Online Dictionaries Research Articles

The burden of boundedness and the implication for nursing: A scoping review

BackgroundIn the COVID‐19 pandemic, many people experienced temporal boundedness in different ways (e.g., home, country, persons, and rules). However, being bound is also a permanent experience for chronically ill or handicapped people with sometimes serious consequences. To be able to recognize the phenomenon, a clear definition is necessary. In the literature, though, boundedness shows up as a very multifaceted phenomenon.ObjectivesExploring and conceptualizing the phenomenon of boundedness taking into account the various forms and the consequences for nursing.MethodsA scoping review using the framework of Arksey and O'Malley and the PRISMA statement (PRISMA‐ScR) to verify the fullness of the review.Data SourcesOnline dictionaries and theoretical and empirical publications in CINAHL, Medline via PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, Scopus, WISO. A total of 34 sources were included.ResultsBoundedness as a contextual concept is ambiguous. There are three basic causes: an acquired condition, personal obligations, arranged conditions, two principal courses: enduring and temporary, and seven types of being bound: to one or more person(s), to a place/position, to/in an object, to thoughts/opinions, to activities, to/in substances and to time. Examples of types are bedbound, culture‐bound, homebound, time‐bound, wheelchair‐bound and are particularly relevant for care. The consequences are manifold, physically, as well as mentally, and socially.ConclusionTo reduce or avoid the burdens caused by boundedness, the concept must be implemented in nursing education and nursing practice. To this end, nursing research must further specify the types of boundedness in concept analyses and develop suitable interventions.

The Effectiveness of Teaching English Vocabulary Using Dictionary Online Media in STTR Cepu in Academic Year of 2020-2021

The Covid-19 pandemic, apart from providing a bad experience, can also make someone challenged and offer to develop learning but in Engineering English lectures. At first the learning was carried out face-to-face, this time it was carried out boldly. Vocabulary is a basic and important knowledge in Mastering English. One of the vocabulary learning strategies during the pandemic is through online media. This research was conducted in order to determine the effectiveness of vocabulary learning by using an online dictionary for Mechanical Engineering Students STTR Cepu. This study used a descriptive approach. There are 30 students as respondents. Based on the questionnaire and strongly agree by 43.3%, agree by 46.7% say disagree and strongly agree. So that it can be said that the effectiveness of learning vocabulary using online dictionaries is weak in mechanical engineering students at STTR Cepu.

Abbreviation in korean cyber communication

The purpose of this paper is to argue that the various patterns of the Korean abbreviations should be interpreted as cultural icons. Leading approach to research: classification by types of abbreviations and theoretical analysis of their properties. The authors argue that the phonetic but also graphic nature of the Korean alphabet system makes the structure very innovative and unique. Moreover, the authors claim that along with the common borrowing of English abbreviations, the typological differences in writing produce unique abbreviations patterns, especially in Korean. As for the theoretical analyses, we take the examples from various papers on neologism and the online dictionaries. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that the abbreviated expressions are considered as a unique tool of modern communication, especially for the young generation. In this regard, this study can also contribute to the typological research on writing systems. From a practical point of view, the result of this study can serve a reference material as well as a good basis for subsequent research on coinage of neologism.

Phonological Processes of English Loanwords From French: A Transformational Generative Phonology Approach

English lexicon has borrowed from 84 languages with French as the most important donor (Bielenia-Grajewska, 2009). English borrowed a great number of lexicon from French in Norman Conquest period. French which had status as high language in a diglosia situation influenced English in superstate borrowing. The main reason for borrowing is to provide words from the source language variety when there is no suitable existing words in the target language (Rao, 2018). This paper aims at describing the phonological process in the English loanwords from French. The data were collected from two online dictionaries; Larousse Francais-Anglais Dictionary and Oxford Living Dictionary. The data are English loanwords from French enlisted under categories A and B in the dictionaries. The method used to analyze the data was distributional method. The results show that Assimilation occurs in 29 loanwords or 6.6% of the total process which makes Assimilation process the least in number of the total process. Neutralization covers 7.8% with 34 loanwords. Syllable Structure is undergone by 63 loanwords or 14.3% of the total process. Strengthening occurs in 117 loanwords or 26.7% of the total process. Weakening covers 43.6% of the total process with 191 loanwords. Therefore, Weakening is the phonological process most found in the study.

