One-way Analysis Of Variance ANOVA Research Articles

Managing reputation on TripAdvisor – a case study of Cracow’s hotel market

The aim of the study described in this article was to establish if there are any patterns in the way different Cracow hotels manage their online reputation by responding to online user reviews. Reputation was analysed by means of quantitative variables representing some dimensions of reputation. Characteristics of selected hotels were investigated to show how they influence the way in which hotels respond to online reviews posted by hotel guests. 1327 replies to over 4000 reviews were collected by a web scraping tool called ParseHub. The significance of differences among group means in a sample was checked by one-way ANOVA analysis of variance and HSD Tukey test. It was found that three independent variables - having a social media profile, being part of a hotel chain and the TripAdvisor user rating - were factors that significantly differentiated hotels’ response to online reviews. Some differences to findings of previous studies were also identified, primarily in terms of the effect of star ratings and the number of rooms. It was concluded that Cracow’s hotels are better at managing their online reputation than hotels operating in other local markets and that visibility was the dimension of reputation that received the most attention.

Cohabitation Among University Students in Oyo State, South West Nigeria; Causes and Consequences: Implications for Counselling

The investigator embarked on the research to find out the causes and consequences of cohabitation among university students in Oyo State, South-West Nigeria. In order to carry out the investigation, the researcher formulated two research questions and one hypothesis to guide the investigation. The researcher constructed an instrument known as “Cohabitation Among University Students, Causes and Consequences Questionnaire” (CAUSCCQ) to collect information from the respondents. The investigator carried out a reliability test of the instrument using the test re-test method. A reliability coefficient of 0.85 was obtained showing that the instrument was reliable to carry out the research. The items of the instrument had face and content validity as well as language appropriateness. The researcher used 3 research assistants to administer 271 copies of the instrument on the respondents. The research assistants retrieved 245 copies of the questionnaire. The researcher scored, collated and made use of the mean and standard deviation to answer the two research questions while one-way Analysis Of Variance ANOVA was used to test the hypothesis. The investigation revealed in Table 1 that some students cohabit because of high on-campus accommodation fee, with mean score of 2.79, some others cohabit due to financial difficulties in order to save on rent, food and other expenses and also as a result of their freedom from parental control and supervision. The research found out in Table 2 that one of the consequences of cohabitation is unwanted pregnancy with mean score of 3.52. The investigation also revealed in Table 2 that unwanted pregnancy may result into abortion with mean score of 3.49. Finally, the research found out that there is no significant difference among Federal, State and Private university student cohabiters in their assessment of the consequences of cohabitation. It is therefore recommended that Federal, State and Private owners of universities should put up adequate number of halls of residence for students.

Hemşirelerin Hasta Güvenliği Tutumlarına İlişkin Algılarının Değerlendirilmesi

Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the perceptions of nurses about patient safety attitude and reveal whether the various socio-demographic features of nurses have an effect on the perception of patient safety attitude or not. Methods: The population of the study includes nurses who are working in a public hospital in Burdur. The sample was not selected in the study, tried to reach the whole universe and a total of 153 usable responses were obtained. Descriptive statistics, reliability analyzes, correlation analysis, t-test in two independent groups, and one-way analysis of variance ANOVA were used in the analysis of the data.Results: In the study, it was determined that the participants gave the highest average score to the perception of management and safety climate sub-dimensions, gave the lowest average score to the stress recognition. The study findings showed that the scores of job satisfaction and stress recognition dimensions of nurses were statistically and significantly different in terms of their ages. In addition; job satisfaction, teamwork, safety climate and perception of management sub-dimensions were also found to be significantly different in terms of gender. Conclusion: As a result of this study, it was determined that nurses’ attitudes towards patient safety were in the medium level and some socio-demographic characteristics were different in sub-dimensions

