One-bedroom Apartment Research Articles

CHOREOGRAPHING INTERACTION WITHIN THE U-M HOMELAB: CONSIDERATIONS FOR AN OLDER ADULT POPULATION

Drawing from the lens of architecture, designing a research study for a controlled, simulated environment requires the consideration of three primary types of interaction involving people and infrastructure. These three types include the interface between and among the respondent(s) and the researcher(s), the interface between and among the people playing these roles and the infrastructure surrounding them (inclusive of self-report measures, sensing technology, furniture, etc.), and the interface between and among the various types of study infrastructure. The flow of a study across these interfaces becomes a form of choreography, with implications for protocol adherence, reproducibility, and data quality. Recently, a pilot study assessing an older adult population’s upper-body performance was our first iteration of research utilizing a simulated environment: the U-M HomeLab, an ADA-accommodating, one-bedroom apartment built within the basement of a large research facility. Nine participants, aged 61 to 72, with self-reported upper-body weakness completed a series of tasks resembling activities of daily living, such as lifting laundry baskets and vacuuming. By backtracking through our development of this pilot study, we illustrate how considerations of interface play a significant role across every stage of study design, incorporating aspects of wayfinding, dialogue, safety, acclimation, and visibility that are relevant to an older adult population. From these reflections, considerations of interface inform a “check-list” for simulation choreography, providing guiding questions for assessing these types of interactions while iterating through study design.

Comparison of simulated energy consumption by smart and conventional lighting systems in a residential setting

This paper investigated and compared how the energy consumption of a conventional and Smart Lighting System (SLS) in a simulated residential setting is affected by different households’ arrangements and occupancy pattern. An agent-based simulation model of a one-bedroom apartment in Sweden was chosen for comparison with different scenarios. The result shows that the number of residents within an apartment does not necessarily lead to higher energy consumption. Further findings indicate that, even though it has standby energy consumption, SLS is more energy efficient compared to the conventional lighting system. Additionally, energy consumption during weekends was considerably higher than during weekdays.

Using Indoor Positioning and Mobile Sensing for Spatial Exposure and Environmental Characterizations: Pilot Demonstration of PM2.5 Mapping

New indoor positioning technology makes it possible to use air measuring devices carried by occupants to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of exposure and air quality inside buildings. This pilot study investigated the potential of a mobile monitoring method to map highly variable PM2.5 distributions inside an occupied one-bedroom apartment, coupling a new ultrasound localization method with a pair of collocated research-grade and low-cost sensors (SidePak and PTQS). Measuring the position of the mobile sensing node every 1 s, down to the centimeter scale, this method generated detailed occupant moving trajectories and location histories on a floor plan map, allowing identification of microenvironments causing transient peak exposures. Utilizing a random walking approach throughout the apartment, it identified smoke intrusion sources and captured the spatial distributions of PM2.5 using interpolated two-dimensional concentration fields. The correlations between SidePak and PTQS were evaluated when they...

Chinese Progressive Association, San Francisco, CA

Chinese Progressive Association, San Francisco, CA* Alex Tom (bio) We're really talking about labor issues [at this symposium], but talking about it in a transnational perspective is actually really important because it gets to some of the root causes around globalization, imperialism, and the state of capitalism right now. … We were founded about forty-three years ago and the basic mission is that we educate, organize, and empower working-class folks, low-income folks—workers, tenants, their families. And we do that to build collective power with other communities of color. This is a principle of the organization—that we work in solidarity with other communities of color. This is something that came out of the seventies. We were actually very inspired by the Black Liberation Movement and also the Black Panther Party specifically in the seventies. … We believe in leadership development, organizing, and alliance building as a core strategies. I will get into what that means. Let's talk about San Francisco. If people don't know, San Francisco is at a very important crossroads right now of a widening gap of the rich and the poor. And for many reasons that's happening, primarily because of neo-liberal policies and the way capitalism is structured. Just to give people an example, a one-bedroom apartment in San Francisco right now on average is over thirty-four hundred dollars a month. For a two-bedroom apartment, that's four thousand. A lot of people wonder how working people work and stay there. A lot of people shack up in homes, three to four families, or they live in a one bedroom (single-room occupancy or SRO) in Chinatown for very low rent. It's really hard; people are really struggling to get by. A worker needs three minimum-wage jobs even at the high minimum wage [End Page 79] we have now in San Francisco to have basic needs met and have a two-bedroom apartment. That's just San Francisco. The population of Asians in San Francisco—a lot of people don't know this—is about 38 percent, including Filipino, Chinese, Vietnamese, though primarily it is Chinese. It is an Asian city, although you may not necessarily know that from watching movies, but that's San Francisco. The API Council has done a report and showed that Asians have the fastest growing poverty levels. Thirty-five percent of the people living in poverty are Asian Pacific Islander. Since the recession from 2007 to 2012, it grew the fastest by 43 percent. Nationally, there are over two million Asians that are under the poverty level with a 37 percent increase. We organize a lot of different sectors from youth, tenants, women to workers. I'm going to talk about workers this time,. These are some quotes that we pulled up from one of our community participatory research projects we did in 2010. We interviewed four hundred restaurant workers in Chinatown and these are some of the quotes that came out. These are mostly monolingual Chinese women workers from China. Being a dog would be better than being a worker in the United States. They also talked about their [working] conditions. … We don't even have minimum wage, maybe four dollars an hour. Think about it, twelve hundred for an entire month, working ten hours a day, six days a week. These are present-day conditions. People always ask if these are people that are undocumented. These are folks that have papers, and this is to show that even people who are so called legalized and have citizenship face this high level of retaliation in this country. And this is really how the system is designed. You need exploitation in this system in order to actually maintain it. But, this is not what I want to focus on. I want to focus on positive things. We can talk about how we passed the highest minimum wage at fifteen dollars in the country, the first paid sick leave policy in the whole country, but really what I want to emphasize is that under this system there is only so much that you can do. What we really believe in...

