Types Of Ones Research Articles

外食行動における消費者類型と食材情報ニーズ―ファミリー・レストランを中心にして―

This study aimed to classify consumers into several types based on their concerns and attitudesabout meals at home and restaurants and to find corresponding information needs for the ingredients.First of all, there were four conceptual factors that were found as motivation components by thefactor analysis. There were (1) Food safety and health, (2) Rationally saving a cooking time, (3) Preference-first and trying maximum satisfaction, and (4) Economy priority. Then, based on thecluster analysis, we obtained three behavioral attitude types of consumers, such as (a) Insisting highclass food safety and health, (b) Seeking convenience, and (c) Price-orientation.The type (a) consumers had the strong consciousness about food safety and healthful food andneeded the particular account of ingredients. The type (b) ones showed the interest in thenutritional balance of the ingredient, although their awareness was relatively weak. The type (c) ones did not show significant wants for the information about ingredients.Based on the result of this study, we could conclude that there were several types of consumers'attitudes toward dining at restaurants, and the necessary information was required to be provided by the restaurant for each type consumers. Thus, restaurants would have to consider contents of theinformation as one of the factors to promote their sales.

Aberrant agouti‐related protein system in the hypothalamus of the anx/anx mouse is associated with activation of microglia

Agouti-related protein (AgRP) is a key orexigenic neuropeptide expressed in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and a marker for neurons conveying hormonal signals of hunger to the brain. Mice homozygous for the anorexia (anx) mutation are characterized by decreased food intake, starvation, and death by 3-5 weeks of age. At this stage immunoreactivity for AgRP is increased in cell bodies but decreased in the nerve terminals. We studied when during early postnatal development the aberrant phenotype of the AgRP system becomes apparent in anx/anx mice and possible underlying mechanisms. AgRP and ionized calcium binding adapter molecule (Iba1), a marker for activated microglia, as well as Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), were studied by immunohistochemistry at postnatal days P1, P5, P10, P12, P15 and P21 in anx/anx and wild-type mice. We found that the AgRP system in the anx/anx mouse develops similarly to the wild type until P12, when AgRP fibers in anx/anx mice cease to increase in density in the main projection areas. At P21, AgRP fiber density in anx/anx mice was significantly reduced vs. P15, in certain regions. At P21, many strongly AgRP-positive cell bodies were observed in the anx/anx arcuate nucleus vs. only few and weakly fluorescent ones in the wild type. The decrease in AgRP fiber density in anx/anx mice overlapped with an increase in Iba1 and TLR-2 immunoreactivities. Thus, the aberrant appearance of the AgRP system in the anx/anx mouse in the early postnatal development could involve a microglia-associated process and the innate immune system.

Scaling Relations of Spiral Galaxies

We construct a large data set of global structural parameters for 1300 field and cluster spiral galaxies and explore the joint distribution of luminosity L, optical rotation velocity V, and disk size R at I and 2MASS K bands. The I- and K-band velocity-luminosity (VL) relations have log slopes of 0.29 and 0.27, respectively, with σ_(ln)(VL) ~ 0.13, and show a small dependence on color and morphological type in the sense that redder, earlier type disk galaxies rotate faster than bluer, later type disk galaxies for most luminosities. The VL relation at I and K bands is independent of surface brightness, size, and light concentration. The log slope of the I- and K-band size-luminosity (RL) relations is a strong function of morphology and varies from 0.25 to 0.5, with a mean of 0.32 for all Hubble types. At most luminosities, early-type disk galaxies have shorter scale lengths than later type ones. The average dispersion σ_(ln)(RL) decreases from 0.33 at I band to 0.29 at K, likely due to the 2MASS selection bias against lower surface brightness galaxies. The VL and RL residuals are largely uncorrelated with each other with a correlation coefficient r = -0.16 and Δ log V|L/Δ log R|L = -0.07 ± 0.01; the RV - RL residuals show a weak positive correlation with r = 0.53. These correlations suggest that scatter in luminosity is not a significant source of the scatter in the VL and RL relations. We discuss in two Appendices various pitfalls of standard analytical derivations of galaxy scaling relations, including the Tully-Fisher relation with different slopes. Our galaxy database is available at http://www.astro.queensu.ca/~courteau/data/VRL2007.dat.