Проявление амбисемии и эврисемии в семантической структуре термина (на материале английской IT-терминологии)

The article investigates such semantic phenomena as ambisemy and eurisemy, and how they are implemented in definitions of English IT-terms and lexical meanings of those determinologised lexical units. The research data is based on both English professional dictionaries and general English online dictionaries.

Homebound: A concept analysis.

AimAnalysis of the concept and development of a conceptual definition of homebound.BackgroundHomebound persons have a significantly higher mortality risk as well as physical and psychosocial burden. A clarification of the term is necessary to develop preventive measures.DesignConcept analysis.Data SourcesScientific literature from electronic databases (CINAHL, Medline via PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, and Scopus) and definitions from online dictionaries.Review MethodsWalker and Avant's method was applied to guide the concept analysis. To prevent arbitrary and empty results in determining the attributes, antecedents, and consequences a thematic analysis was carried out.ResultsHomebound is defined as an enduring condition in which the life‐space is reduced to the home, but moving around in the home is possible (by walking short distances alone or by holding on to furniture, or with the help of a stick, walker, or another person). Homebound has six attributes: in need of help in ADL/IADL and in leaving the life‐space, powerlessness, life‐space confinement, mobility limitation, endurance, and weakness. Physiological instability and physical immobility are antecedents with wide‐ranging influencing factors as illness, complexity, burden, and endogenous/exogenous booster. Homebound has also wide‐ranging consequences such as the progression of inactivity, physical, psychosocial, and/or spiritual problems.ConclusionsThe multidimensional concept of homebound modifies the concepts of mobility and immobility. Given the extensive consequences of homebound nurses play a central role in the prevention.

Принципы построения татарско-английского онлайн-словаря проекта Glosbe на уровне макро- и микроструктуры

The study aims to determine features of compiling an electronic Tatar-English dictionary. The article examines peculiarities of presenting lexical material in online dictionaries. The study is conducted on the material of the Tatar-English online dictionary posted on the website www.glosbe.com. Scientific novelty of the work lies in identifying multimodal aspects of how a dictionary entry is arranged in the English-Tatar Glosbe dictionary. As a result, it was found that the Glosbe dictionary project is unique in the way it presents grammatical constructions and illustrative examples due to proper organisation of its macro- and microstructure and active interaction with the user base, members of which regularly contribute to the repository of illustrative examples.

Leksičke nepodudarnosti kolokacijskih obrazaca u njemačkome, engleskome i hrvatskome općeznanstvenom jeziku te njihov prikaz u e-rječnicima općeznanstvenoga nazivlja

Rad se bavi transdisciplinarnim općeznanstvenim glagolsko-imeničkim kolokacijama i njihovim leksičkim nepodudarnostima u njemačkome, engleskome i hrvatskome općeznanstvenom jeziku – npr. Aspekt(e)/Problem(e) herausstellen; (to) highlight/emphasize point out aspects; istaknuti//naglasiti aspekt(e)/problem(e). Kontrastivna i prijevodna analiza ograničena je na odabrane primjere kolokacija u njemačkome i engleskome općeznanstvenom jeziku te na usporedbu s njihovim kontrastivnim korespondentima u hrvatskom jeziku i uspostavu prijevodnih ekvivalenata u trima jezicima. Jedan od ciljeva rada jest uputiti na potrebu izrade novih vrsta višejezičnih i višenamjenskih elektroničkih rječnika s poboljšanom obradbom općeznanstvenih glagolsko-imeničkih kolokacija. Drugi cilj jest rasvijetliti kolokocijsku problematiku u tom području jezika i ponuditi prijedlog da se nepodudarni kolokacijski obrasci iscrpnije prikažu u novom trojezičnom e-rječniku općeznanstvenoga jezika na temelju potvrda stvarne primjene u širem sintagmatskom okruženju u suvremenom znanstvenom korpusu. Takvo sintagmatsko okruženje prikazivalo bi i opisivalo tip znanstvene djelatnosti koja se ostvaruje u suodnosu glagola i imenice ispod razine izolirane pojedinačne prijevodne istovrijednice i zauzima odgovarajuće mjesto u strukturi znanstvenoga teksta u trima jezicima. Krajnji cilj prvoga šireg istraživanja glagolsko-imeničkih kolokacija triju jezika jest predstaviti i prikazati popis tipičnih i karakterističnih općeznanstvenih kolokacija s prijevodnim istovrijednicama ili mogućim prijevodnim rješenjima koja bi na kraju trebala biti opisana i prikazana u novom trojezičnom elektroničkom rječniku transdisciplinarnoga općeznanstvenog nazivlja triju jezika. Kao izvor hrvatskih glagolsko-imeničkih kolokacija korišten je suvremeni korpus hrvatskoga znanstvenoga jezika. Njemački mrežni rječnik Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (DWDS) poslužio je kao izvor kolokacijskih obavijesti za njemački jezik, dok je mrežni rječnik Glosbe korišten kao izvor za engleske kolokacije.

