One-way Layout Research Articles

On Yu and Hoff’s confidence intervals for treatment means

Yu and Hoff constructed novel confidence intervals for the treatment means in a one-way layout. They assessed the expected lengths of these intervals using a semi-Bayesian analysis. We provide a revealing assessment of these expected lengths using a fully frequentist analysis.

MGIDI: a powerful tool to analyze plant multivariate data

BackgroundCommonly, several traits are assessed in agronomic experiments to better understand the factors under study. However, it is also common to see that even when several traits are available, researchers opt to follow the easiest way by applying univariate analyses and post-hoc tests for mean comparison for each trait, which arouses the hypothesis that the benefits of a multi-trait framework analysis may have not been fully exploited in this area.ResultsIn this paper, we extended the theoretical foundations of the multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) to analyze multivariate data either in simple experiments (e.g., one-way layout with few treatments and traits) or complex experiments (e.g., with a factorial treatment structure). We proposed an optional weighting process that makes the ranking of treatments that stands out in traits with higher weights more likely. Its application is illustrated using (1) simulated data and (2) real data from a strawberry experiment that aims to select better factor combinations (namely, cultivar, transplant origin, and substrate mixture) based on the desired performance of 22 phenological, productive, physiological, and qualitative traits. Our results show that most of the strawberry traits are influenced by the cultivar, transplant origin, cultivation substrates, as well as by the interaction between cultivar and transplant origin. The MGIDI ranked the Albion cultivar originated from Imported transplants and the Camarosa cultivar originated from National transplants as the better factor combinations. The substrates with burned rice husk as the main component (70%) showed satisfactory physical proprieties, providing higher water use efficiency. The strengths and weakness view provided by the MGIDI revealed that looking for an ideal treatment should direct the efforts on increasing fruit production of Albion transplants from Imported origin. On the other hand, this treatment has strengths related to productive precocity, total soluble solids, and flesh firmness.ConclusionsOverall, this study opens the door to the use of MGIDI beyond the plant breeding context, providing a unique, practical, robust, and easy-to-handle multi-trait-based framework to analyze multivariate data. There is an exciting possibility for this to open up new avenues of research, mainly because using the MGIDI in future studies will dramatically reduce the number of tables/figures needed, serving as a powerful tool to guide researchers toward better treatment recommendations.

Analysis of Erosion Minimization for a Slurry Pump Using Discrete Phase Model Simulations

A slurry pump is a device used to transport slurry, which is a mixture of solids and liquids. The slurry pump is subjected to physical erosion, generally resulting from erosion by friction between the solid and liquid particles. This study aimed to analyze the effects of process parameters on the erosion wear of a throat bush, which is the main component of a slurry pump. The erosion rate density (E) was analyzed based on the process parameters, that is, the slurry particle diameter, rotation speed of the impeller, and gap between the impeller and the throat bush. The discrete phase model (DPM) of the slurry pump was simulated using the process parameters. These parameters were optimized to minimize the erosion rate density. The optimization method using design of experiments (DOE) to derive a specific location with the greatest influence of the design variables through the one-way layout method and optimize the response value at that location is a method that efficiently analyzes a large number of cases. The optimization results confirmed that the erosion rate density was reduced in the optimization model compared with the earlier model.

Simultaneous confidence intervals for contrasts of quantiles.

Skewed distributions and inferences concerning quantiles are common in the health and social science researches. And most standard simultaneous inference procedures require the normality assumption. For example, few methods exist for comparing the medians of independent samples or quantiles of several distributions in general. To our knowledge, there is no easy-to-use method for constructing simultaneous confidence intervals for multiple contrasts of quantiles in a one-way layout. In this paper, we develop an asymptotic method for constructing such intervals both for differences and ratios of quantiles and extend the idea to that of right-censored time-to-event data in survival analysis. Small-sample performance of the proposed method and a bootstrap method were assessed in terms of coverage probabilities and average widths of the simultaneous confidence intervals. Good coverage probabilities were observed for most of the distributions considered in our simulations. The proposed methods have been implemented in an R package and are used to analyze two motivatingdatasets.

지체장애인의 스포츠 가상현실(VR)체험 전·후 스포츠 태도와 관여도에 대한 차이분석

This study was conducted to empirically identify differences in sports attitude and involvement due to participation in sports virtual reality. Thus, 31 persons with disabilities (scale) were selected as the population, and the data processing methods were used for frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, response sample t-test, and one-way layout analysis using SPS 21.0, and based on the results, the following conclusions were drawn. First, it was shown that there was no statistically significant difference in sports attitudes and involvement by gender of the physically handicapped. Second, sports attitudes and involvement by age of the physically handicapped were shown to be statistically different by age. Third, the sports virtual reality (VR) experience showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the sports attitude of people with disabilities. Fourth, the sports virtual reality (VR) experience showed a statistically significant difference in the degree of involvement of people with disabilities. The results of this study suggest that the positive sports interest, experience and participation of people with disabilities due to sports virtual reality is possible, and it is believed that sports virtual reality will present a new paradigm of IT sports at this point when non-face-to-face and individual sports are activated.