How young stellar populations affect the ages and metallicities of galaxies

Context. Two important stellar-population parameters (age and metallicity) of the dominant stellar populations (DSPs) of galaxies are usually estimated by comparing the observed absorption line indices or colors to predictions of some simple stellar population models. However, some studies show that there is actually recent star formation in galaxies, including early type ones. This suggests that we may not be obtaining accurate the two stellar-population parameters for the DSPs of galaxies. This is obvious when we estimate the two parameters by colors, because the youngest populations dominate the light and make the fitted stellar populations younger and richer in metal. Aims. We plan to study how young populations (YSPs) in composite stellar populations (CSPs) affect the colors of star systems and to analyze how the stellar ages and metallicities derived from colors possibly deviate from those of the DSPs. Methods. The techniques of stellar population synthesis and Monte Carlo process are used in this analysis. Results. It is found that the age and mass fraction of a YSP affect colors of a mixed star system significantly, but the former is stronger. In addition, our results show that the stellar ages and metallicities derived directly from a pair of colors are about 2.14 Gyr younger, while 0.0027 more metal rich on average than those of the DSPs of composite stellar systems. Some possible distributions of the differences between stellar-population parameters determined by colors and those of DSPs of CSPs are presented. The possible distributions of the differences between colors of CSPs and those of their DSPs are also shown. Stellar ages and metallicities measured by colors and line-strength indices are compared in the work, with a sample of 18 galaxies. Furthermore, the YSPs may affect the fundamental plane and Kormendy relation of early type galaxies.

Sequence variation of chalcone synthase gene in a spontaneous white-flower mutant of Chinese cabbage-pak-choi

A spontaneous white-flower mutant of Chinese cabbage-pak-choi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinenesis, syn. B. rapa ssp. chinenesis) was found in our test fields, and all the plant characters except flower color were identical with wild type ones. We hypothesized that a mutational event had occurred in the gene coding for chalcone synthase (CHS), the key enzyme of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Two genes, later designated BcCHS and BcCHS-wf, were isolated from wild type and mutant Chinese cabbage-pak-choi, respectively, using gene-specific primer pairs. Comparison of the genomic sequences revealed two mutations in BcCHS-wf, both with A to G transitions, one at position +37 bp and the other at +970 bp. Both nucleotide substitutions occurred in AGA codes for arginine into GGA for glycin at residue +13 and into AGC coding for serine at residue +229, respectively. Homologous genes of BcCHS were isolated from another four cruciferous plants, though there were some differences among the genomic and deduced amino acid sequences, the mutation locus of the mutant, as we called it, were identical to the wild type Chinese cabbage-pak-choi.

Molecular structures of gellan gum imaged with atomic force microscopy in relation to the rheological behavior in aqueous systems. 1. Gellan gum with various acyl contents in the presence and absence of potassium

Four samples of gellan gum in sodium form, with equivalent average molar mass but with different acyl contents, were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic viscoelasticity measurements. The investigation was carried out at concentrations which form local molecular assemblies, including associations, networks, and gels. AFM showed that continuous network structures developed mainly through end-to-end type inter-helical associations rather than side-by-side type ones in the presence of potassium without significant increase in the vertical height on the image. Although end-to-end type inter-helical associations certainly occurred, continuous network structures did not develop in the absence of potassium. In the presence of the cation, the formation of continuous network structures could relate to the rheological thermal hysteresis between the sol-to-gel and the gel-to-sol transitions and to the dynamic storage modulus at 20 °C for gellan gum with lower acyl contents. During gelation, acyl groups increase the flexibility of the molecular bundles, inhibiting associations between the backbones when the added potassium minimizes the electrostatic repulsion. Also, acyl groups lower the charge density of the molecular bundles, which would promote associations in the absence of the cation or the stabilization of the double helix (especially via glycerate groups). This would increase the elasticity of the gelled system in the absence of the cation. Our results point to the fibrous model of gelation rather than the conventional model that assumes distinct junction zones with disordered flexible polymer chains connecting adjacent junction zones.

