Onion Root Research Articles

Tapak Liman (Elephantopus scaber) crude extract induces polyploidy in shallot root (Allium cepa war ascalonium (L))

This study investigates the impact of induction time and concentration of Tapak Liman (Elephantopus scaber) crude extract on the effectiveness of polyploidy in shallot root (Allium cepa var ascalonium (L). Several parameters were observed, including the mitotic index of cells, the type of polyploidy, percentages of polyploidy cells, and the morphological changes in the polyploid shallot root (Allium cepa var ascalonium (L)) cell. Variations in the concentration of Elephantopus scaber extract were used namely 0% (control), 10%, 20%, and 30% in 100 ml of distilled water. The response variable was the percentages mitotic index formed. Control variables were the type of onion, the size of the onion, the extracted E. scaber variety, the extract volume, and the environmental conditions of the experiment. All parts of Tapak Liman as extracted using the water crude extraction method on all aspects of Tapak Liman. Red onion cell root preparations were squashed and dyed using hematoxylin dyes. The data obtained were mitotic index, % of polyploidy cell counts, polyploidy types, and morphological changes in the polyploid cell onion roots. Data are presented in tabular and graphical form and interpreted using quantitative descriptive and qualitative descriptive methods. From the research results, the best concentration to induce polyploidy in shallot root was 30% of Tapak Liman extract with a polyploid cell percentage of 58.65%. The best polyploid was 45 hours, with the percentage of polyploid-induced cells being 37.1%. The best combination of concentration and length of induction of crude extract of Tapak Liman was a concentration of 30% 45 hours induction time resulting in 87,35% polyploid cells.

ESTRESSE TOXICOLÓGICO EM UM RIO ALTAMENTE IMPACTADO NO AMBIENTE PORTUÁRIO DE SANTOS, SP

TOXICOLOGICAL STRESS IN A HIGHLY IMPACTED RIVER FROM THE PORT ENVIRONMENT OF SANTOS, SP. There are many stilts and industry, which discharge sewage, domestic garbage and industrial effluents in the Pouca Saúde River from the port environment of Santos, São Paulo (SP) State. However, ecotoxicological studies in this river are rare. In this study, we seek to fill this gap by analyzing physicochemical, toxicological, and chemical conditions. Surface water and sediment samples were collected at 2 sampling sites with riparian community activities and industrial activities in the summer, autumn, winter and spring. The parameters analyzed were pH, alkalinity, turbidity, salinity, oils, greases, dissolved oxygen (DO), toxicological and cytotoxicity with mitotic index (MI) of onion roots using Allium cepa roots, and concentration of Pb, Zn, Hg, Ni and Cd. Our results showed alterations in the DO, turbidity, oils/greases and reduction of MI when compared to the respective control. Ni and Zn in sediment samples presented concentrations exceeding levels occasionally associated with adverse biological effects “threshold effect level”. These results suggested that the water quality of the Pouca Saúde River is influenced by both presences of heavy metals contamination and the seasons, i.e. by the tide. Thus, the toxic potential monitoring carried out in this study is of paramount importance to this river.

Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of triphenyl phosphate on root tip cells of Allium cepa L.

Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is a tri-ester of phosphoric acid and phenol. It is used in products such as polyvinyl chloride, hydraulic fluids, polymers, photographic films and printed circuit cards as a flame retardant. It is also widely used in consumer products like electric and electronic devices, textiles and building necessaries. TPhP can diffuse into its surrounding environment easily, because it does not form a chemical bond with polymeric materials. Therefore, bio-monitoring of such compounds is needed for possible environmental and human health effects. In this study, we evaluated genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of TPhP on Allium cepa on the cells of root tips. A 10 mg/mL stock solution of TPhP was dissolved in DMSO and dilutions of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg/mL was made in distilled water. Onion bulbs, rooted in test tubes, were exposed to these concentrations of TPhP for 24 h. Distilled water was used as a negative control, 0.7% hydrogen peroxide was used as positive control, and 0.5% DMSO was used as solvent control. Significant inhibition of onion root growth was observed following treatment with the 6, 8 and 10 mg/mL TPhP ranges in comparison with the negative and solvent control groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in the TPhP treatment groups, total chromosome aberration ratios were significantly high in comparison with the controls (p < 0.05). These results suggest that TPhP have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on A. cepa root tips.

