active, healthier, and socially cohesive community, demonstrating the critical role of accessible sports facilities in enhancing public health outcomes. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social ecological model (SEM), health belief model and theory of planned behaviour may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the influence of accessible sports facilities on community health outcomes. Community planners and designers should prioritize the development of inclusive and well-maintained sports facilities that cater to diverse populations. Policymakers should prioritize funding for the construction and maintenance of sports facilities, particularly in underserved areas. This can involve allocating resources specifically for community parks and recreational centers to ensure equitable access.

Impact of Temperature on the Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Water in Cameroon

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess impact of temperature on the solubility of ionic compounds in water in Cameroon. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study found that the solubility of most ionic compounds increases with an increase in temperature. This is because higher temperatures provide more kinetic energy to the ions, helping them to break free from the crystal lattice and dissolve in water. For example, the solubility of salts like potassium nitrate (KNO3) significantly increases as the temperature rises, allowing more of the compound to dissolve. However, this trend is not universal for all ionic compounds. Some, such as calcium sulfate (CaSO4), exhibit a decrease in solubility with rising temperature. This anomaly can be attributed to the exothermic nature of the dissolution process for these compounds, where heat is released when they dissolve. As temperature increases, the equilibrium shifts to favor the solid form, reducing solubility. Therefore, while temperature generally enhances the solubility of ionic compounds in water, specific behaviors can vary depending on the individual compound's dissolution characteristics and thermodynamic properties. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Le Chatelier’s principle, Arrhenius theory of dissociation and solubility product constant (KSP) theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing impact of temperature on the solubility of ionic compounds in water in Cameroon. Practical applications of temperature-dependent solubility data should be integrated into industrial processes, particularly in fields such as pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, and desalination. Policymakers should consider incorporating temperature-dependent solubility data into environmental regulations, particularly concerning water pollution and waste management.

Impact of Team Sports Participation on Social Skills Development in Youth

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of team sports participation on social skills development in youth. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that engaging in team sports fosters various interpersonal skills such as communication, cooperation, and conflict resolution. These activities provide a structured environment where young individuals learn to work collaboratively towards common goals, enhancing their ability to function within a group. Team sports also offer opportunities for social interaction and bonding, which can improve self-esteem and the ability to form meaningful relationships. Additionally, the need to adhere to rules and respect teammates and opponents promotes discipline and ethical behavior. Overall, participation in team sports is associated with improved social competence, making it a valuable tool for social development in y Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social learning theory, social identity theory and constructivist learning theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the impact of team sports participation on social skills development in youth. Coaches and sports organizations should develop structured training programs that specifically include social skills training. Policymakers should support and fund community sports programs that emphasize team participation as a means to develop social skills.

Impact of Adventure Sports Participation on Personal Resilience in Tanzania

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of adventure sports participation on personal resilience in Tanzania. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Engaging in activities such as rock climbing, white-water rafting, and mountain biking can enhance physical fitness, improve mental health, and boost self-confidence. The physical challenges associated with adventure sports often lead to improved cardiovascular health, muscle strength, and overall physical endurance. Mentally, these activities are known to reduce stress, anxiety, and symptoms of depression, primarily due to the release of endorphins and the meditative nature of focusing on a single task. Moreover, adventure sports often require quick decision-making, problem-solving, and risk management, which can lead to improved cognitive functions and better coping mechanisms in everyday life. Participants frequently report a heightened sense of self-efficacy and resilience, as overcoming the physical and mental challenges of adventure sports can translate to increased confidence in their ability to tackle other life challenges. Additionally, the social aspects of participating in adventure sports cannot be overlooked. These activities often foster a sense of community and teamwork, which can enhance social skills and create lasting bonds among participants. This sense of camaraderie and shared experience contributes to a feeling of belonging and support, which is essential for overall well-being. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Resilience theory, self-determination theory and experiential learning theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing impact of adventure sports participation on personal resilience in Tanzania. Incorporating adventure sports into therapeutic practices offers a dynamic and engaging way to build resilience among individuals dealing with psychological issues. Allocating government funding and support to adventure sports programs can significantly enhance public health and resilience at the community level.