Лояльность к бренду и экономический национализм российских потребителей

Objectives. The study of the relationship between economic nationalism and loyalty to foreign and domestic brands among Russian consumers. Background. Due to the peculiarities of the political and economic situation in the world, the problem of maintaining the national economy and domestic producer has become more acute in many countries. This problem is especially relevant for Russia, which is under sanctions. It was found In a number of foreign studies, that one of the factors of consumer loyalty is economic nationalism, however, the influence of this factor on the behavior of Russian consumers remains unexplored. Study design. The significance level of the differences between loyalty to the domestic and foreign brands was analyzed using the one-way ANOVA analysis of variance. The relationship between economic nationalism and brand loyalty was established using Spearman nonparametric correlation coefficient. Participants. 96 respondents aged 18 to 45 years (M = 22.51; SD = 4.63), 110 men and 86 women. Measurements. To assess the economic nationalism, the CENTSCALE (Consumer Economic Nationalistic Tendencies Scale) methodology of Cheah and Phau was translated in Russian and adapted. To measure brand loyalty, the author’s technique was used. Results. The main hypothesis was not confirmed: there were no significant correlations between economic nationalism and brand loyalty, while a higher loyalty of Russians to foreign brands than to domestic ones was found. Conclusions. Russian consumers have a significantly higher loyalty to foreign brands than domestic ones, while the correlation between economic nationalism and the level of brand loyalty among Russian consumers has not been revealed.

PERCEIVED STRESS, SPORT MOTIVATION, TRAIT ANGER AND ANGER EXPRESSION IN WOMEN FOOTBALL PLAYERS

The aim of this study is to investigate the perceived stress, sport motivation, trait anger and anger expression in women football players. A total of 38 women footballers participated in the study, 19 in the first league and 19 in the second league. Personal Information Form, Perceived Stress Scale, Sports Motivation Scale and Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scale were used to collect the data. IBM SPSS 21 software was used to evaluate the data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov was used for normality, Levene test was used for variance, statistical significance level was determined as p<0.05, One-way analysis of variance ANOVA and post-hoc Scheffe test was applied. According to the league variable, it was found that there was a statistical difference in the subscales of perceived insufficient self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amotivation, trait anger, anger out, and anger control (p<0.05). When the mean scores according to the age variable were examined, a statistically significant difference was observed in the identification subdimension (p<0.05). When the mean scores of the people who live together are examined, there is a statistically significant difference in the intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation subscales (p<0.05). When the score averages are examined according to the sports experience year variable, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the subscales of amotivation and anger control (p<0.05). In the study, only one training effect is examined. The stress levels, motivation and anger levels of women footballers should be checked at the beginning of the league, between the circuit and the beginning of the second half. Similar studies can be done with female athletes from different leagues or branches.

Effect of eco-friendly chemical sodium bicarbonate treatment on the mechanical properties of flax fibres: Weibull statistics

In this work, a chemical treatment with different concentrations of NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) of 5%, 10% and 20% on the surface of the flax fibre for a period of 120 h at room temperature is achieved. The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of different treatment processes on flax fibres, which is to say on its mechanical properties such as strength and strain at fracture and Young’s modulus. An important campaign of the test of more than 480 tests is carried out. Due to the variability of plant fibres, more than 120 samples were tested for each group at a gauge length (GL = 20 mm). The tensile mechanical property values of the flax fibres present a large dispersion of results; this is typical for natural fibres, hence the need for a statistical study. This dispersion has been studied and carried out by means and statistical tools such as the distribution of Weibull at two and three parameters by applying a prediction model to a confidence level at 95% CI and one-way ANOVA analysis of variance.

Application and Evaluation of Performance Quality of Hose-Reel Irrigation Machine

Abstract Considering the global tendency in water saving, this research is focused on practical measurements of even distribution of water. The performance quality is determined by values of coefficients of distribution uniformity and non-uniformity given in percentages. Objects of investigation were belt irrigators with varying input conditions (seven pieces). Testing of hose-reel irrigators took place in Southern and Western Slovakia. Tests were carried out during irrigation of selected agricultural crops (potatoes, vegetables); in these areas, rainwater vessels were distributed at a spacing of 1 or 2 m, perpendicular to the direction of movement of the bracket or tripod with a gun sprinkler. The input conditions, such as machine specifications and weather conditions, were monitored and evaluated for all variants. The data were also analysed along with the linear model through statistical analysis software – one-way analysis of variance ANOVA. Considering the results, it is possible to conclude that there were recorded statistically significant differences for uniformity coefficients, depending not only on the site but also on the specific evaluation methodology (P &gt; 0.05). If the input conditions (site, type of irrigator, sprinkler) were changed, the effect of dependence was demonstrated to a much greater extent (P &lt;0.05, F = 7.08&gt; Fcrit ). The results of the non-uniformity coefficients confirmed the statistically significant differences not only in the sample sets of coefficients but also in the selection sets of conditions.