Investigation of LSF Structure Effect on Economy and Sustainable Housing in Iran. Case Study: 50m2 Units

Housing is an important element in government’s broad social agenda. This element overlaps employment, health, education, crime and many other aspects of life. We can say housing is stable, when everyone has access to a minimum house, social cohesion promotes and people’s lives improve toward self-reliance. On the other hand, designing stable buildings is aimed to reduce its damage on environment, energy resources and nature that requires spending to build housing, however, due to high cost of housing, poor sectors of society cannot buy house, while government has to provide house for all sectors in society. Assuming that LSF structures promote stability, this study is aimed to structural search to build urban buildings, which is responsive to sustainable architecture and can be justified economically. This study is analytical and based on library studies and comparative analogy tries to answer questions such as: how to use LSF structure in designing buildings in order to reduce their cost, and whether these structures is affordable across the country based on variety of building regulations in cities. In this regard, in order to examine LSF technology in construction and comparing it with conventional construction methods, we investigate and calculate 50 square meters one-bedroom apartments. Our conclusion indicates that using this technology in addition to positive response to sustainable architecture, increases the ability to buy a home, as well as strength and durability of these structures compared to conventional constructions in different environmental conditions and earthquake.

The Case for Efficient and Robust RF-Based Device-Free Localization

Radio frequency based device-free localization has been proposed as an alternative localization technique. Unlike its active localization counterpart, it does not require subjects to wear any radio device, but tries to determine the subject’s location by observing how much the subject disturbs the radio propagation patterns. This problem is very challenging due to the well known multipath effect, especially in a complex indoor environment where it is impractical to accurately model the effects of a subject on the surrounding radio links. In this article, we formulate the device-free localization problem using probabilistic classification approaches that are based on discriminant analysis.To boost the localization accuracies, we adopt methods to mitigate errors caused by the multipath effect, as well as methods to automatically recalibrate training data so that accuracy can be maintained as the environment evolves. We validate our method in a one-bedroom apartment that consists of 32 cells, using eight fixed transmitters and eight fixed receivers. When the space has a single occupant, our method can correctly estimate the occupied cell with a likelihood as high as 97.2 percent. Further, we show that we can maintain a high localization accuracy, while substantially reducing the deployment overhead, which is an important concern for device-free localization methods. To achieve this goal, we have improved our training and testing procedures to reduce the overhead, studied the radio device placement to optimize the device cost, devised algorithms to extend the lifetime of the training data, and designed a set of auxiliary sensors and incorporate them into the system to achieve automatic re-calibration.