Effects of Recreational Therapy on Anxiety Levels in Patients with Chronic Illness

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the effects of recreational therapy on anxiety levels in patients with chronic illness. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that engaging in recreational activities, such as art, music, and physical exercise, can significantly alleviate anxiety symptoms. These activities provide a distraction from pain and discomfort, enhance mood, and promote relaxation. For instance, studies have demonstrated that music therapy can lead to decreased levels of cortisol, the stress hormone, and increased production of endorphins, which are natural mood elevators. Similarly, physical activities like yoga and tai chi help in reducing tension and improving overall mental health by fostering a sense of physical well-being and empowerment. Art therapy, through creative expression, allows patients to process their emotions and experiences, leading to reduced feelings of anxiety and depression. Overall, recreational therapy offers a holistic approach to managing anxiety in chronically ill patients, contributing to improved quality of life and better mental health outcomes. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Cognitive-behavioral theory, biopsychosocial model and flow theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the effects of recreational therapy on anxiety levels in patients with chronic illness. Practitioners should consider combining different types of recreational therapies to maximize therapeutic benefits. Policymakers should recognize the value of recreational therapy and integrate it into national healthcare guidelines and policies. This integration can promote the widespread adoption of these therapies in various healthcare settings, ensuring that patients with chronic illnesses have access to comprehensive care options.

Influence of pH on the Stability of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Japan

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of pH on the stability of pharmaceutical compounds in Japan. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study showed that the ionization state of a drug molecule can change with pH, leading to different degradation pathways. Acidic or basic conditions can catalyze hydrolysis, oxidation, and other chemical reactions, causing the drug to lose potency or form harmful by-products. For instance, ester and amide bonds in pharmaceuticals are prone to hydrolysis at extreme pH levels, while oxidative degradation is more prevalent at neutral or slightly basic pH. The stability of certain antibiotics, vitamins, and biologics is particularly pH-sensitive, necessitating careful formulation to maintain optimal pH levels. Buffer systems are often employed to stabilize the pH within a range that minimizes degradation. Additionally, the pH of the solution can influence the solubility and bioavailability of the drug, impacting its therapeutic efficacy. Thus, understanding and controlling the pH environment is crucial in pharmaceutical formulation to ensure drug stability, efficacy, and safety throughout its shelf life. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Buffer theory, Arrhenius theory of acid-base reactions and Bronsted Lowry theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the influence of pH on the stability of pharmaceutical compounds in Japan. Practically, it is imperative for pharmaceutical companies to implement rigorous pH control in the formulation and storage of drugs. On a policy level, regulatory agencies should establish stringent guidelines for the pH stability of pharmaceutical compounds.

Effect of Catalyst Concentration on Reaction Rate in Organic Synthesis in Kenya

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of catalyst concentration on reaction rate in organic synthesis in Kenya. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low-cost advantage as compared to field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Increased catalyst concentration typically enhances the reaction rate by providing more active sites for the reactants to interact, thereby accelerating the reaction process. This phenomenon follows the principles of collision theory, which states that a higher concentration of catalyst molecules leads to more frequent collisions with reactant molecules, thus increasing the likelihood of successful reactions. Studies have shown that in many organic syntheses, an optimal catalyst concentration exists where the reaction rate is maximized; beyond this point, further increases in catalyst concentration may result in negligible improvements or even adverse effects due to catalyst aggregation or inhibition. Additionally, the nature of the catalyst, its dispersion in the reaction medium, and the specific reaction mechanism all play significant roles in determining the overall impact of catalyst concentration on reaction kinetics. Consequently, fine-tuning the catalyst concentration is essential for optimizing reaction conditions, improving yields, and achieving desired product selectivity in organic synthesis. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Transition state theory, collision theory and michaelis menten kinetics may be used to anchor future studies on assessing effect of catalyst concentration on reaction rate in organic synthesis in Kenya. Practical guidelines are crucial for optimizing catalyst concentration in specific reaction types and industrial settings. Establishing regulatory frameworks that incentivize efficient catalyst concentration practices within industries is imperative.

Impact of Employee Training Programs on Service Performance in Restaurants

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of employee training programs on service performance in restaurants. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that trained employees are more adept at handling customer complaints and special requests, leading to a more seamless dining experience. Moreover, training fosters a sense of confidence and motivation among staff, reducing turnover rates and promoting a more consistent service quality. Effective training programs also contribute to higher operational standards, ensuring that health, safety, and hygiene regulations are meticulously followed. Consequently, restaurants that invest in comprehensive training programs for their employees often experience increased customer loyalty, positive reviews, and overall better financial performance. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Human capital theory, resource-based view (RBV) and social learning theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing impact of employee training programs on service performance in restaurants. Restaurants should adopt a culture of continuous training rather than one-time initiatives. Local governments and industry bodies should develop policies that incentivize restaurants to invest in employee training. This could include tax breaks or grants for establishments that demonstrate commitment to staff development.