Analysis of the Ore-Controlling Structure of Ductile Shear Zone Type Gold Deposit in Southern Beishan Area, Gansu, Northwest China

The ductile shear zone-type gold deposit is a kind that both the ore-forming mechanism and ore-controlling factors are closely related to the ductile shear zone and its evolution. Ductile shear zone develops in Beishan area, Gansu of Northwest China, and develops especially well in the south belt. The controls of the ductile shear zone on gold deposits are as follows. (1) The regional distribution of gold deposits (and gold spots) is controlled by the ductile shear zone. (2) The ductile-brittle shear zone is formed in the evolution process of ductile shear zone and both are only ore-bearing structures and control the shape, attitude, scale, and distribution of mineralization zones and ore-bodies. (3) Compresso-shear ductile deformation results in that the main kind of gold mineralization is altered mylonite type and the main alteralization is metasomatic. (4) Ore-bearing fracture systems are mainly P-type ones, some D-type and R-type ones, but only individual R'-type and T-type ones. (5) Dynamic differentiation and dynamic metamorphic hydrothermal solution resulting from ductile deformation is one of the sources of ore-forming fluid of gold mineralization, and this is identical with that ore-forming materials are mainly from metamorphic rocks, and ore-forming fluid is mainly composed of metamorphic water, and with the fluid inclusion and geo-chemical characteristics of the deposit. (6) There is a negative correlation between the gold abundance and susceptibility anisotropy ( P ) of the altered mylonite samples from the deposit, which shows that the gold mineralization is slightly later than the structural deformation. All above further expound the ore-forming model of the ductile shear zone type of gold deposits.

UHF 대역 RFID 태그 안테나의 RCS(Radar Cross Sections) 분석 및 측정

In the RFID system, one of the important criteria of tag antenna performance is the detection distance. The most important factor determining the detection distance of the tag antenna is the Radar Cross Sections(RCS). In this paper, we propose a method to simply measure the RCS of the RFID tag antenna using two reader antennas(Tx and Rx) and a network analyzer. We estimate RCS` from the RCS equation based on the measured using the network analyzer. We compare the measured values with the calculated values and the simulated values using EM simulator. The used tag antennas are two kinds of dipole-type, metal-type, and an inductively-coupled type ones. In case of the dipole type, the measured, simulated and calculated values of the RCS are almost the same. In case of other types, we obtain the measured RCS values with a difference of about 3 dB.

Magnetic ordering in ZrNiAl-type crystal system

In this work, the theoretical studies, basing on the XY model, of possible magnetic ordering in ZrNiAl-type structure are presented. Our research are restricted to the ground state of XY Hamiltonian including interactions between nearest and next nearest magnetic moments. The influence of Dzialoshinsky–Moriya (DM) interaction is discussed as well. The results indicate several possible magnetic structures including simple ones of ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic type. On the other hand, complicated magnetic structures described by commensurate as well as incommensurate propagation vectors were found as well. The resulting phase diagram of XY model is compared to experimentally determined magnetic structures of several compounds of ZrNiAl-type structure.

Impact of Systemic Histamine Deficiency on the Crosstalk Between Mammary Adenocarcinoma and T Cells

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of lack of histamine (HA) on tumor growth and functions of T cells in order further to illustrate the mechanism of immunological tolerance induction by HA. We assessed the phenotype and cytokine production of splenic lymphocytes in syngeneic HA-free (histidine decarboxylase knock-out) (HDC KO) and wild-type mice, inoculated subcutaneously with the LM2 murine breast cancer cell line. Relative quantification of target mRNA was performed with a TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay. The CD4+CD25high+ Treg cell numbers were significantly smaller in the tumor-bearing KO mice than in the wild type ones measured by flow-cytometry. The expression of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) decreased significantly and the copies of splenic Tbox-21 (T-bet) transcriptional factor mRNA was higher in HDC KO tumor-bearing mice than those of normal mice. The cytokine levels showed that a smaller number of interleukin-13-producing Th2 cells were elicited compared to interferon-γ-producing Th1 cells in the tumor-bearing HDC KO mice. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that endogenous histamine stimulates the growth of breast adenocarcinoma tumor implants in mice by suppressing anti-tumor immunity.