Chromosomes and the Mitotic Cell Cycle Phase in Onion Roots

Onions (Allium cepa) are commonly employed in vitro to evaluate the effects of chemical agents. Onion chromosomes have long been prepared using the acetic orcein staining technique. However, aceto-orcein stain is corrosive and deadly since it contains oxidizing agents like organic peroxides, toxic compounds like cyanides, acid corrosives, and radioactive materials. This study examined the mitotic activity in the roots of onion plants to ascertain the impact of the aceto orcein dye's soaking period on actively dividing root cells. Using the aceto-orcein squash procedure, a number of root tips from each bulb were collected, soaked for 1, 3, and 24 hours in aceto-orcein stain, and then processed further for cytological analyses. The purpose of the research was to examine the impact of chromosomal aberration and mitotic index on onion roots. It will reveal how many cells are actually going through mitosis. The tip of onion root cells was observed going through mitosis while actively undergoing mitotic division using the usual methods. There are various phases involved in mitotic divisions, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and interphase. At each soaking time, the experiment was run six times. The outcome shown that different soaking time durations had a substantial impact on the decline in mitotic index value.

Comparative Evaluation of Developed Onion Stem and Root Cutter CumSorting Machine with Manual Cutting Method

In India, manual cutting of onion stem and root is still a practice. This is very labour intensive, drudgery prone and time consuming operation. For this reason, an onion stem and root cutter cum sorting machine that can be easily adapted in farmer’s field was developed. In this study, comparative evaluation and analysis of a developed onion stem and root cutter cum sorting machine with manual cutting method was performed. Major objective was to assess the performance, labor requirements and economic benefits of using the onion stem and root cutter over the manual cutting technique. The developed onion stem and root cutter cum sorting machine was designed to efficiently stem and root cut and separate grade onion bulbs from the onion crop with minimizing damage. The study was conducted in an onion field, comparing the cutter performance with the manual cutting method commonly employed in the region. The cost of the machine is found as 61190.00 Rs. with breakeven point was calculated as 139.79 h/year and payback period was found to be 3.38years taking profit as 20%. The newly developed machine saves 70.37% cost and 92.59% labour as compared to traditional sickle and 46.07 % cost and 82.60 % labour as compared to battery operated onion stem and root cutter at desired stem length.

Cytological Effects of Two Varieties of Lathyrus Sativus L. Extracts on Onion Root Tip Cells

Lathyrus sativus L. causes lathyrism both in animals and human due to the presence of the neurotoxin β-ODAP (β -N-Oxalyl-L-α, β -diaminopropionic acid). This study was performed to find out the toxic effect of grass pea on onion root tip cells. The root lengths of onion were reduced as the concentrations of different plant parts extracts of grass pea increased. The percentages of chromosomal abnormalities, NV and ICV of onion root tip cells showed an increasing trend with the increasing of different extracts concentrations. The mitotic index and chromosomal abnormalities in treated onion root tip cells were significantly different than that of control. The mitotic index and chromosomal abnormalities had a reverse relationship. Almost all the treated root tip cells of onion showed this mito-depressive effect. From this findings, it may concluded that β -N-Oxayl-L- α, β-diaminopropionic acid (Lathyrogens) in Lathyrus sativus may be responsible for mitotic depression and chromosomal abnormalities on the root tip cells of onion. J. Bio-Sci. 31(1): 51-60, 2023

Roots Fuel Cell Produces and Stores Clean Energy.