Millennials as Dictionary Users: A Study of Dictionary Use Habits of Serbian EFL Students

The article addresses the use of dictionaries among the new millennium generation of English as a foreign language (EFL) undergraduates. Applying the mixed-method approach (a questionnaire and interviews), the study examines the frequency of dictionary use, the types of dictionaries used, activities initiating dictionary consultation, information searched for, and problems faced in using dictionaries. The findings suggest that the participants are most fond of bilingual online dictionaries and use them mostly for looking up the meaning of unknown words. They also show that despite being high consumers of technology, participants do not benefit much from online dictionaries, as they neglect most of the entry information. The qualitative data reveal that the participants perceive various digital tools of questionable quality as online dictionaries. Overall, the study sheds light on the characteristic behavior of the new generation of EFL learners regarding their dictionary use and points to the necessity of developing their digital competence in the realm of dictionary use.

Comparative analysis of online dictionaries in the context of the digital transformation of education

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of popular online dictionaries and an overview of the main tools of these resources to study a language. The use of dictionaries in learning a foreign language is an important step to understanding the language. The effectiveness of this process increases with the use of online dictionaries, which have a lot of tools for improving the educational process. Based on the Alexa Internet resource it was found the most popular online dictionaries: Cambridge Dictionary, Wordreference, Merriam–Webster, Wiktionary, TheFreeDictionary, Dictionary.com, Glosbe, Collins Dictionary, Longman Dictionary, Oxford Dictionary. As a result of the deep analysis of these online dictionaries, we found out they have the next standard functions like the word explanations, transcription, audio pronounce, semantic connections, and examples of use. In propose dictionaries, we also found out the additional tools of learning foreign languages (mostly English) that can be effective. In general, we described sixteen functions of the online platforms for learning that can be useful in learning a foreign language. We have compiled a comparison table based on the next functions: machine translation, multilingualism, a video of pronunciation, an image of a word, discussion, collaborative edit, the rank of words, hints, learning tools, thesaurus, paid services, sharing content, hyperlinks in a definition, registration, lists of words, mobile version, etc. Based on the additional tools of online dictionaries we created a diagram that shows the functionality of analyzed platforms.

English Slang in “Gap Year” Movies Series

This research discussed about the slang words in Gap Year movie series and the word formation of the slang words which were found in the movie series. Slang itself was used by certain group or community, which could be produced by compounding, affixation, truncation, conversion, blending, neologism, etymology, borrowing, coinage, and multiple processes. This research used a qualitative method. In this research, the data were collected from Gap Year movie series in the form of British slangs.Then the data were checked by using dictionary, Oxford English Dictionaries Online and Etymology dictionaries online to make sure whether the data belonged to slang words or not and also to check the origin of the words. The data were also analyzed based on Plag and Yule’s theories in terms of etymology, borrowing, coinage, and multiple processes. After collecting the data, there were 30 slang words found in this movie series. The result of the research showed that the slangs were formed through compounding (8 data), affixation (5 data), truncation (1 data), blending (2 data), etymology (9 data), borrowing (1 data), coinage (2 data), and multiple process (2 data). Therefore, the most used of word formation process was etymology.