Where We’ll Leave This for Now

Your husband stares at your breasts as you change into the pink pajama set your mother gave you for Christmas. You quickly pull the nightshirt over your head and turn away from him, walking into the bathroom and closing the door. You cup your breasts through the cotton. They're tender from swelling, and you feel embarrassed about them, like an ex-porn star with leftover silicone implants. They aren't your husband's for enjoying. They aren't yours, either. They belong to-well. You aren't sure.When you get in bed, your husband keeps staring at you, even more intently than he did three years ago when you chopped your hair into a pixie. He's been staring at you all evening, since you came out of the bathroom holding a pregnancy test with two pink lines. You hoped the second pink line, much paler than the first, could be stared into oblivion, the way stars can be made to disappear. Maybe your husband is staring at you with this hope, you think.The next morning you call your doctor before you brush your teeth. Your husband goes to his job; you go to yours, and afterward, to the graduate class you're taking at night. You fall asleep at the seminar table and wake up with drool on your cheek. You've never fallen asleep in class before; you've never been lazy, not once.You've built a good life. You can construct four walls around the reasons to have a child: your job pays fifty thousand a year; your husband's pays sixty-five thousand. You're married. You're twenty-seven, would be twenty-eight by the time the-ah, the what? W hat term should you pick? You try to remember the words Republicans use and the words Democrats use. Embryo? Zygote? Fetus? Virus? Life? Thing? Baby? There's a scien- tific term somewhere on the internet, but you decide on kernel. A kernel on the verge, kind of like you in your one-bedroom apartment. Your sixmonth-long marriage. Your half-completed master's degree. The fact that you don't feel ready. Those are the other walls you could build for another house, another future, but they feel more like fences that any skeptic could tear down.W hen he gets home from work, your husband finds you microwaving popcorn in the kitchen. He tells you he got some advice from his coworker, Patrick: that the two of you should make one spreadsheet of pros and cons and another sheet to explore how having a child would impact your budget. W hat exceptional advice, you say. You think of Patrick, who has a two-year-old of his own, Tommy. Tommy wears his mother's hand-sewn bowties to preschool. You've seen the photos posted on social media. His mother, Olivia, wears a string of pearls and five-inch heels to every holiday party. She quit her job to stay home. You imagine Olivia tut-tutting at the news of your kernel, leaning one hand on her granite countertop, brushing the other hand through her long blond hair as chicken cordon bleu cooks in the oven.You remind your husband of the time Patrick told everyone at the company picnic that the chili you'd labeled vegan actually had a teaspoon of Worcestershire sauce in it. You tell your husband he doesn't get to decide who knows about your pregnancy. Not Patrick, not Olivia, not your husband's entire company. His boss. Maybe he'll get a raise for the good news. Wouldn't that be nice? You're screaming at him now. Your husband tells you you're being completely crazy, that Patrick promised not to tell anyone, not even Olivia. Crazy? You, crazy? You rip open the bag of popcorn and throw it at him and tell him to get the hell out.But your husband won't leave the apartment, and instead is squatting on the couch behind the blare of the television, so you pack a bag and drive to your friend Virginia's. She had three abortions, all of them at nineteen. Now she's thirty-two and lives alone in a studio on the twenty-second floor of a high rise. You have never known her to have a steady boyfriend, just the two cats you pet when you walk in the door. You burst into tears and tell her everything, about the pregnancy and about Olivia knowing about the pregnancy. …

Multiple Target Tracking with RF Sensor Networks

RF sensor networks are wireless networks that can localize and track people (or targets) without needing them to carry or wear any electronic device. They use the change in the received signal strength (RSS) of the links due to the movements of people to infer their locations. In this paper, we consider real-time multiple target tracking with RF sensor networks. We apply radio tomographic imaging (RTI), which generates images of the change in the propagation field, as if they were frames of a video. Our RTI method uses RSS measurements on multiple frequency channels on each link, combining them with a fade level-based weighted average. We introduce methods, inspired by machine vision and adapted to the peculiarities of RTI, that enable accurate and real-time multiple target tracking. Several tests are performed in an open environment, a one-bedroom apartment, and a cluttered office environment. The results demonstrate that the system is capable of accurately tracking in real-time up to four targets in cluttered indoor environments, even when their trajectories intersect multiple times, without mis-estimating the number of targets found in the monitored area. The highest average tracking error measured in the tests is 0.45 m with two targets, 0.46 m with three targets, and 0.55 m with four targets.

A Fade Level-Based Spatial Model for Radio Tomographic Imaging

RSS-based device-free localization (DFL) monitors changes in the received signal strength (RSS) measured by a network of static wireless nodes to locate and track people without requiring them to carry or wear any electronic device. Current models assume that the spatial impact area , i.e., the area in which a person affects a link's RSS, has constant size. This paper shows that the spatial impact area varies considerably for each link. Data from extensive experiments are used to derive a spatial weight model that is a function of the fade level , i.e., a measure of whether a link is experiencing destructive or constructive multipath interference, and of the sign of RSS change. In addition, a measurement model is proposed which calculates for each RSS measurement the probability of a person being located inside the derived spatial impact area. An online radio tomographic imaging (RTI) system is described which uses channel diversity and the presented models. Experiments in an open indoor environment, in a typical one-bedroom apartment and in a through-wall scenario are conducted to determine the performance of the proposed system. We demonstrate that the new system is capable of localizing and tracking a person with high accuracy ( \(\boldsymbol {\leq 0.30}\) m) in all the environments, without the need to change the model parameters.