In recent years, extensive scientific efforts have been conducted to develop clean bioenergy technologies. A promising approach that has been under development for more than a hundred years is the microbial fuel cell (MFC) which utilizes exoelectrogenic bacteria as an electron source in a bioelectrochemical cell. The viability of bacteria in soil MFCs can be maintained by integrating plant roots, which release organic materials that feed the bacteria. In this work, we show that rather than organic compounds, roots also release redox species that can produce electricity in a biofuel cell. We first studied the reduction of the electron acceptor Cytochrome C by green onion roots. We integrate green onion roots into a biofuel cell to produce a continuous bias-free electric current for more than 24 h in the dark. This current is enhanced upon irradiation of the onion's leaves with light. We apply cyclic voltammetry and 2D-fluorescence measurements to show that NADH and NADPH act as major electron mediators between the roots and the anode, while their concentrations in the external root matrix are increased upon irradiation of the leaves. Finally, we show that roots can contribute to energy storage by charging a supercapacitor.

A coumarin-based fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of hazardous mercury ions in living organisms

In recent years, heavy metal mercury (II) pollutants have caused serious harm to human health and ecosystems. It has become critical to develop simple and highly selective sensing solutions for monitoring mercury (II). In this work, we designed and developed a novel fluorescent probe Coa-SH using the Hg2+-induced chemical reaction as a sensing mechanism. The probe Coa-SH showed high selectivity for the detection of Hg2+ by desulfurization reactions in solution. The test strips prepared with this probe could be applied to detect mercury ions in aqueous solutions. In addition, the probe Coa-SH provided a tool to detect Hg2+ in living systems. In living cells and zebrafish, the probe turned on bright red fluorescent signals in the presence of mercury ions. Importantly, the probe Coa-SH enabled Hg2+ detection in plant onion roots. This work provides an effective method for monitoring mercury ions in the environment and in living organisms.

파뿌리 분말을 첨가한 스펀지케이크의 품질 특성

파뿌리 분말을 첨가한 스펀지케이크의 품질 특성

Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of Different Concentration of Van Tulsi (Ocimum Gratissimum) on Roots Tip Cells Onion (Allium Cepa)

Leaf extract of Van Tulsi acts as a mitotic inhibitor on onion root tip cells at higher treatment duration.

Colonization of Serendipita indica promotes resistance against Spodoptera exigua in onion (Allium cepa L.).

Plant-endophyte symbiosis influences plant defense and growth. Serendipita indica is a root endophyte that promotes growth and induces tolerance against biotic and abiotic stress in plants. In this study, we examined the effect of S. indica colonization on herbivore (Spodoptera exigua) resistance of onion (Allium cepa L.). We found that colonization of S. indica in the roots of onion significantly reduced the feeding damage of leaves by S. exigua larvae, and also resulted in a reduction in weight gain of the larvae when fed on S. indica plants. This enhanced resistance is a result of modulation of antioxidant and defense enzymes/genes in the host by S. indica mutualism. Specifically, the activities of enzymes such as Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and H2O2 content were significantly higher in the early stages of S. exigua feeding in the S. indica colonized plants compared to the non-colonized counterparts. Similarly, defense genes also showed modulation in response to this tripartite interaction of onion -S. indica mutualism and S. exigua herbivory. The hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis indicated a clear difference in the onion biochemical responses, which is due to the S. indica symbiosis. Our investigation demonstrates that onion-S. indica symbiosis significantly decreases chewing injury by efficiently modulating antioxidant and defense enzyme activities and gene expression in response to S. exigua herbivory. Therefore, S. indica can be used as a potential biocontrol agent for sustainable management of this important pest of Alliums.

The shaping of onion seedlings performance through substrate formulation and co-inoculation with beneficial microorganism consortia.