Familiarity of Iranian M.A. Translation Students with ICT Tools

Familiarity with information and communication technology (ICT) is of great importance to the translation students because it allows the students to make use of a wide range of ICT tools. The present study investigated the degree of students’ familiarity with ICT tools employed to support ICT related activities included in the translator’s workstation. To do this, a questionnaire encompassing 24 questions was designed on the basis of translation activities proposed by Fulford and Granell-Zafar (2005), including information search and retrieval, communications, and marketing and work procurement. The results indicated the high familiarity of the M.A. translation students with general-purpose software application, namely online dictionaries and internet search engines, and the lower than the average familiarity of them with specific-purpose software, such as FTP and MUDs. Furthermore, chi-square test (X²) was run to see whether there is a significant relationship between each type of ICT tools and the participants. The results illustrated that the relationships between the M.A. translation students and some ICT applications, including internet search engines, web browsers, online dictionaries and encyclopedia, IRC, and MUDs, were significant; whereas, it was not significant between the other types of ICT software and students. This includes online translation marketplaces, internet forums, email, instant messaging, video chat, discussion mailing lists, talkers, and FTP.

РУСОФОН – РУСОФОННЫЙ – РУСОФОНИЯ – РУСОФОННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА – СЛОВА ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЕ ИЛИ ЛОКАЛЬНЫЕ?

The article discusses the comprehension and description of the words Russophone, Russophone Fiction / Literature based on online dictionaries, which are represented by the computer network - Internet. By virtue of the creation of nodes of this network around the world, the global information system has made it possible to identify the actual description of these words in the dictionary entries of various electronic sources. The problematic field that covers the meaning of these words is very broad. In Russian studies, the words Russophone, Russophone Fiction / Literature are rarely used, but more often Russian-speaking, Russian-language literature. In the process of studying and analyzing dictionary entries with these words, the question of the potential possibility of using these words as terms for subsequent research was resolved. The possibility of defining the literature created by ethnically non-Russian authors in Russian as Russophone Fiction / Literature, the authors themselves – Russophone writers, and the literary process of creating Russophone literature – Literary Russophony seems logical and more accurate. The main method used in the process of working on the article is the analogy method.

USE OF COLLECTIVE NOUNS FOR FAUNA DENOTATION (A CASE STUDY OF ENGLISH-LANGUAGE NEWS SITE PUBLICATIONS)

The article considers the essence of collective nouns, which are traditionally defined as nouns denoting a group of objects or living beings. Today, a large number of collective nouns are found in many different sources such as grammar textbooks for schoolchildren, crossword puzzles, collections of scientific papers, journalistic texts, and more. However, this is by no means a complete list. Those collective nouns which have passed tests in time in the course of their historical development remained in use. Although collective nouns are widely used in colloquial language, most of them are not included in modern dictionaries, even after centuries of use. Catherine Soans, head of Oxford University Press's online dictionaries, explains: “We need evidence of genuine use in our databases before we consider adding them to one of our dictionaries. Therefore, for most nouns there are no dictionary articles, such as a murder of crows, they are perceived only as linguistic curiosities” (Gale). Due to their unusual form and humorous nature, collective nouns are perceived as occasional authorial units. This fact is proved by our analysis of the material of English-language sites. The basis for the formation of collective nouns to denote the fauna were certain associations and characteristics of certain species of animals. It has resulted in their unusual sound. Although some collective names of animal groups have been invented, they have enriched the vocabulary of modern spoken English and are used in different publications. It has been proved that in the formation of collective nouns to denote the fauna, associations related to the shape of the object, quality, other characteristics of animals, and superstitions, as well as stylistic techniques are used. They are alliteration, play on words, and metaphor. The relevance of their use is confirmed by the analysis of articles of English-language sites. The corpus of collective nouns to denote fauna increases both due to the secondary nomination and with the help of productive models of word formation, in particular, suffixation. It has been established that the class of quantifiers is an open class of words, the composition of which is constantly replenished with new collective nouns to denote fauna due to changes in extralinguistic nature that occur in human life