Os impactos de festivais versus a participação do residente:

A promoção de festivais tem sido amplamente utilizada por destinos com o objetivo de valorizar a cultura local e ainda ampliar o fluxo de turistas na localidade. Todavia, vale ressaltar que a prática de festivais tende a gerar impactos na comunidade receptora. Desta forma, torna-se fundamental a realização de diferentes estudos buscando avaliar como os residentes percebem os impactos promovidos pelo festival em sua localidade. Nesta perspectiva, o presente resumo tem como objetivo identificar se a frequência de participação na Oktoberfest de Santa Cruz do Sul influencia de maneira estatisticamente significativa na percepção dos residentes sobre os impactos econômicos, sociais, culturais e ambientais promovidos pelo festival no destino. A pesquisa teve uma abordagem quantitativa e sua amostra foi constituída por 520 residentes de Santa Cruz do Sul que frequentam a Oktoberfest ao menos uma vez por edição. Para análise dos resultados foi empregada a técnica de análise de variância do tipo One-Way ANOVA. Os resultados demonstraram que a frequência de participação na Oktoberfest é capaz de influenciar a percepção dos residentes sobre todos os impactos do festival. A população que frequenta a Oktoberfest uma ou duas vezes por ano tende a perceber menos os impactos positivos promovidos pelo festival e mais os ligados aos aspectos negativos, já, os residentes que visitam quatro vezes por ano ou mais demonstraram perceber que a Oktoberfest promove impactos culturais positivos em Santa Cruz do Sul.

Increased Insular Connectivity and Enhanced Empathic Ability Associated with Dance/Music Training.

Dance and music are expressive art forms. Previous behavioural studies have reported that dancers/musicians show a better sensorimotor ability and emotional representation of others. However, the neural mechanism behind this phenomenon is not completely understood. Recently, intensive researches have identified that the insula is highly enrolled in the empathic process. Thus, to expand the knowledge of insular function associated with empathy under the dance/music training background, we mapped the insular network and its associated brain regions in 21 dancers, 20 musicians, and 24 healthy controls using resting-state functional connectivity (FC) analysis. Whole brain voxel-based analysis was performed using seeds from the posterior insula (PI), the ventral anterior insula (vAI), and the dorsal anterior insula (dAI). The training effects of dance and music on insular subnetworks were then evaluated using one-way analysis of variance ANOVA. Increased insular FC with those seeds was found in dancers/musicians, including PI and anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), vAI and middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and middle cingulated cortex (MCC), and dAI and ACC and MTG. In addition, significant associations were found between discrepant insular FC patterns and empathy scores in dancers and musicians. These results indicated that dance/music training might enhance insular subnetwork function, which would facilitate integration of intero/exteroceptive information and result in better affective sensitivity. Those changes might finally facilitate the subjects' empathic ability.

Eating behaviors, attitudes toward health and eating, and symptoms of orthorexia nervosa among students

The adoption of a balanced diet positively affects the state of human health; however, excessive focus on proper eating may lead to obsession about foods, described as orthorexia nervosa (ON). The aim of the study was to assess eating behaviors and concerns regarding health and eating among students with symptoms of ON. The participants were 1120 college students from seven universities in Poland enrolled in health-related majors (n = 547) and other majors (n = 573). The students completed the ORTO-15 test, Health Concern Scale (HCS) and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ-6). Afterwards, eight dietary patterns were derived based on principal component analysis (PCA) (‘Sweets & snacks’, ‘Legumes & nuts’, ‘Fruits & vegetables’, ‘Refined bread & animal fats’, ‘Dairy products & eggs’, ‘Fish’, ‘Meat’, ‘Fruit & vegetable juices’). Pearson's correlation, chi-square test, Student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance ANOVA were used for further analyses. The mean ORTO-15 score was 36.6 ± 4.2. Students of health-related majors were characterized by significantly lower ORTO-15 scores than students of majors not related to health (p < 0.001). The symptoms of ON were not determined by gender and BMI. The higher symptoms of ON were associated with more frequent consumption of vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes and meat, and less frequent consumption of sweets, snacks, refined bread and animal fats. Students with an ‘ON score <35’ were characterized by lower eating concerns than students with an ‘ON score between 35 and 39’ (p = 0.044). There was no significant association between symptoms of ON and health concerns. Nevertheless, in order to confirm this result, research should be continued with the use of other scales measuring health attitudes and symptoms of ON.