Smart management in crop cultivation is increasingly supported by application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM), which sustain soil fertility and plant performance. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the effects of consortia composed of (Claroideoglomus claroideum BEG96, Claroideoglomus etunicatum BEG92, Funneliformis geosporum BEG199, Funneliformis mosseae BEG 95, and Rhizophagus irregularis BEG140) and PGPM (Azospirillum brasilense - AZ, or Saccharothrix sp. - S) on onion cultivated in growing media with a composition corresponding to a degraded soil. Three types of substrate formulations were used, with peat:sand ratios of 50:50, 70:30, 100:0 (v:v). The analysis of substrate parameters crucial for its fertility (pH, salinity, sorption complex capacity, and elements' content) and characteristics reflecting onion seedlings' performance (fresh weight, stress biomarkers, and elements' content) was performed. AMF colonized onion roots in all treatments, showing increasing potential to form intercellular structures in the substrates rich in organic matter. Additionally, co-inoculation with PGPM microorganisms accelerated arbuscular mycorrhiza establishment. Increased antioxidant activity and glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) activity of onion roots sampled from the formulations composed of peat and sand in the ratio of 100:0, inoculated with AMF+S, and positive correlation between GPOX, fresh weight and antioxidant activity of onion roots reflected the successful induction of plant acclimatization response. Total phenols content was the highest in roots and leaves of onion grown in substrates with 70:30 peat:sand ratio, and, in the case of roots, it was correlated with AMF colonization parameters but not with antioxidant activity. AMF and PGPM efficiency in supporting onion growth should be linked to the increased onion root system capacity in mineral salts absorption, resulting in more efficient aboveground biomass production. AMF and PGPM consortia were effective in releasing minerals to soluble fraction in substrates rich in organic matter, making elements available for uptake by onion root system, though this phenomenon depended on the PGPM species. Microorganism consortia enhanced onion seedlings' performance also in substrates with lower content of organic carbon through plant biofertilization and phytostimulation.

Two Bacterial Bioagents Boost Onion Response to Stromatinia cepivora and Promote Growth and Yield via Enhancing the Antioxidant Defense System and Auxin Production

White rot, caused by Stromatinia cepivora (Anamorph: Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), is a serious soil-borne disease of the onion that restricts its cultivation and production worldwide. Herein, we isolated and characterized a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from healthy onion roots and an endophytic bacterium Serratia liquefaciens from healthy bean leaves. Both isolates showed strong fungistatic activity against S. cepivora using the dual culture and culture filtrate methods. This effect might be due to the presence of several volatile compounds, especially menthol in both culture filtrates as shown with a GC-MS analysis. Additionally, the root drench application of cell-free culture filtrates of S. maltophilia and S. liquefaciens significantly reduced the incidence and severity of white rot disease on treated onion plants, which was associated with the activation of both enzymatic (POX and PPO) and non-enzymatic (phenolics and flavonoids) antioxidant defense machineries of S. cepivora-infected onion plants. Moreover, the culture filtrates of both bacterial bioagents remarkably enhanced the growth (as expressed by root length, plant height, and number of leaves) and yield parameters (as indicated by bulb circumference, fresh weight of the bulb, and bulb yield per plot) of treated onion plants under field conditions during two successive seasons (2020/2021 and 2021/2022). This might be because of a reduced disease severity and/or the accumulation of the main auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and its precursor, the amino acid tryptophan. Our findings suggest that both bioagents might be utilized as eco-friendly alternative control measures to reduce the utilization of chemical fungicides entirely or partially for the safer production of onion in S. cepivora-infested soils.

Studi Penggunaan Safranin dan Kolkisin dalam Pengamatan Kromosom pada Sel Akar Bawang Bombay (Allium cepa Var)

Based on the results of initial observations it was found that the use of safranin and colchicine showed less than optimal results. The purpose of this study was to observe the phases of mitotic division seen in the use of safranin and colchicine in onion (Allium cepa Var) root cells. The stages of the research included the stages of making preparations, namely root growth, root cutting, fixation, maceration, staining, and squashing. and continued with the observation of the phase of mitotic division which appeared microscopically. The data obtained were from the results of observing the cleavage phase in the chromosomes of the onion root cells, then analyzed descriptively and then comparatively to show what cleavage phases were due to safranin and colchicine staining with different soaking times. Based on the observed cell division phase of onion (Allium cepa Var) roots, safranin was more effective than colchicine with 30 minutes of soaking time.