A Novel Process of Resource Recovery from Rare Earth Magnet Scrap Using Carbonylation Reaction and Recycle as Electromagnetic Wave Absorber

Iron element was extracted from the rare earth magnets (Nd-Fe-B and Sm-Fe-N type ones) scrap by the carbonylation reaction with a small amount of sulfur as a catalyst. Both scrap hardly reacted with carbon monoxide, and conversion to iron carbonyl complex was about 30-70% evaluated by energy dispersion X-ray analysis. After the disproportionation of their primary intermetallic phase by hydrogenation or thermal decomposition, the extraction rate for Fe element was significantly accelerated to produce Fe(CO)5 with the higher yield (~92%) since the high reactive Fe particles against carbonylation was precipitated as the iron-based nanocomposites by the above treatments. Additionally, the simultaneous extraction of Fe(CO)5 and decomposition of it with naphthalene in the autoclave vessel was carried out, resulting in the formation of Fe3C/carbon nanowire composites. The resin compact including the resultant Fe3C/carbon nanowire composites showed the good electromagnetic wave absorption ability in a GHz range.

Diverse effects of c-src deficiency on molar tooth development and eruption in mice

C-src deficiency is characterized by osteopetrosis due to impaired bone resorption by hypofunctional osteoclasts and the resultant failure of tooth eruption. In preliminary observations, we frequently encountered erupted molars in c-src deficient mice unlike in other osteopetrotic animals. Here we examine the effects of c-src deficiency on the development of molar teeth with an emphasis on the spatial relation of growing teeth with the surrounding bones. In c-src deficient mice, the magnitude of tooth impaction differed considerably among the types of molars; all maxillary 1st molars were totally impacted deep in the alveolar sockets, whereas most mandibular 1st molars fully erupted into oral cavity. Distribution of osteoclasts in the alveolar bone was identical among all types of molars, and electron microscopy revealed signs of bone resorbing activity in these osteoclasts despite the absence of a ruffled border. From early development, the alveolar space was much narrower in the upper molar tooth germs than in the lower ones in both wild type and homozygous animals, and particularly so in the upper 1st molars. Current observations thus indicate a significant contribution of "hypofunctional osteoclasts" in c-src deficient mice in molar tooth development except for the upper 1st molars, which appear to require highly functional osteoclasts to gain sufficient space for them to grow normally. Taken together, these findings on the seemingly tooth-type specific effects of c-src deficiency on the development and eruption of molar teeth in c-src deficient mice can be attributed to the given differential spatial relation of the respective tooth germs with the surrounding bones in the presence of hypofunctional osteoclasts.

Effect of Drought Stress at Supraoptimal Temperature on Polyamine Concentrations in Transgenic Soybean with Increased Proline Levels

The effect of drought stress at supraoptimal temperature on free proline and polyamine levels was compared in wild type and transgenic soybean (Glycine max cv. Ibis) plants having increased proline levels. Since glutamate and arginine are precursors of both proline and polyamines, it was assumed that the genetic manipulation of proline levels would also affect the polyamine levels. The proline and spermine concentrations increased, while the putrescine concentration generally decreased or did not change after the treatments in both genotypes. Following drought higher proline and lower spermine levels were detected in the transgenic plants compared to the wild type ones, which could be explained by the increased use of their common precursors for proline biosynthesis in the transgenic plants.