Optimal and Efficient Designs for Comparing a Set of Test Treatments with a Set of Controls in a Heteroscedastic One-Way Layout with Covariates

In the present article, we consider a heteroscedastic one-way layout model incorporating a set of controllable covariates. With the focus on the joint estimation of the elementary contrasts of a set of test treatments with a set of controls and the effects of covariates, we identify sufficient conditions for the existence of an A-optimal design. When these sufficient conditions are not satisfied, we propose highly A-efficient designs. The methods of construction of A-optimal and highly A-efficient designs are discussed. For different values of the parameters of the design, A-efficiency of the proposed designs is tabulated and relevant plots are presented for a comparative study.

A note on the limitations of the CAT procedure with application to mixed-effects models

In the recent past, the CAT procedure introduced by Pal, Lim, and Ling has been successfully applied to obtain improved testing procedures in numerous applications. Having seen such results, practitioners may resort to the CAT procedure in all testing problems, assuming that improvement is assured in all applications. To avoid such myths, in this article, we present an important class of applications, where the CAT test performs poorly, and then discuss the type of applications where CAT procedure could be accepted or avoided. However, this does not mean that it is not possible to develop improved tests by taking the CAT approach, as we show in this article by employing the LRT statistic instead of ML/REML-based CAT tests, as authors of the original CAT article also now advocate. In fact, in terms of the Type I error, LRT-based CAT test performed well among tests we studied, except when k, the number of groups in one-way layout is small, in which case the generalized p-value-based tests can be employed. We believe this note will encourage further research to take full benefits of the CAT approach, in such problems as higher way ANOVA and mixed-effects regression models, for which generalized tests are currently available.

Comparisons of Electromyography and Discomfort According to Height of Key Board With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury

This research investigated the difference in both discomfort and muscle activity in the musculoskeletal system for wrist depending on the height of the keyboard for patients suffering from cervical spinal cord damage and healthy adults. The research recruited 62 patients with Cerebral Infraction and assessed their cognitive and balance function. Fifteen people comprised of six cervical spinal cord injury patients (C6) and nine healthy people participated in the research. In the comparison of the electromyogram compared to the height of the keyboard, the research compared the electromyograms of the wrist extensor muscle per three conditions (elbow at 5cm below the head, elbow at head height, and elbow at 5cm overhead). For the statistical method, the research adopted one-way layout variance analysis by descriptive analysis, within-group and Freedman comparison, and non-parametric test. As a result, the muscle activity depending on the height of the keyboard did not show any significant difference (p>.05) in all three conditions for both damaged and healthy groups. The discomfort depending on the height showed significant differences depending on three heights for both damaged and healthy groups; the damaged group reported the least discomfort when the elbow was 5cm below the head, and the healthy group reported the least discomfort when the keyboard was 5cm over the head. The research confirmed that there is are differences in both wrist muscle activity and discomfort for patients with damaged cervical spinal cord and healthy adults.

차전문점 잠재고객의 실내이미지 선호에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to find out the interior image preference the characteristic of subjects and to provide it as basic data for the interior design plan of a tea-house. This deta were collected through a survey and the respondents included 237 males and females. The contents of the survey consisted of the socio-demographic characteristics, the tea drinking behavior, the tea drinking space, the usage motivation, and the preferred interior. The analysis performed included one-way layout, factor analysis, t-test, scheffe test through SPSS program. The most important factors influencing the interior design preference are the color scheme. And there was a slight difference in the interior image preference according to the usage motivation level. As a result of the analysis, the respondents perceived the interior of the tea-house as five factors which is elegant, delicate, natural, graceful and simple. There was no statistical significance in the interior preference within different respondents. As the survey is limited in Ulsan area and as the interior image is only answered through the adjective form vocabulary, some limitations exist. It is necessary to do further research on matching the preferred adjective form image of the potential customer to the components of the actual space. Advancing on that, the preference of interior images of tea-house and more specific interior design guidelines should be investigated and researched.