IMPLEMENTING LOW-TECH SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS IN ECO MODERN FLATS: A CONSTRUCTED RETROSPECTIVE

INTRODUCTION ECO Modern Flats is an award-winning rehabilitation of a 96-unit market rate apartment complex built between 1968 and 1972. Each of the project's four buildings consists of three floors of eight one-bedroom apartments on a sloping site in central Fayetteville, Arkansas. The existing complex had great bones of precast concrete and split face block, but was drastically lacking in thermal comfort, air quality, and aesthetic appeal. The developer's goals were to deliver a product not currently available in the local market—modern, urban, green multi-family rentals—and to save operations costs through energy- and water-saving updates. The architect saw an opportunity to re-imagine healthy interior space, creating open and light-filled studios by implementing low-tech sustainable solutions. The renovation completely overhauled the living systems of each unit and transformed the entire complex's visual presence in the community. The new design provides connections to the re-integrated and re-imagine...

Lonely No More: Remembering Text Messaging in mHealth Conversations

When the tears begin tilting away from the corners of her eyes, Carmen Hinojosa rises from her spot on the couch of her one-bedroom apartment and disappears into the kitchen. She returns carrying a...

The battle for user-friendly bioinformatics

The battle for user-friendly bioinformatics

Pétur

Pétur Olivia Clare (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Ash fell from the wind. She began to take long walks. Before breakfast, after lunch, she walked the weed-pocked path to the lake. White ash turned the lake’s surface to desert and the tops of fjalls invisible. By the third morning, ash from Eyjafjallajökull coated the porch, the porch rail, the seats of the porch chairs, and the rented station wagon. The hrossagaukur had disappeared, and the cabin’s weathervane creak had stopped. Laura told Adam, again, she was going out. He was her son. She tied a gauze scarf around her nose and mouth. “I look like a robber,” she said. “No one will see you.” He opened the door for her into the otherworldly weather. She was garish in the ash in her flannel green coat. At the cabin window, he watched her diminish, and like a little boric flame a quarter mile out, her back rose on the path, then shrank and went out. [End Page 63] This dale in Iceland had a permanent population of eighty-six. They had seen almost no one … once or twice, until nine or ten at night, they’d heard shouting children. Icebabies, Laura called them. You can’t ever see them, of course. They’re made only of sound. Adam was a data systems analyst. He was thirty-six. He lived in a onebedroom apartment in Palo Alto. Laura also lived in Palo Alto, in a house she’d once shared with Adam’s father on the other side of town. Iceland for two weeks had been her idea for her birthday. She’d just turned sixty-one, and she’d told Adam she didn’t believe it, and he shouldn’t, either. You look in the mirror and acknowledge you’re as old as you like, she'd said. She felt nineteen, mostly. She looked fifty. She returned from her walk late enough that Adam had made soup. The cabin had five rooms, floors of dull old wood, a kitchen and dining area adjoining the living room. There was a woodstove, a coffee table with a fan of women’s fashion magazines, an expensive guitar on its stand, a box of black rocks and cockles from the lake and elsewhere, a striped sofa, a cushion ripped, all owned by the family they rented from. “On the news they’re saying don’t go out at all,” he said. “But no one’s said anything like that to me.” She untied her scarf. Bits of ash stuck to the silvering blonde roots of her hair. She was tall, too slim. She wore blue jeans and tall boots. “On TV, Mother.” He put a roll and a bowl in front of her, soup with halibut and celery from the store in town. “Well, people are out there,” she said. “I talked to some people.” “Who’s out there? Rangers?” “I think it’s coming down most at the lake,” she said. “Right now it’s like the moon. It’s not dangerous on the moon.” She put her scarf on the small dining room table. “Come with me, come to the lake. There isn’t much ash.” “It’s unhealthy.” She picked up a chunk of fish in her spoon. “What does anti-matter mean?” “What?” “What’s anti-matter?” “Anti-matter?” Adam wiped his mouth with his napkin. He liked when she asked questions he could answer. “Sure, it’s like a mirror image, a negative image of matter, like matter’s twin. And there are anti-protons. Anti-electrons—” “What happened to all the fish?” she said. “In the lake? All dead, from the ash.” “I don’t think they feel anything.” [End Page 64] She walked in, waking Adam from a Nap in a chair beside the fire in the woodstove. It had been two days. Her scarf was tangled around her neck. Her green coat off, a rip in her shirt at the elbow. She held her arm to her chest: a bright red cut was visible within the rip. She went into the bathroom with a sleepwalker’s involuntary smile and...