Effect of different restoration techniques and cavity designs on cuspal deflection of posterior teeth restored with resin composite inlays

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different restoration techniques (immediate dentin sealing (IDS) restoration techniques) and cavity designs on the cuspal deflection of posterior teeth that were restored with resin composite inlays. MethodsSixty caries-free extracted maxillary premolars were selected and equally divided into two experimental groups. Group D1: MOD cavities were prepared. Group D2: MOD cavity with gingival steps. Each group was subdivided to three subgroups (n = 10) and restored as follows: inlay without IDS; inlay with IDS and adhesive system; inlay with IDS and adhesive system and low-viscosity resin. Cuspal deflection was measured with a micrometer. One-Way Analysis of Variance ANOVA was used to analyze the results. ResultsCavity design D1 showed the lowest cuspal deflection compared to cavity design D2. In group D1; Inaly without IDS showed the highest significant cuspal deflection (9.85 μm) followed by Inaly + IDS + Low viscosity resin (7.16 μm). The lowest value was obtained for Inaly + IDS group (4.76 μm) with significant difference between all tested restoration techniques. In group D2; Inaly without IDS showed the highest significant cuspal deflection (14.7 μm) followed by Inaly + IDS + Low viscosity resin (11.69 μm). The lowest value was obtained for Inaly + IDS (9.59 μm) with a significant difference between all tested restoration techniques. ConclusionIDS and Protect Liner F allowed less cuspal deflection comparable with traditional technique. However, IDS restoration techniques did not decrease the cuspal deflection in case of more extensive loss of dental structure in the premolar teeth.

Cardiac damage after experimental blunt chest trauma and multiple trauma with hemorrhagic shock

Abstract INTRODUCTION Heart injury represents an independent predictor for a poor outcome after trauma. However, molecular mechanisms of depressed cardiac function after trauma remains elusive. METHODS Multiple trauma (PTHS) included a blast-wave induced blunt chest trauma, traumatic brain injury and closed femoral fracture as well as pressure controlled hemorrhagic shock. In vitro studies were performed using human cardiomyocytes (Cellular Dynamics). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA analysis of variance followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. RESULTS 4h after PTHS in mice plasma concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as MCP-1 and chemokine KC were significantly increased in comparison to sham treated animals. Plasma concentration of cardiac troponin levels were significantly increased early after experimental PTHS. HMGB1 staining provided significant increase in left ventricular tissue after PTHS. Distribution of the gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) was was disintegrated in histological sections. In presence of TNF reactive oxygen species were significantly increased in human cardiomyocytes, indicating a redox imbalance indicative of an oxidative state. Furthermore, presence of TNF in cultured human cardiomyocytes was associated with increased expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome and increased concentration of troponin in supernatant, which is specific marker for cardiac cell damage. DISCUSSION The cellular and subcellular events demonstrated in this report may explain molecular mechanisms associated with cardiac dysfunction after trauma. Better understanding of cardiac damage and molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction after trauma will improve patient care in future.

Allelopathic Potentials of Artrmisia monosperma and Thymus vulgaris on Growth and Physio-Biochemical Characteristics of Pea Seedlings.

Several medicinal plants are reported as having allelochemicals potentials and favorable results have been obtained in this regard. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of leaf aqueous extract of two medicinal plants, Artrmisia monosperma and Thymus vulgaris on growth criteria, physio-biochemical attributes and antioxidant enzyme activities of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings. Germination of pea was performed in Petri dishes under different concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%) of leaf aqueous extracts of the two medicinal plants collected from natural habitats in Saudi Arabia. At the end of experiment (10 days), the growth and physio-biochemical characteristics of pea seedlings were measured. The data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA analysis of variance using SPSS program. Leaf aqueous extracts of A. monosperma and T. vulgaris reduced germination capability, shoot and root length, total free amino acids and proline content. Contrariwise, there was an increase in carbohydrates, proteins, K+, Ca2+ and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Lipid peroxidation and H2O2 contents were significantly enhanced with increasing concentrations of both extracts. The highest inhibitory or stimulatory effects of leaf aqueous extract were observed at concentrations 8 and 10%. T. vulgaris was more effective than A. monosperma. This investigation indicated that the two medicinal plants had allelopathic compounds with strong potential, which may play important role in weed control and used as an alternative of chemical compounds. The aqueous extract of T. vulgaris has allelopathic potential more than A. monosperma and could be evaluated as an allelopathic species.