Optimal and efficient treatment control design in the heteroscedastic one-way layout with covariates

ABSTRACTIn this article, we take up the experimental situation of a heteroscedastic one-way layout model in the presence of a set of controllable covariates. For the joint estimation of the elementary contrasts of a set of test treatments with a control and the effects of covariates, sufficient conditions for the existence of an A-optimal design are identified. When these sufficient conditions are not met, we propose highly A-efficient designs. The methods of construction of A-optimal and highly A-efficient designs are discussed. For different values of the parameters of the design, A-efficiency of the proposed designs are tabulated for a comparative study.

The null and non-null limiting distributions of the modified multisample Cucconi test

ABSTRACTVarious test statistics have been proposed to address the two-sample location-scale problem. A nonparametric one-way layout analysis of variance plays an important role in biometry. We consider a multisample nonparametric statistic for the location-scale problem. The multisample Cucconi test is suitable for the shifted location-scale parameter. However, the limiting distribution of the multisample Cucconi test has not been derived prior to this publication. The null and non-null limiting distribution of the modified multisample Cucconi test is derived. Simulation studies are used to investigate the convergence of the multisample Cucconi test to the limiting distribution under various scenarios.

Diagonal and unscaled Wald-type tests in general factorial designs

In this paper, the asymptotic and permutation testing procedures are developed in general factorial designs without assuming homoscedasticity or a particular error distribution. The one-way layout, crossed and hierarchically nested designs are contained in our general framework. New test statistics are modifications of Wald-type statistic, where a weight matrix is a certain diagonal matrix. Asymptotic properties of the new solutions are also investigated. In particular, the consistency of the tests under fixed alternatives or asymptotic validity of the permutation procedures are proved in many cases. Simulation studies show that, in the case of small sample sizes, some of the proposed methods perform comparably to or even better in certain situations than the Wald-type permutation test of Pauly et al. (2015). Illustrative real data examples of the use of the tests in practice are also given.

일원배치법에서 결합위치를 이용한 비모수 검정법

Kruskal and Wallis (1952) proposed a nonparametric method to test the differences between more than three independent treatments. This procedure uses rank in mixed sample combined with more than three unlike populations. This paper proposes a the new procedure based on joint placements for a one-way layout as extension of the joint placements described in Chung and Kim (2007). A Monte Carlo simulation study is adapted to compare the power of the proposed method with previous methods.

All-pairs multiple comparisons based on the Cucconi test

One-way design nonparametric multiple comparison problems are among the most important topics in nonparametric statistics. Various nonparametric tests have been proposed and considered for a multiple comparison problems by many authors over the years. The analysis of one-way design multiple comparisons are important in biometry. Nonparametric all-pairs multiple comparisons based on pairwise rankings are considered in the one-way layout. The pairwise ranking test based on the Cucconi test for the one-way layout multiple comparison of the location-scale problem is proposed. Simulations are used to investigate the power of the proposed test for jointly location and scale alternatives with various population distributions for small sample sizes. The suggested method is illustrated by the analysis of real data.

일원배치법에서 Umbrella Alternatives에 대한 위치를 이용한 비모수 검정법

The treatment effect in clinical tests depending on dose of the drug; however, it can show a decreasing trend in fixed dose level due to side effects. The trend is known as an umbrella pattern; in addition, the method for the umbrella alternative is quite useful when the tendency is predicted in advance. In this paper, we propose a nonparametric method of umbrella alternatives for a one-way layout by using linear placement described in Orban and Wolfe (1982). The Monte Carlo simulation is adapted to compare the power of proposed procedure with previous methods.

방한용 화섬솜의 섬도 측정방법의 표준화에 관한 연구

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to enhance the reliability of quality inspection by standardize the fineness test method of the thermal insulator of military textiles Methods: We have measured the thermal insulator of military textiles by microscope with three different ways and the effectiveness of their difference were analyzed by one-way layout design. Results: We have suggest the standardized the fineness test method of the thermal insulator of military textiles through advanced research. As a result we have verified hollow ratio of heat insulating fiber affect fineness test methods. The fineness test method for the thermal insulator applied with different methods following hollow ratio. We have verified that when the hollow ratio over 90%, the fineness of the thermal insulator measured from fiber-length, if it has over 80%, the cross-section length of hollow and if it has less 80%, the cross-section area of hollow is applied, respectively. Conclusion: This study indicated that the test method of fineness shows high reliability. Heat insulating fibers which have high evenness shows narrow variations(5/% or less, only CV 25%) irrespectively under different testing equipment or institute. Based ons the results, we have suggest the standardization of test methods for fineness by microscope method and produced the registration of Group Standard in Korean Standards Association. Key words: Thermal Insulator

Simultaneous quantification of salivary 3-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate, and 2-hydroxybutyrate as possible markers of amino acid and fatty acid catabolic pathways by LC-ESI-MS/MS.