Factors affecting housing-seeking difficulty for battered women: an investigation of racial discrimination and attitudes held by landlords

Research has revealed that battered women often face difficulty when searching for long-term housing, which in turn, often leads to homelessness. Because housing discrimination has also been found in studies regarding racial prejudice, this research was designed to investigate a potential interaction between the effects of racial discrimination and discrimination against battered women in housing-seeking. In a telephone audit study, two confederates – one with a Canadian accent and one with a Caribbean accent – called 180 landlords who had advertised for a one-bedroom apartment, and disclosed one of three living conditions (i.e., a shelter for battered women, a friend’s house, no disclosure), while asking if the apartment was still available. The apartment was 4.50 times less likely to be reported as available when the confederate called claiming to be staying at a shelter than when she did not disclose a living situation. The accent of the confederate had no main effect and there was no interaction between accent and current living condition. A separate sample of 41 landlords was surveyed and asked for general views on battered women, risks that deterred them from wanting to rent to battered women, and sources for the information on which these concerns were based. The results of the studies suggest that landlords feel justified in discriminating against battered women; however, they are aware that racial discrimination is illegal and thus avoid this behaviour. Factors that could potentially make landlords more comfortable about renting to battered women are discussed.

The Role of Physical and Occupational Therapies in Fall Prevention and Management in the Home Setting

Mrs. Smith, a 90-year-old woman living in New York City alone in a one-bedroom apartment, was referred for physical and occupational therapy by her primary care physician after she fell in her bathtub 10 months prior. The episode made the daily newspapers, as this particular fall resulted in Mrs. Smith being impaled by the bathtub faucet in her torso. The faucet had to be detached from the wall and remained lodged in her until she was delivered to the hospital, where it was surgically removed. The injury nearly killed Mrs. Smith. After returning to her home following months in the hospital and an inpatient rehabilitation setting and then receiving temporary Medicare-funded home health aides, Mrs. Smith was once again alone. She was receiving only 2 hours of daily private aide care. Physical and occupational therapists visited Mrs. Smith's home five or six times a week under Medicare Part B. Interventions consisted of strengthening Mrs. Smith's upper and lower extremities and her trunk muscles and increasing her balance. Mrs. Smith was also trained with adaptive equipment, and a tub transfer bench was added to her bathroom. Mrs. Smith had sworn that she would never enter her bathtub again, terrified of a repeat fall. Months of practicing and training with the physical and occupational therapist for the purpose of entering and exiting the tub, increasing her strength and balance, and utilizing the tub transfer bench allowed Mrs. Smith to have a shower in her home after nearly a year without one. Tears of joy and satisfaction streamed down her cheeks, as she recognized that she had conquered her fears and now felt confident again to bathe independently; a stronger, safer, and more capable person. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, in its July 2007 measure for Medicare Part B fall risk screening, used the definition of Tinetti, Baker, Dutcher, Vincent, and Rozett (1997) to determine the criterion of a fall. The definition reads, A sudden, unintentional change in position causing an individual to land at a lower level, on an object, the floor, or the ground, other than as a consequence of sudden onset of paralysis, epileptic seizure, or overwhelming external force. The definition of a fall seems to vary according to institutions; however, a common element seems to be unintentionally coming to the ground, floor, or other lower level. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that $19.2 billion annually is spent on treating the elderly for the adverse effects of falls: $12 billion for hospitalization, $4 billion for emergency department visits, and $3 billion for outpatient care. Effective interventions assume that falls are not the result of random accidents but are the result of the presence of numerous risk factors and a compromised medical condition. Two-thirds of those who experience a fall will fall again within 6 months. Two-thirds of falls are preventable. At least one-third of all falls in the elderly involve environmental hazards in the home. Most falls do not result in serious injury. However, there is often a psychological impact. Twenty-five percent of community-dwelling people 75 years old or more unnecessarily restrict their activities because of fear of falling. All health care professionals working with the older population know and understand the implications of falls, and all have a common goal: to improve the quality of life of the older adult. The status of geriatric patients is so complicated for any one medical professional that improved results can be obtained only if the entire interdisciplinary team works together. It is too daunting a task for any one to accomplish alone. The interdisciplinary team must work to maximize the quality of care and the quality of life for patients and their family caregivers. The interdisciplinary team may include but is not limited to the primary care physician, specialist physicians, physician assistants, nurse-practitioners, nurses, social workers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, administrators, nutritionists, and direct care staff such as certified home health aides. …