Gene expression and morphological changes in the intestinal mucosa associated with increased permeability induced by short-term fasting in chickens.

Short-term fasting for 4.5 and 9hr has been demonstrated to increase intestinal permeability (IP) in chickens. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 0, 4.5, 9 and 19.5hr fasting on intestinal gene expression and villus-crypt architecture of enterocytes in jejunal and ileal samples. On day 38, Ross-308 male birds were fasted according to their group and then euthanised. Two separate intestinal sections (each 2cm long, jejunum and ileum) were collected. One section was utilised for villus height and crypt depth measurements. The second section was snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of tight junction proteins (TJP) including claudin-1, claudin-3, occludin, zonula occludens (ZO-1, ZO-2), junctional adhesion molecules (JAM) and E-cadherin. Additionally genes involved in enterocyte protection including glucagon-like peptide (GLP-2), heat-shock protein (HSP-70), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), toll-like receptors (TLR-4), mucin (MUC-2), cluster differentiation (CD-36) and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP-6) were also analysed. Normally distributed data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance ANOVA. Other data were analysed by non-parametric one-way ANOVA. Villus height and crypt depth were increased (p<.05) only in the ileum after fasting for 4.5 and 9hr compared with non-fasting group. mRNA expression of claudin-3 was significantly reduced in the ileum of birds fasted for 9 and 19.5hr, suggesting a role in IP modulation. However, all other TJP genes examined were not statistically different from control. Nevertheless, ileal FABP-6 of all fasted groups was significantly reduced, which could possibly be due to reduced bile acid production during fasting.

Effect of Different Preparation Designs on the Fracture Load of Two Machinable Laminate Veneers

Aim: The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of different preparation designs [window, butt- Joint, and incisal overlap], on the fracture load of two CAD / CAM laminate veneer materials [Zirconia CAD / CAM and resinnanoceramic ; lava ultimate].Materials and Methods: Thirty maxillary anterior teeth were restored with ceramic laminate veneers and divided into 6 groups as follows: group I-A (laminates made of Ultra translucent zirconia CAD with window preparation design), group I-B (laminates made of Ultra translucent zirconia CAD with butt-joint preparation design), group I-C (laminates made of Ultra translucent zirconia CAD with incisal overlap preparation design), group II-A (laminates made of Lava ultimate (Resin nano ceramic) CAD with window preparation design), group II-B (laminates made of Lava ultimate CAD with butt-joint preparation design), group II-C (laminates made of Lava ultimate CAD with incisal overlap preparation design). Fracture load test was performed using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Data were statistically analyzed using One-way analysis of variance ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisontest. The results of the fracture load test were recorded in Newton: (I-A: 288.08N);(I-B: 322.47N); (I-C: 365.38N); (II-A: 301.15N); (II-B: 324.94N); (II-C: 394.95N). The results of the current study showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the means of fracture load for window, butt-joint and incisal overlap preparation designs among zirconia material. While, there was statistically highly significant difference between the means of fracture load for window, butt-joint and incisal overlap preparation designs among Lava ultimate material. The mean of fracture load for incisal over-lap preparation design was the highest, followed by butt-joint and window designs. Nonetheless, there were no statistically significant differences between translucent zirconia and lava ultimate regarding the fracture loadamong window, butt-joint and incisal overlap preparation designs.