We have developed a highly sensitive and specific method for quantification of salivary 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (3HIB), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate (3HMB) and 2-hydroxybutyrate (2HB), which could be new non-invasive biomarkers for catabolic pathways of fatty acids/ketogenic amino acids, valine, leucine, and methionine/threonine/α-ketobutyrate, respectively. The four hydroxybutyrates (3HB, 3HIB, 3HMB, and 2HB) were extracted from 5 µl of saliva, converted to 2-pyridylmethyl (2PM) ester derivatives, and measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in positive electrospray ionization mode. [13C4]3HB was used as an internal standard. The detection limits for the 2PM esters were <1 pg (7.9–9.6 fmol) on-column (signal-to-noise ratio = 3). Reproducibilities and recoveries of the hydroxybutyrates were validated according to one-way layout and polynomial equation, respectively. The variances between sample preparations and between measurements were calculated to be 0.45–5.28 and 0.54–3.45 %, respectively. Experiments performed using 5 µl of saliva spiked with 3.8–154.4 pmol of the four hydroxybutyrates gave recoveries of 98.5 to 108.8 %, with a mean recovery of 104.1 %. In vitro experiments in hepatocytes or skeletal muscle cells showed that addition of palmitic acid, valine, leucine or α-ketobutyrate to culture medium markedly increased the targeted hydroxybutyrate concentrations. The salivary concentration of each targeted hydroxybutyrate was positively correlated with that in serum, and the salivary levels were elevated in patients with liver cirrhosis, which is characterized by upregulated catabolism of lipids and amino acids. The proposed method is useful for quantification of salivary 3HB, 3HIB, 3HMB, and 2HB for monitoring of catabolic activities of amino acids and fatty acids.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1304-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effects of different roughage sources and feeding levels on adipogenesis of ovine adipocytes.

The objective of the present study was to conduct an adipogenic evaluation of different roughage sources and feeding levels during ruminant adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Six wether sheep were divided into a timothy hay feeding group (TFG, n = 3) and an Italian ryegrass straw feeding group (IFG, n = 3). The sheep were fed high-roughage (HR), medium roughage (MR) and low-roughage (LR) diets in a one-way layout design each over a 6-day period. Sheep serum samples collected on the last day of each dietary treatment were added to an adipogenic induction medium for differentiation of preadipocytes derived from sheep subcutaneous adipose tissue. The cytoplasmic lipid accumulations in the TFG serum-treated preadipocytes were significantly higher than those of the IFG-serum treated preadipocytes on day 12. Messenger RNA expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)-α, C/EBP-β, C/EBP-δ, fatty-acid-binding protein (aP2) and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) were regulated by each serum treatment. This study shows that different roughage source diets and roughage-to-concentrate ratio diets can regulate adipocyte differentiation via ruminant blood composition.

Parametric and nonparametric bootstrap methods for general MANOVA

We develop parametric and nonparametric bootstrap methods for multi-factor multivariate data, without assuming normality, and allowing for covariance matrices that are heterogeneous between groups. The newly proposed, general procedure includes several situations as special cases, such as the multivariate Behrens–Fisher problem, the multivariate one-way layout, as well as crossed and hierarchically nested two-way layouts. We derive the asymptotic distribution of the bootstrap tests for general factorial designs and evaluate their performance in an extensive comparative simulation study. For moderate sample sizes, the bootstrap approach provides an improvement to existing methods in particular for situations with nonnormal data and heterogeneous covariance matrices in unbalanced designs. For balanced designs, less computationally intensive alternatives based on approximate sampling distributions of multivariate tests can be recommended.

Nparcomp: AnRSoftware Package for Nonparametric Multiple Comparisons and Simultaneous Confidence Intervals

One-way layouts, i.e., a single factor with several levels and multiple observations at each level, frequently arise in various fields. Usually not only a global hypothesis is of interest but also multiple comparisons between the different treatment levels. In most practical situations, the distribution of observed data is unknown and there may exist a number of atypical measurements and outliers. Hence, use of parametric and semiparametric procedures that impose restrictive distributional assumptions on observed samples becomes questionable. This, in turn, emphasizes the demand on statistical procedures that enable us to accurately and reliably analyze one-way layouts with minimal conditions on available data. Nonparametric methods offer such a possibility and thus become of particular practical importance. In this article, we introduce a new R package nparcomp which provides an easy and user-friendly access to rank-based methods for the analysis of unbalanced one-way layouts. It provides procedures performing multiple comparisons and computing simultaneous confidence intervals for the estimated effects which can be easily visualized. The special case of two samples, the nonparametric Behrens-Fisher problem, is included. We illustrate the implemented procedures by examples from biology and medicine.