From the War on Poverty to "the New Inequality": The Fight for a Living Wage

From the War on Poverty to "the New Inequality":The Fight for a Living Wage Nancy MacLean (bio) Welfare Warriors: The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States. By Premilla Nadasen. New York: Routledge, 2005. 310 pages. $90.00 (cloth). $24.95 (paper). Storming Caesar's Palace: How Black Mothers Fought Their Own War on Poverty. By Annelise Orleck. Boston: Beacon Press, 2005. 368 pages. $29.95 (cloth). Poor Workers' Unions: Rebuilding Labor from Below. By Vanessa Tait. Cambridge: South End Press, 2005. 258 pages. $40.00 (cloth). $20.00 (paper). "Where do we go from here," Martin Luther King Jr. asked fellow Americans forty years ago this year, "chaos or community?" In 1967 the country stood at a crossroads. The civil rights movement had stirred millions to want to right the nation's deepest wrongs, yet, already, the forces of reaction were massing to block change. Americans could "choose the path of materialism," King acknowledged, with its "inseparable twin" of violence, and opt for a "wasteland" at home and "arrogant . . . policing" abroad. Or they could choose community: they could build a sane society that embraced the flourishing of all as its noblest goal, in the recognition of our inescapable connections. To King, the right choice was obvious: "The curse of poverty has no justification in our age. It is socially as cruel and blind as the practice of cannibalism at the dawn of civilization." Surely the United States, the most affluent and technologically accomplished society in human history, could see that "the time has come for us to civilize ourselves by the total, direct, and immediate abolition of poverty."1 His call never received a fair hearing. The ongoing debacle in Vietnam, the assassination of King himself the following year, the mounting power of a political right that turned fear of change to political advantage, and the pervasive cynicism that such developments engendered all but extinguished the hope for reconciliation that King had held aloft. [End Page 219] In the forty years since America chose chaos over community, it has amassed the highest levels of inequality in the developed world. For the first time on record, a person working full-time at the minimum wage cannot pay market-rate rent on a one-bedroom apartment anywhere in the United States. At the time of this writing, that wage amounts to $10,700 a year and buys less than at any time since 1955. At the top end of the scissors economy, Wal-Mart's CEO earns more than $3,500 an hour, and Exxon-Mobil's a whopping $13,700. The midcentury trend toward greater equity in resources and well-being produced by union power and New Deal policies has been all but reversed. A growing chorus of activists and social scientists is warning that inequality on this scale threatens not only its obvious victims, but also every element of social justice for which generations of progressive Americans have fought, from public education, to racial fairness and gender equity, to workers' rights and children's nutrition—and democratic governance itself. It may even harm productivity, some economists say, as betrayed American employees discover the folk wisdom of their old Soviet counterparts: "they pretend to pay us, and we pretend to work." A consensus is growing among those paying attention that economic justice is the most urgent issue of our time.2 Three timely new books offer important knowledge for the challenge ahead, as they extend into a new era the exciting revisionist work in labor history, African American history, and women's history that has lifted out of the shadows the class dimension of the long struggles for equality.3 All three authors examine the welfare rights activism that prompted King to speak out about poverty, and two carry the story beyond the defeat of that movement into subsequent struggles for a fairer economy, among them the community development corporations, living wage campaigns, and service worker organizing of recent years. Taken together, these three fine studies point to the dramatic reconstitution of class politics in the United States over the last thirty years, as the civil rights movement and feminism emboldened people long denied any chance at the American...

What Is the Self? A Philosophy of Psychology. A. P. Craig

What Is the Self? A Philosophy of Psychology. A. P. Craig. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2005, 171 pp., $100.00. In October 2005, my wife and I moved from our 10-room home of 36 years, now an empty nest, to a one-bedroom apartment near the ocean and beach that we so love. My wife looked at the professional books that I had collected over the decades and asked, "Where do you think they might be going?" I began going through my library and realized that many books that were once valued no longer held any special meaning for me except as historical mementos. (In fact, cleaning out the whole 10 rooms, basement and garage included, provided a kind of life review for us that was both exhausting and illuminating. Discussions with others who have traveled the same route suggest that the intellectual and emotional experience of cleaning out a lifetime of materials seems worthy of its own topic in psychology.) In any event, I reduced my library to about 60 volumes composed of two overlapping categories of books. The first of these categories consisted of books written by valued colleagues and friends, many of them personally signed. The second consisted of those books that I now carry around within my own psyche and that form a significant part of my identity as a psychologist and human being. (I am sorry that many other books important to my personal outlook, such as C. W. Mills's The Power Elite, are not part of my collection because they were borrowed from libraries or colleagues and never purchased.) Perhaps the most influential of the books in the second category were purchased during my days as a student, and they include Isidor Chein's (1972) epic work of philosophy and psychology, The Science of Behavior and the Image of Man. Almost as influential, and the book that was the first to make me question the failures of clinical psychiatry and psychology as enterprises, was The Triumph of the Therapeutic: Uses of Faith After Freud, by Philip Reiff (1966). Of course, it was Thomas Szasz's The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct (1974) that forever transformed my identity as a clinical psychologist. Some other essential volumes now residing in a closet in my apartment are The Phenomenon of Life: Toward a Philosophical Biology, by Hans Jonas (2001); Karl R. Popper's (1966) monumental two-volume treatise, The Open Society and Its Enemies; Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meaning of Life, by Daniel Dennett (1995); The View From Nowhere, by Thomas Nagel (1986); Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity, by Stephen Toulmin (1990); and Mary Boyle's (2002) genuine scientific masterpiece, Schizophrenia: A Scientific Delusion? To this list of personally important books I now add the relatively short, densely argued, and beautifully written volume that is the focus of this review. I find A. P. Craig's ideas so compelling and logically drawn that if I had the power I would see to it that no one would be permitted to graduate with a degree in psychology or psychiatry without demonstrating genuine familiarity with this book. Craig's opus consists of an introduction and five generous and ambitious chapters in which she attempts (in my opinion, successfully) to define not only what she considers the proper subject matter of psychology but also the proper methodology with which to study it. Her introduction begins, "The studies presented here are about the self, which is a truly interesting way of being a biological organism in a social world" (p. 1). Throughout her book, Craig raises interesting questions about selves and their development, which she would like to see answered by a meaningful psychology. She writes, A never ending source of amazement for me is the easy credence given to beliefs with no basis in good strong supporting evidence, from what the "Stars foretell" to wild claims about men from Mars, and women from Venus, and including along the way all kinds of nonsense about human pin codes, auras, and the like! …