Impact of Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction in Boutique Hotels

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of service quality on customer satisfaction in boutique hotels. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study revealed that high-quality service significantly enhances customer satisfaction, leading to increased loyalty and repeat patronage. Key dimensions of service quality, such as responsiveness, reliability, assurance, empathy, and tangibles, play crucial roles in shaping guests' perceptions. For instance, personalized attention and unique, aesthetically pleasing environments typical of boutique hotels contribute positively to the overall guest experience. Additionally, well-trained, courteous staff and prompt service responses further elevate satisfaction levels. The intimate and distinctive atmosphere of boutique hotels allows for tailored experiences, which are highly valued by guests seeking exclusivity and comfort. Ultimately, superior service quality not only meets but often exceeds guest expectations, fostering a strong emotional connection and ensuring that customers are not only satisfied but also likely to advocate for the hotel through positive word-of-mouth and online reviews. This relationship underscores the necessity for boutique hotels to continually invest in service quality improvements to sustain and enhance customer satisfaction in a competitive market. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Servqual model, expectation-confirmation theory (ECT) and Herzberg’s two-factor theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the impact of service quality on customer satisfaction in boutique hotels. Boutique hotels should prioritize ongoing training programs that focus on key service quality dimensions, such as responsiveness and empathy. Policymakers should work with industry stakeholders to establish clear service quality standards specific to boutique hotels.

Influence of Hotel Design on Guest Experience and Satisfaction in Kenya

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of hotel design on guest experience and satisfaction in Kenya. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low-cost advantage as compared to field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that aesthetic appeal, functionality, and comfort of hotel interiors significantly contribute to guest satisfaction. Elements such as room layout, furniture design, lighting, and color schemes can create a welcoming and relaxing atmosphere, enhancing the perceived quality of the stay. Additionally, common areas like lobbies, restaurants, and recreational facilities also impact guests' first impressions and ongoing experiences. The design must cater to diverse guest needs, offering both communal and private spaces that facilitate social interactions and personal relaxation. Moreover, incorporating local culture and unique design elements can provide a memorable and authentic experience, further boosting guest satisfaction. Sustainable and eco-friendly design practices are increasingly valued by guests, reflecting their growing environmental consciousness. Overall, a well-thought-out hotel design can significantly enhance guest experience, leading to higher satisfaction, repeat visits, and positive reviews, which are vital for the hotel's success in a competitive market. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Environmental psychology theory, services cape theory and expectancy-disconfirmation theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the influence of hotel design on guest experience and satisfaction in Kenya. Hotels should prioritize investing in visually appealing and unique design elements, especially in common areas like lobbies. Policymakers should encourage and incentivize sustainable design practices in the hospitality industry.

Role of Sustainable Practices on Hotel Brand Loyalty in the United States

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the role of sustainable practices on hotel brand loyalty in the United States. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that eco-friendly initiatives and responsible business practices not only appeal to environmentally conscious travelers but also enhance the overall reputation of hotels. By implementing sustainable practices such as energy conservation, waste reduction, and sourcing local, organic products, hotels can differentiate themselves in a competitive market. Guests are increasingly prioritizing sustainability in their travel choices, and hotels that demonstrate a genuine commitment to environmental stewardship are more likely to build stronger, long-term relationships with their customers. Additionally, sustainable practices contribute to a positive guest experience, further reinforcing brand loyalty. The perception of a hotel as a responsible and ethical entity can lead to repeat business and positive word-of-mouth recommendations, as customers are more likely to support brands that align with their values. Ultimately, sustainable practices not only benefit the environment but also serve as a strategic advantage for hotels aiming to cultivate loyal and satisfied guests. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Theory of planned behavior (TPB), stakeholder theory and corporate social responsibility (CSR) theory may be used to anchor future studies on the role of sustainable practices on hotel brand loyalty in the United States. Hotels should actively implement and promote sustainable practices as core components of their operational strategies. Policymakers should encourage the hospitality industry to adopt sustainable practices through incentives and guidelines.

Effect of Culinary Tourism on Local Economic Development in South Africa

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of culinary tourism on local economic development in South Africa. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study revealed this form of tourism, centered around experiencing local cuisine and food-related activities, contributes to the economic vitality of a region by attracting visitors who spend on dining, food tours, cooking classes, and local food markets. These expenditures generate revenue for local businesses, including restaurants, farmers, food producers, and hospitality services, thereby creating job opportunities and stimulating economic growth. Additionally, culinary tourism fosters the preservation and promotion of local food culture and heritage, which can enhance a destination's unique appeal and competitiveness. This tourism niche often leads to increased demand for local ingredients, thereby supporting agricultural sectors and encouraging sustainable farming practices. Furthermore, the development of food festivals and culinary events can boost off-season tourism, providing a steadier stream of income for local economies. Overall, culinary tourism not only enhances the economic landscape but also reinforces community identity and pride, making it a valuable component of regional development strategies. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social exchange theory, multiplier effect theory and sustainable tourism development theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the effect of culinary tourism on local economic development in South Africa. To mitigate local governments, businesses, and community organizations should work together to create cohesive culinary tourism strategies. Policymakers should create frameworks that encourage sustainable culinary tourism practices.