Fostering Learners' Online Dictionary Skills through Active Dictionary Rubrics

This article aims to explore new ways to improve dictionary skills for language learners by promoting the use of active dictionary rubrics. It also tries to get a deeper understanding on how students perceive dictionaries before and after this type of training in dictionary use. To this end, a total of 75 students participated in the study and answered a questionnaire on dictionary use previous to the experiment. A second questionnaire was delivered after the instruction period to compare the users' perception of dictionary affordances. A mixed-method approach is used to collect quantitative and qualitative data via both questionnaires. This study reports on students' dictionary content awareness and how this awareness may increase by creating a habit in dictionary use routines. Keywords: dictionary use, dictionary users, dictionary rubrics, English Language Teaching (ELT), dictionary skills, online dictionaries, dictionary consultation, writing skills, learners' dictionaries, dictionary use training

How Global Events and Social Change Affect Modern Lexicography

How Global Events and Social Change Affect Modern Lexicography Ben Zimmer (bio) Long gone are the days when dictionary publishers were only expected to push out major revisions every decade or so when a new print edition appeared, with perhaps occasional updates adding new entries and senses along the way, depending on the production schedule. Ever since the advent of online dictionary publishing, lexicographers have increasingly taken advantage of the agility of digital content creation in order to react speedily to the latest lexical developments. As dictionaries have shifted to having a primarily online presence, some in the industry have rosily portrayed the move from page to pixel as a “liberation from the straitjacket of print” (Zimmer 2014). Kory Stamper, in her book Word by Word: The Secret Life of Dictionaries, summed up this evolution: “Dictionaries move online and they are no longer fixed objects, revered books kept on the family shelf, but malleable, ever-changing works that mirror the quicksilver nature of our language” (Stamper 2017, 258). But when dictionaries are no longer “fixed objects”—the weighty tome sitting magisterially on the dictionary stand—do they lose some of their traditional authority? And in what ways should dictionaries be “malleable” and “ever-changing”? For most dictionary publishers, this malleability has meant adding and revising entries at a vastly more accelerated pace, along with [End Page 41] various other changes to the way that the major digital dictionaries present their information to an online audience (Zimmer 2017). Perhaps most notably, lexicographers have learned to become more nimble in addressing dynamic social situations regarding word usage, as well as in responding to changing expectations from users of their online dictionaries. New socio-political realities, such as those brought on by the coronavirus pandemic, have the potential of deeply affecting or even upending standard lexicographical practices. The three papers in this forum provide distinct perspectives on how exactly lexicographers are adapting to these contemporary concerns, with insights from different dictionary programs. Stefan Fatsis, in “Thirty-Four Days: Inside Merriam-Webster’s Emergency Coronavirus Update,” provides an object lesson in just how expeditiously a dictionary publisher can respond to global events, even a publisher not traditionally known for its editorial alacrity. When, in 1984, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary added an entry for AIDS a mere two years after the acronym first appeared in print, it was seen as an outlier, contravening the more deliberate approach favored by Merriam-Webster’s dictionary editors. But when the Covid-19 pandemic hit in early 2020, it was clear that an entire array of pandemic-related terms, including Covid-19 and the shorter Covid, would need to enter the dictionary as quickly as possible. Merriam-Webster’s turnaround of slightly longer than a month, measured from the time that the World Health Organization established the official Covid-19 terminology, signaled a remarkable shift in the way that lexicographers could mobilize as a kind of rapid-response team—a shift that was simultaneously mirrored at other major dictionary publishers making their own special pandemic updates in 2020. Wendalyn Nichols and Lewis C. Lawyer offer the vantage point from Cambridge Dictionaries in their paper, “Identifying Emergent Meanings via the Word of the Year Process: A Case Study.” The Cambridge lexicographers, upon selecting quarantine as their Word of the Year for 2020, discovered that their entry for the word was sorely lacking in capturing Covid-era usage patterns. Corpus analysis helped reveal just what those patterns look like, necessitating a revision to the quarantine entry to account for its evolving semantic outlines. No longer is a quarantine expected to last for a specific period of time, and the word has become applied to healthy people seeking to avoid the disease rather [End Page 42] than simply sequestering those who are potentially contagious. It is also notable that the process of revising the quarantine entry was set into motion by analyzing spikes in lookup data for the Cambridge Dictionary website in order to make a quantitatively sound Word of the Year selection. Analyzing lookups can help lexicographers pinpoint which entries are most salient to dictionary users at any given time, thus focusing their editorial attention on what is most valuable...