Jackie Robinson: My Journey of Appreciation

Approximately 120 years after the great Franz Schubert, composer of the imperishable "Unfinished" symphony, was born on a January 31st, Jackie Robinson, Brooklyn's immortal number 42, was born in 1919 in Cairo, Georgia. Quite a combo, or quinella—as they say. I was born just about 20 years after Robinson, in the Brooklyn to which he was to come, and galvanize, only a handful of years after that. Thus the recurring dream, its salient points teased from the jumbled reality that did happen. Would Freud have called this iterated nocturnal experience wish fulfillment? No matter, the dream persists; its facts did transpire. I'm a small boy, just about seven and a half. I'm holding the hand of, or rather my hand is being held by, Uncle Sol, my favorite uncle, my mother's youngest brother. He's in his early thirties and brimming with vigor, keen interest in a variety of things, and all sorts of vitality. He himself has no children yet, but he is holding my hand ever so gently. We are walking toward Ebbets Field, already in April1947 the hallowed grounds, the much-heralded home, of the Brooklyn Dodgers. It's a cellophane-crackling, fiercely bright, you're-glad-to-be-alive, early spring day. We climb the steep ramps that lead to the seats. Suddenly, through the large apertures visible from these ramps, through the stadium's steel girders, through its thrusts and struts and supports, there appears the green grass and brown base paths. It is the greenest, most vivid green I have ever seen, and the brown of the base paths is an enticing, mellow, rich chocolate, which seems soothingly inviting. The glaring white of the foul lines and of some of the uniforms in pregame batting practice (my uncle has to tell me why hitting, throwing, and running is already going on) adds to the brilliantly colored panorama. I, of course, could not have formed the phrase then, but—in the dream, as it was in reality—it is heart-stoppingly thrilling and extremely beautiful. Yes, now, but not then, almost in the way that an angelic-faced, surpassingly attractive woman is. [End Page 28] My uncle continues to hold my hand all the way to our seats. We are guided there by a spiffily uniformed usher to whom my uncle handed our tickets once we'd gotten off the ramps and emerged into the appropriate section of the seats running along the first base foul line. On the way to the ballpark, a short walk from the building in which my mom, dad, and I lived in a one-bedroom apartment, Sol had told me that the Dodgers, with whom I was soon to fall in love had a new player this season. (I had started getting a little interested in baseball at the tail end of the preceding, '46 season, when I began hearing about Pete Reiser, the great Dodger center fielder, crashing into walls and when my folks, who weren't normally intense about, or even much interested in, baseball would talk about the Dodgers race with the St. Louis Cardinals, in which the Cards ultimately, bested "our" Brooks, in a postseason playoff.) This rookie, as Sol referred to him (who, in fact, went on to win the first ever Rookie of the Year Award, of The Sporting News, at the conclusion of the '47 season, in which he would lead the Dodgers to the National League pennant in another very close fight with the Redbirds) was, as he was then called, the Negro, Jackie Robinson—or, Jack Roosevelt Robinson, as his mom, who soon became a single mother, had named him in honor of TR, Theodore Roosevelt, the early-twentieth-century president and standard bearer of that Republican Party which had, not much more than fifty years prior to Robinson's birth, been led by the Great Emancipator, Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln...