Effect of a P‐glycoprotein inhibitor, cyclosporin A, on the disposition in rodent brain and blood of the 5‐HT1A receptor radioligand, [11C](R)‐(––)‐RWAY

Limited brain uptake of radioligands with otherwise optimal properties for imaging brain receptors can be improved by blocking the effect of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an efflux pump at the blood-brain barrier. Using small animal positron emission tomography (PET), we investigated how P-gp and its blockade with Cyclosporin A (CsA) affect rodent brain uptake of [(11)C](R)-(-)-RWAY, a radioligand for brain 5-HT(1A) receptors. Brain uptake of radioactivity was compared in control and CsA-treated rats as well as P-gp knockout and wild type mice. Parent radioligand and radiometabolite in plasma and brain samples were determined at 30 min after injection of radioligand. PET binding potential (BP) was calculated with a reference tissue model. P-gp knockout mice had 2.5- and 2.8-fold greater brain uptake of [(11)C](R)-(-)-RWAY than wild type ones, measured by in vivo PET and ex vivo tissue sampling, respectively. Similarly, CsA increased rat brain uptake 4.9- and 5.3-fold, in vivo and ex vivo. In addition, CsA increased the plasma free fraction of [(11)C](R)-(-)-RWAY in rats by 2.7-fold. Although CsA increased brain uptake in wild type mice by 2.5-fold, it had no effect on plasma free fraction in knockout animals. Three radiometabolites of [(11)C](R)-(-)-RWAY were uniformly distributed in rat brain, suggesting they were inactive. CsA treatment increased brain uptake of [(11)C](R)-(-)-RWAY and only one of its radiometabolites. Regional rat brain BP increased 27-70% in the CsA-treated rats and the P-gp knockout mice. [(11)C](R)-(-)-RWAY is a P-gp substrate in rat and mouse. The effects of CsA in rats are mediated by both P-gp blockade and displacement of the radiotracer from plasma proteins. Studies with wild type and knockout mice showed that CsA affected only P-gp in this species.

EFFECTS OF MODIFIED CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF CARNATION (DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS L.)

The aim of this work was to examine the effect of altered carbohydrate composition on the carnation growth and development. A transgenic approach was applied in our experiments. Carnation leaves were transformed with modified mammalian bifunctional enzyme, coding 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase and fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase (6-PF-2-K/Fru-2,6-P2ase). This enzyme synthesizes and degrades the fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P 2 ) an important regulator of carbohydrate metabolism. Sucrose, starch, glucose and fructose content were influenced by modification of the Fru-2,6-P 2 metabolite concentration. Differences could be observed in the morphology and the ontogeny of plants. The development of sucrose overproducing plants was faster than the starch accumulating and wild type ones.

Three-dimensional xenon dendrites: Characterization of sidebranch growth

In our experiments, we investigate in situ the growth of three-dimensional xenon crystals into an undercooled pure melt. Experimental studies have been extended from undisturbed growth conditions to more realistic growth conditions. Methods to characterize the transient growth of sidebranches of dendrites have been developed. Two types of sidebranches have been identified: Sidebranches initiated by selective amplification of thermal noise (type N) and sidebranches induced by macroscopic perturbations (type P). Type N sidebranches start to grow 3-7 tip radii behind the tip and are not correlated at the four fins. It has been verified that the sidebranch amplitude grows exponentially to z(2/5) as predicted by Brener and Temkin [E. Brener and D. Temkin, Phys. Rev. E 51, 351 (1995)]. Type P sidebranches are initiated by macroscopic perturbations. They start to grow at the tip and their amplitudes are significantly higher than the ones of type N sidebranches. The growth of type P sidebranches is symmetric at the four fins. The tip positions of type P sidebranches separate from the tip shape of a dendrite at a distance of about 5R from the tip, while for type N sidebranches this distance is about 10R.