برنامج تدريبي مقترح لتنمية الكفايات الإدارية للإداريين الأكاديميين في الجامعات الأردنية في ضوء متطلبات إدارة التغيير

Abstract: Study aimed at constructing a proposed training program to enhance administrative competencies of academic administrators at the Jordanian universities in light of the change administration requirements. The study sample comprised (621) academic administrators working at various Jordanian universities for the academic year )2013-2014( The inferential statistics such as mean, t-test, standard deviation, Scheffe test, Pearson correlation coefficient and One-Way Analysis of Variance ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that the degree of applying change management policies by academic administrators was intermediate, and that the degree of administrative skills of university academic administrators was also intermediate. The researcher recommended a training program to be conducted in order to develop the administrative skills of academic administrators in various

A Proposed Training Program to Enhance Administrative Competencies of Academic Administrators at the Jordanian Universities in Light of the Change Administration Requirements

Abstract: Study aimed at constructing a proposed training program to enhance administrative competencies of academic administrators at the Jordanian universities in light of the change administration requirements. The study sample comprised (621) academic administrators working at various Jordanian universities for the academic year )2013-2014( The inferential statistics such as mean, t-test, standard deviation, Scheffe test, Pearson correlation coefficient and One-Way Analysis of Variance ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that the degree of applying change management policies by academic administrators was intermediate, and that the degree of administrative skills of university academic administrators was also intermediate. The researcher recommended a training program to be conducted in order to develop the administrative skills of academic administrators in various

INVESTIGATION OF ASSERTIVENESS OF YOUNG WRESTLERS IN TERMS OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE

The purpose of the present study is to determine assertiveness levels of young wrestlers in Ankara City in terms of socio demographical perspective. In this research, the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule was harnessed for data collection purpose. The research sampling is composed of 81 wrestlers from Ankara Seker, MTA and Tedas Sport Clubs. Whereas collected data was analyzed by the SPSS 20 software; normal distribution status of these data was examined through the “ Kolmogorov-Smirnov ” test; their homogeneity was examined through '' Anova-Homogeneity of Variance ” test. As a result, it was determined that collected data was homogeny and normally distributed. In analysis of data, descriptive statistic and one-way Anova variance analysis for determining the difference among the two or more variables were applied. Finally, it was found that assertiveness score of sportsmen with 4-5 years of sport experience was greater than the sportsmen in other groups; assertiveness score of 17 years-old wrestlers was greater than the ones from other age groups. Article visualizations:

Study on the relationship between participatory management in schools and teachers' development of social capital from managers and teachers views of secondary school teachers Karaj district 3

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between social capital growths with use of participatory management in schools in Karaj. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The sample size in the current survey included all principals and teachers in secondary schools in District 3 city of Karaj in 2014-2015. The sample size was determined using Cochran formula as sample of 305 people. Stratified sampling method used is proportional to population size. In order to measure the variables used in the study two researcher made questionnaires of participative management by Kritner (2006) and social capital of Vilanova and Chosa (2003) were used. The validity and reliability of both questionnaires were determined and approved by interviewing of several professors by Cronbach alpha for participative management (0.85) and social capital (0.87). For the analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical methods (Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test and ANOVA) were used. The results showed that there were correlation among participatory management and its components (decision-making, communication, collaborative, participative leadership, corporate structure and corporate control) and social capital among administrators and teachers in secondary schools in District 3 of Karaj. Independent t-test results showed that the there were significant differences among views of male and female employees about corporate governance and social capital. One-way ANOVA analysis of variance showed that there were no significant difference among comments about the staff participatory management and social capital in terms of education, work experience and age. Keywords: corporate governance; social capital; institutional trust

Dimensions of Employee Energy and Their Differences: Evidence from Chinese Insurance Companies

The purpose of this research is to explore the structure of employee energy and analyze its differences in demographic variables as well as the differences between groups. The study collected 294 questionnaires of employees in Chinese insurance companies. Confirmatory factor analysis and one-way analysis of variance ANOVA were used in the data analysis. The results showed that employee energy is a three-dimensional concept that comprises basal energy, growing energy, and behavioral energy. Employee energy only has significant differences on monthly income and the level of positions, and the employees who have high employee energy share the characteristic of both high monthly income and the level of positions. Respondents were divided into four groups: 1 high-positive-energy, 2 low-positive-energy, 3 low-negative-energy, and 4 high-negative-energy employees. High-positive-energy employees showed the characteristics of high basal energy, high growing energy, and high behavioral energy, showing a feature of plump wings. Finally, this research put forward suggestions to provide a reference for energy management. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.