Catching Clams at Lake Isabella

A couple of weeks after our family came to the United States and settled in this town, Chung came to visit. A week before, there was Father Tue, who brought us a load of frozen meat wrapped in yellowed paper. Mother put it all in the fridge, and it took more than a week for us to discover that the load of precious food had gone a full year past its expiration date. Mother reluctantly put it all in the trash bin, still unable to forget the baskets of rotten fish that stank up our entire neighborhood in Saigon, near the state shop where people were always fighting each other. Buddha be a witness, she said. won't speak ill of him. He was kind enough to bring us the food. Naturally, I said nothing. In our family, it was always the women who worried about such things. Chung arrived without any packages of frozen meat, but he had a complete toolbox in the back of his gray pickup truck. He went around our one-bedroom apartment, empty of things but crowded with people, checking each electrical outlet, all the faucets in the bathroom, the gas oven, and the brand-new refrigerator, which my sister, who'd come to America years before, had bought for us. We all followed Chung and watched everything he did. One of us always had a quick and ready answer to his questions. Chung's first visit was enough to make my mother quite fond of him. What a terribly nice man! My wife turned a smile toward my unmarried sister, then said to my mother, The guy's married with two kids, Mother. My sister was irritated. Such a dark-skinned man. Who'd want him? Mother ended the discussion with a rather fine proverb: Indeed, it's soot sneering at charcoal! Chung and I quickly became friends. In my third week as a refugee, I got a humble job at a local restaurant. I would continue to find such humble jobs in the years following. On his days off, Chung called to invite me over, usually in the evenings. At his house, we sat at the dining table in the kitchen to drink beer and talk about our affairs and other people's. His wife never joined us on such occasions. She didn't speak Vietnamese. She replied to her husband's questions in the soft drawl of people from a southern state. She was an American woman half a head taller than Chung and quiet. She had a round, freckled face that seemed sadly peaceful, or peace-

Linkage House: A Case Study Highlighting the Challenges and Opportunities in Linking Housing and Programs for Older Adults

While it is a widely accepted goal that integration of housing and services optimizes successful in place, this has generally been difficult to achieve (American Association of Retired Persons, 1997). It is a complex endeavor due to a variety of factors, most notably separate housing and health and social service funding streams and administrative agencies. In this article Linkage House is used to illustrate the opportunities and challenges in developing enriched housing which promotes independence and successful aging in place. The rationale, need, model, goals, and guiding principles are described. The partnership approach used to develop Linkage House is also highlighted. Challenges in implementing our model, comprised of housing and services, are outlined. Many of the programmatic initiatives have been undertaken by the sponsors for the first time in a housing setting, requiring constant reevaluation and refinement. Further, our partnership approach, while enriching the programs, has made implementation more complicated and time consuming. Since one aim of Linkage House is replication of the model, information about program development and lessons learned is being shared in forums such as meetings, presentations and publications. Linkage House Linkage House is a 70-unit building for lower-income older persons funded by a capital grant under the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development section 202 program and HUD operating subsidies and rental assistance. The sponsors of Linkage House are The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York City and three community-based organizations-The Union Settlement Association, Greater Emmanuel Baptist Church, and the Community Association of the East Harlem Triangle. The name Linkage House reflects the shared vision of the sponsors: to link the residents with safe and affordable housing, to link residents to the community through a variety of programs, and to link the generations through intergenerational educational and recreational activities. The concept of Linkage House was driven by the philosophy that older people deserve to live in settings that promote a quality of life involving mutual exchange and support, opportunities for productive roles, and involvement in the life of the community and with people of all ages. Linkage House is designed to facilitate communal living and the formation of friendships and support networks, while maintaining residents' privacy. Based on a shared-housing model, it has been physically designed to promote helping networks by creating distinct clustered household living arrangements on each floor. Five one-bedroom apartments are grouped around each common area, intended to eliminate isolation and promote interaction and socialization among neighbors. Residents of Linkage House, through a series of meetings, have designated many of these rooms as theme rooms for functions such as games, sewing, and exercise. The two ground floor community rooms and library are for social, recreational, health education, intergenerational, and after-school programs. There are also two examination and consultation rooms on the ground floor for onsite medical programs. All of these common and program rooms are intended to promote group activities, social and health interventions, and programs that reach beyond the residence walls and link tenants with the larger community. There is also a garden in the back of the residence as well as a community garden across the street. Our model for Linkage House was designed to be flexible enough to meet the changing needs of residents as they grow older. Care coordination by a licensed onsite social worker provides residents with communitybased and in-home services as needed. Through this care coordination, on-site programs, and linkages with community health and social services, opportunities for in place are maximized. As described below, the initial cohort of residents who moved into Linkage House when it opened during the summer of 1997 had a higher level of social and medical needs than originally anticipated, so care coordination and program implementation were important from the outset. …