A remodeling system for the oligosaccharide chains on glycoproteins with microbial endo-β- N-acetylglucosaminidases

Endo-M, endo-β- N-acetylglucosaminidase from Mucor hiemalis, transferred the complex type oligosaccharide of sialoglycopeptide to partially deglycosylated proteins ( N-acetylglucosamine-attached proteins), which were prepared by excluding high-mannose type oligosaccharides from glycoproteins with Endo-H, endo-β- N-acetylglucosaminidase from Streptomyces plicatus. This finding indicated that the high-mannose type oligosaccharides on glycoproteins can be changed to complex type ones by the transglycosylation activity of Endo-M. This is the first report of the establishment of a remodeling system for the different types of oligosaccharides on glycoproteins with microbial endo-β- N-acetylglucosaminidases having different substrate specificities. Endo-M is a powerful tool for the in vitro synthesis of glycoproteins containing complex type oligosaccharides from glycoproteins produced by yeast.

AW0007 Histamine, a new regulator of adipogenesis?

Background: The key role of histamine in maintaining normal body weight is well established, just as the importance of cAMP‐responsive binding protein (CREB), a histamine mediator and a key transcription factor in adipogenesis. Our goal was to study if histamine has a role in adipocyte differentiation, too and if CREB is involved in this process.Methods: Primary embryonic fibroblasts of wild type and histamine‐deficient, histidine‐decarboxylase gene‐targeted mice were used. Adipogenesis was induced by a low‐potent induction cocktail of IBMX, insulin and dexamethasone applied according to the standard differentiation protocol either at stage of confluence or 2 days after it. Differentiation process was monitored by phase contrast microscope and verified by Oil Red O staining. CREB expression and activity was measured by TaqMan qRT‐PCR and Western blot, and cytoplasmic cAMP was determined by ELISA.Results: Histamine‐deficient embryonic fibroblasts differentiated better into adipocytes regardless the time point of induction compared to wild type ones. Enhanced constitutive CREB activity was detected in histamine‐free cells, whereas the expression did not change. Basal cytoplasmic cAMP levels were significantly higher in cells lacking histamine.Conclusion: These data suggest a newly recognized role for histamine in adipocyte differentiation. Histamine‐free undifferentiated embryonic fibroblasts show enhanced potential to form adipocytes indicating that histamine is involved in the induction of adipogenesis. Histamine is likely to exert its effect through controlling basal cAMP levels and thus CREB activity, a key inducer of adipocyte differentiation. Therefore histamine appears to be a newly identified regulator of adipogenesis, by helping maintain basal CREB activity.

Alien and endemic flora at reference and non‐reference sites in Mediterranean‐type streams in Portugal

Abstract A comparison was made between a variety of alien and endemic plant species from 272 aquatic and riparian habitats in Portuguese Mediterranean‐type streams in reference condition — i.e. near‐natural river corridors — and non‐reference condition. The objective was to detect differences in relative proportion and cover between these species groups. The differences in endemic and alien flora from siliceous and calcareous river types were also analysed. Environmental and human disturbance factors were related with the richness and cover of both species groups. A total of 568 species were found, of which 44 were alien and 28 were endemic. Alien species were present at 91% of the surveyed locations, and were consistently more widespread at non‐reference sites than at reference ones for both river types, with calcareous sites having a higher invasibility. Endemic species occurred at 45% of the sampling sites and displayed a significantly lower richness and cover than their alien counterparts. Alien richness and cover were positively related to direct human disturbance within the river systems, and with floodplain uses such as urban occupation, intensive agriculture, and nutrient inputs. Endemic species also respond to anthropogenic variables, rather than to climatic and geographical ones, with richness and cover increasing as human impacts on fluvial systems and related floodplains decrease. Comprehensive control of alien invasive species and the protection of endemic plant populations will require attempts at monitoring ecological river integrity, and the achievement of ‘good ecological status’ — one of the goals of the European Union's Water Framework Directive. Portuguese riparian areas must be managed in such a way as to protect the relatively few preserved riparian habitats by lowering the direct and indirect pressures in fluvial corridors and thus preventing future alien plant invasions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Metacognition through Group Practice in the New Media Classroom

Metacognition through Group Practice in the New Media Classroom