Automated Prediction of Good Dictionary EXamples (GDEX): A Comprehensive Experiment with Distant Supervision, Machine Learning, and Word Embedding‐Based Deep Learning Techniques

Dictionaries not only are the source of getting meanings of the word but also serve the purpose of comprehending the context in which the words are used. For such purpose, we see a small sentence as an example for the very word in comprehensive book‐dictionaries and more recently in online dictionaries. The lexicographers perform a very meticulous activity for the elicitation of Good Dictionary EXamples (GDEX)—a sentence that is best fit in a dictionary for the word’s definition. The rules for the elicitation of GDEX are very strenuous and require a lot of time for committing the manual process. In this regard, this paper focuses on two major tasks, i.e., the development of labelled corpora for top 3K English words through the usage of distant supervision approach and devising a state‐of‐the‐art artificial intelligence‐based automated procedure for discriminating Good Dictionary EXamples from the bad ones. The proposed methodology involves a suite of five machine learning (ML) and five word embedding‐based deep learning (DL) architectures. A thorough analysis of the results shows that GDEX elicitation can be done by both ML and DL models; however, DL‐based models show a trivial improvement of 3.5% over the conventional ML models. We find that the random forests with parts‐of‐speech information and word2vec‐based bidirectional LSTM are the most optimal ML and DL combinations for automated GDEX elicitation; on the test set, these models, respectively, secured a balanced accuracy of 73% and 77%.

Editorial

Editorial M. Lynne Murphy This second issue of Dictionaries volume 42 includes work by lexicographers and scholars from five continents, in the form of one independent research article, two thematic forums incorporating five articles, three reports on reference works in progress, four book reviews, and the first installment of a new occasional feature, Teaching Dictionaries. Two obituaries honor important contributors to the field and to this journal. We start with Bing Tian’s “Jianhua Huang’s Lexicography and his Grand Dictionnaire Chinois–Français Contemporain (2014).” This article provides a historical and critical overview of a major work of Chinese bilingual lexicography, begun just as China started to re-engage with the West after decades of isolation. Tian’s article offers the English-language reader insights on the lexicographical challenges for Chinese bilingual lexicography while dissecting the contributions of its editor in chief. The two forums that follow present papers from the 23rd biennial meeting of the Dictionary Society of North America, held online on June 4, 2021. Ben Zimmer introduces the forum “How Global Events and Social Change Affect Modern Lexicography.” The forum’s three articles underscore how quickly everyday vocabulary has changed in recent years and examine ways in which lexicographers and publishers have adapted to give users much more up-to-date information than could have been possible in the print age. The theme of adaptation is also key to the two articles of the second forum, “The Future of Dictionaries and Lexicography,” introduced by Sarah Ogilvie. In Reference Works in Progress, three ongoing projects are described in some depth. Geert De Wilde reports on work toward the second [End Page ix] edition of the Anglo-Norman Dictionary, begun in the 1990s and online since 2006. The project is currently in its final push toward completion: adding new features and a fresh T–Z section by 2025. Next, María Betulia Pedraza Pedraza presents the principles and architecture of the Diccionario Panhispánico de la Administración Pública (DiPAP), a resource with a democratizing mission: to help citizens engage with public services and their varying terminologies in Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and Spain. Finally, Manfred Markus updates us on search-filtering features for source information in the current revision of the EDD (English Dialect Dictionary) Online. In recent decades, scholarly organizations in linguistics have created forums for more active discussions of pedagogy. As I took on editor-ship of Dictionaries this year, I imagined that at some point we’d want to develop a series on lexicography in higher education pedagogy. That “some point” was moved earlier when I got to hear Jack Lynch speak at an Oxford English Dictionary forum in Spring. Lynch’s contribution to our new Teaching Dictionaries series considers the kinds of guidance today’s students need in approaching the OED and using it for the study of literature. This feature will run on an occasional basis, and I welcome enquiries and suggestions from readers who know of innovative teaching of or with lexicography. On a sadder note, in this issue we memorialize two influential DSNA members who died in 2021. Jennifer Westerhaus Adams remembers Ron Butters for his contributions to lexicography and trademark law and his personal generosity. William Frawley, former editor of this journal, is paid tribute by Michael Adams. The back issues of Dictionaries serve as another kind of memorial. Frawley’s work behind the scenes and Butters’ articles on gay, X sucks, and trademarks in dictionaries will continue to serve lexicology and lexicography. Finally, we present reviews of two online dictionaries, a dictionary history, and an intriguing edited collection. Jason F. Siegel considers the Dictionnaire des Francophones “a laudable attempt” to represent the lexical variety of French worldwide, while identifying some glitches that need attention. Kyle Adams deems The Right Rhymes, Matt Kohl’s historical dictionary of hip-hop “an invaluable textbook” to complement the music itself. James Lambert enjoyed Pat Manser’s history of the Macquarie Dictionary, More than Words, “a deliberate paean” to the dictionary. Finally, David S. Azzolina is struck by the “interdisciplinary [End Page x] value” of the edited collection Dictionaries as Sources of Folklore Data, in which “each chapter has something significant to say...