Evaluation of cytogenetic effect of pesticides in onion root meristem

Farmers use chemical insecticides, fungicides and herbicides to control insect pests, diseases and weeds. Extensive use of chemical pesticides is becoming hazardous to the environment and human and animal health. Biopesticides have been used as a safer alternative. Cytogenetic analysis is needed to determine the effects of chemical and biopesticides in plants if these are used frequently in an improper concentration. This investigation assessed the effects of a chemical systemic insecticide ‘Actara 25WG’ and a bioinsecticide ‘Bio Sona’ for seed germination and on root mitosis of five onion varieties. Three concentrations of Actara 25WG were used as seed treatment, viz., 25 g, 50g (recommended) and 75 g/kg seed. Similarly, Bio Sona was applied @ 2 %, 5 % (recommended) and 8 % concentrations. Depressing effects of the two pesticides were recorded in seed germination percentage except for Bio Sona 2% in variety Bhima Shakti. Actara 25WG and Bio Sona showed either mitoenhancing or cytotoxic effects depending on dose and variety. These pesticides also induced genotoxicity at recommended and higher doses on root tip cells as indicated by the frequency of total chromosomal aberrations like binucleate cells, clumps, stickiness, disturbed stage, laggards, bridges and fragments. Bio Sona at higher concentrations showed more aberrations than Actara 25WG. There were differential responses of the varieties to the pesticide treatment. More research must be done on the effects of chemicals and biopesticides in plants to assess their cytogenotoxicity.

Investigation of the potential role of fusicoccin, a fungal phytotoxin, in mitigating salt stress in onion roots

Fusicoccin is a diterpene glycoside that plays an important role in the regulation of plant growth and development. Fusicoccin produced by Fusicoccum amydali fungus is known to affect plant growth positively with external applications due to its potential to stimulate the tolerance system of plants under stress conditions. In this study, it was aimed to reduce the negative effects of salt (0.15 M NaCl) stress on the germination and growth of onion (Allium cepa L.) bulbs by external fusicoccin (3 µM) application. For this purpose, the germination percentage, root length, root number, fresh weight, mitotic activity, micronucleus frequency, chromosomal abnormality, antioxidant enzyme activity, osmolyte accumulation, cell membrane damage and root anatomical structure were investigated in the current study. Salt stress caused a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in all examined parameters. External application of fusicoccin to onion bulbs germinated under salt stress conditions was found to be promising as a plant growth promoter and mitosis stimulator. In addition, fusicoccin application alleviated the harmful effects of salt stress on the chromosome structure and root anatomical structure and protected the cells from the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of salt. Moreover, this application contributed to the fight against reactive oxygen species of onion plant and increased salt tolerance by regulating the accumulation of osmolyte substances such as proline and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, and by minimizing cell membrane damage in root cells. In conclusion, this study showed that exogenous application of 3 µM fusicoccin reduced the damage caused by oxidative stress in onion bulbs and served for healthy germination and growth.

Promotion of longitudinal bone growth by the intake of oat and green onion root water extracts in weaning rats through stimulating growth hormone secretion and elevating gut microbiota related to nervous system-related pathway

We determined whether oral oat and green onion water extracts (GOO) supplementation could stimulate longitudinal bone growth in weaning rats. Fistuloside A, B, and C in the green onions and 26-desglucoavenacoside A and B and avenacoside A in the oats lowered the binding energy of growth differentiation factor-5 (GDF5) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R). After a 4-week treatment, serum growth hormone (GH) and osteoprotegerin concentrations in the High-GOO group (500 mg/kg body weight) were similar to those of the Positive-control. The femur and tibia lengths promoting the proliferative and hypertrophic zones of the growth plate in the High-GOO were also similar to Positive-control. Along with increasing serum propionate and butyrate concentrations, cecal bacteria in the High-GOO were higher in virus infection, steroid and sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis, and nervous system-related pathways than the Control in the metagenome function. It suggested that gut bacteria potentially enhanced bone growth by improving immunity and neurological activity. In conclusion, GOO increased leg length by enhancing the proliferation of the growth plate as much as GH treatment by preventing gut dysbiosis.