MEDIA DIDACTIC SUPPORT OF THE PROCESS OF FUTURE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ FOREIGN LANGUAGE TRAINING

The article reveals the essence of media didactic support of future primary school teachers’ foreign language training. It consists in providing students with methodological support in order to form their foreign language communicative competence through completeing tasks, solving professional and life situations. Media didactic support guids in creating a foreign language communicative environment, which provides clearly defined tasks (situations, instructions) within the subject of the discipline of the foreign language unit and ways to analyze, evaluate foreign media, create own ones and perform manual actions using media tools. The paper presents some elements of the author's media didactic support of future primary school teachers’ foreign language training in the content of foreign language disciplines, which testify to the diversity of future primary school teachers’ foreign language training with didactic tools, methods and forms of foreign language teaching. Applying theoretical research methods (analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization, synthesis and specification), emphasis is placed on aspects of media didactics development in the process of future primary school teachers’ foreign language training, which allows integration of future school teachers’ foreign language communicative competence and their media literacy. It is established that alongside with traditional methods of foreign language teaching (conversation, explanation, demonstration, etc.) innovative ones are being actively used (the usage of computer programs, the usage of mobile applications, creative tasks, webquest, filming, audio recording, analysis of problem situations and others). Media tools (digital images and photos, collages, comics, screenshots, websites, blogs, infographics, clusters, audio recordings, podcasts, cartoons, audiobooks, online dictionaries, social networks, mobile applications for others) expand the didactic tools of foreign language teaching.

Building a specialized lexicon for breast cancer clinical trial subject eligibility analysis.

A natural language processing (NLP) application requires sophisticated lexical resources to support its processing goals. Different solutions, such as dictionary lookup and MetaMap, have been proposed in the healthcare informatics literature to identify disease terms with more than one word (multi-gram disease named entities). Although a lot of work has been done in the identification of protein- and gene-named entities in the biomedical field, not much research has been done on the recognition and resolution of terminologies in the clinical trial subject eligibility analysis. In this study, we develop a specialized lexicon for improving NLP and text mining analysis in the breast cancer domain, and evaluate it by comparing it with the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT). We use a hybrid methodology, which combines the knowledge of domain experts, terms from multiple online dictionaries, and the mining of text from sample clinical trials. Use of our methodology introduces 4243 unique lexicon items, which increase bigram entity match by 38.6% and trigram entity match by 41%. Our lexicon, which adds a significant number of new terms, is very useful for matching patients to clinical trials automatically based on eligibility matching. Beyond clinical trial matching, the specialized lexicon developed in this study could serve as a foundation for future healthcare text mining applications.