The influence of tannins purified from Eastern Mediterranean Region plants (Pinus brutia Ten. and Quercus coccifera L.) on carbon mineralization: Antimicrobial and antimutagenic evaluation

Tannins, which are polyphenols with a wide variety of quality-quantity that control the carbon and nitrogen cycle in forest ecosystems, are very interesting because of their protein binding abilities and forming a complex structure with other compounds. In this study, the purified tannin content of Pinus brutia Ten. and Quercus coccifera L., the two dominant plant species of the Eastern Mediterranean region, and the effect of these tannins on C dynamics in a forest soil (O and A horizon) were evaluated. In addition, antimicrobial effects of tannin extracts on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis bacteria by disc diffusion method and antimutagenic effects on Allium cepa root tip cells were evaluated. Total phenol (TP) and condense tannins (CT) concentrations of P. brutia and Q. coccifera leaves ranged from 0.78–1.33 μg/100mg DW and 4.68–1.35 μg/100mg DW, respectively. With the addition of tannin extract to the soils, C mineralization (27th day) was significantly reduced compared to the control group. Both P. brutia tannin extract (PTE) and Q. coccifera tannin extract (QTE) exhibited antibacterial activity in the range of 8±0.2–35±1.1 mm zone diameter by inhibiting their microbial growth against test microorganisms. In addition, tannin treatments caused a dose-dependent mitotic index decrease in onion root tip cells and a serious inhibition by showing toxic effects on mitotic division stages. As a result, our data showed that C mineralization in soil is affected by different tannin sources and these tannin extracts have significant antimicrobial activity against pathogens and cytotoxic activity in A. cepa root tip cells.

Evaluation of the consequences of the toxic effects of food sweeteners with bioassay

Aspartame and acesulfame potassium are among the best known food sweeteners. Despite numerous studies showing the safety of these supplements, in recent years the attention of researchers has been focused on the negative side effects of their exposure, which can lead to the development of non-communicable diseases. The aim of this investigation was to study the nature of the impact (reversible or irreversible) of aspartame and acesulfame potassium on weight gain, as well as cytological, cytogenetic and metabolic parameters of onion roots. Roots were pre-treated with 0.5 and 1 g/l aqueous solutions of sweeteners, and then they were transferred to water for the purpose of further regenerative germination. The consequences of the toxic effect of aspartame on the weight gain of onion roots were minimal compared to the control. This indicator significantly and dose-dependently decreased to 38% in the samples with acesulfame potassium, which shows the presence of a delayed effect after exposure to this sweetener. In the experimental groups with the maximum content of sweeteners, a lower mitotic index (p≤0.05) in the meristem cells was also maintained compared to the control. The results obtained indicated an irreversible mitotoxic effect of these compounds. However, an increase in the frequency of mitosis pathologies found in the experimental samples due to pre-treatment with sweeteners was completely leveled after regenerative germination. Therefore, these genotoxic disorders were reversible. To assess the processes of lipid oxidation of root tissues, the concentration of malondialdehyde was measured. The effect of reducing the level of this indicator in all experimental samples compared with the control turned out to be irreversible, although not dose-dependent. The results obtained can be used in the development of formulations for adding food sweeteners to food products to reduce the risk of delayed toxic effects.

The Anti-Mitotic Effects of Annona Muricata Extracts to Allium Cepa Root Meristems

Guyabano (Annona muricata) harbors a wide array of bioactive compounds that confer significant therapeutic properties. In an attempt to uncover its anti-cancer properties, we investigated the antimitotic effects of guyabano seed extracts on onion (Allium cepa) root meristems.&#x0D; Methods&#x0D; The present study utilized the Posttest Only Control Group Design. Onion root meristems were exposed to four distinct concentrations of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of guyabano seeds for 48 hours. For baseline conditions, the negative control group was treated with water whereas the positive control group received methotrexate.&#x0D; Results&#x0D; Among the various concentrations of guyabano seed extract treatments, the 800mg/100mL concentration exhibited the lowest mean mitotic index (MMI) in both aqueous and ethanolic solutions (40.33±24.50 and 32.00±9.85, respectively). However, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the aqueous and ethanolic treatment concentrations when compared to the negative and positive controls (P=0.40).&#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; The antimitotic effects of aqueous and ethanolic seed extracts of guyabano on onion root meristems were found to be insignificant. However, the lower MMI of both aqueous and ethanolic concentrations of 800mg/100 mL guyabano compared to positive control (methotrexate) warrants further research to assess the antimitotic effects of guyabano.&#x0D;