One-way ANOVA Model Research Articles

Gross motor skills in toddlers: Prevalence and socio-demographic differences

ObjectivesGross motor skills (GMS) are a vital component of a child’s development. Monitoring levels and correlates of GMS is important to ensure appropriate strategies are put in place to promote these skills in young children. The aim of this study was to describe the current level of GMS development of children aged 11–29months and how these levels differ by age, sex, BMI and socio-economic status. DesignCross-sectional study. MethodsThis study involved children from 30 childcare services in NSW, Australia. GMS were assessed using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales Second Edition. Prevalence was reported using the gross motor quotient and both raw and standard scores for locomotor, object manipulation and stationary subtests. Socio-demographics were collected via parent questionnaires. Analyses included t-tests, chi-square tests, one-way ANOVA and linear regression models. ResultsThis study included 335 children (mean age=19.80±4.08months, 53.9% boys). For the gross motor quotient, 23.3% of the children scored below average. For the GMS subtests, 34.3% of children scored below average for locomotion, 10.1% for object manipulation and 0.3% for stationary. Boys were more proficient in object manipulation than girls (p=0.001). GMS were negatively associated with age and a higher socio-economic status (all p<0.05). There were no associations for BMI. ConclusionsThis is the first descriptive study to show the prevalence of below average at locomotor skills in toddlers is higher than reported in normative samples. Early commencement of GMS promotion is recommended with a focus on locomotor skills and girls’ object manipulation skills.

Factors related to low birth rate among married women in Korea.

The purpose of this study was to explore the factors influencing low birth rate among married women using the National Survey data in Korea. We compared the different influences on women’s first and subsequent childbirths. This study was a secondary analysis using the “National Survey on Fertility and Family Health and Welfare”, which was a nationally representative survey conducted by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. We analyzed the data of 3,482 married women (aged between 19 and 39 years) using SPSS 20.0 program for descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and binary and ordinal logistic regression models. The factors influencing women’s first childbirth included perceptions about the value of marriage and children and their education level. The factors influencing their subsequent childbirths included multifaceted variables of maternal age during the first childbirth, residential area, religion, monthly household income, perceptions about the value of marriage and children, and social media. It is necessary to improve women’s awareness and positive perceptions about marriage and children in order to increase the birth rate in Korea. Moreover, consistently providing financial and political support for maternal and childcare concerns and using social media to foster more positive attitudes toward having children may enhance birth rates in the future.

One-way ANOVA model to study whole-body vibration attributes among taxi drivers – An emphasis on the role of speed

Taxi drivers are daily exposed to frequent and prolonged whole-body vibration. This can cause complications such as back pain among them. Since the vibration level depends on many factors, the present study was performed to model the impact of vehicle speed on the attributes of whole-body vibration among the Peugeot 405 taxi drivers. In this experimental study, the whole-body vibration was measured while other variables including tire pressure, engine speed, road gradient, number of passengers, and type of tire, springs, and shock absorbers had been fixed. The measurements were done according to ISO2631–1 at different speeds of 20, 40, 60, and 80 km/h. Increasing the vehicle speed caused an increase in the average value of vibration attributes including Z-axis (vertical) r.m.s. acceleration, 8-h equivalent acceleration, vibration dose value (m/s1.75), and crest factor (P &lt; 0.05). At the speed of 80 km/h, the average vibration dose value (17.6 m/s1.75) exceeded the upper limit of the ISO 2631–1:1997 health caution zone (&gt;17). Further, 8-h equivalent acceleration, at the speeds of 60 and 80 km/h, was beyond the upper limit (&gt;0.9 m/s2). According to the crest factor, increasing speed would cause greater vibration peaks along the Z-axis (worst-case axis). The amount of whole-body vibration is sensitive to speed changes so that urban taxi drivers who are usually driving at low speeds for inner-city transits will be exposed to a lower average value of whole-body vibration. Due to the evident effect of speed on whole-body vibration attributes, it is strongly recommended to be given full consideration to this factor in preparing vibration control plans for vehicles.

Association Between Maternal Sense of Competence and Self-Efficacy in Primiparous Women During Postpartum Period

Background: When women’s’ lives enter a new phase after childbirth, they need to adapt to it in order to accept their motherhood role. Maternal competency depends on the mother’s perception of her maternal role and the ability to attain and fulfill it. The aim of this study was to examine the association between maternal sense of competence and self-efficacy in the postpartum period. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 305 Iranian women were selected randomly via a two-stage cluster sampling method at the end of the 4th postpartum month. Data were collected from August 2016 to January 2017 and by using the socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire, parenting sense of competence scale, and maternal self-efficacy questionnaire. The statistical tests including Pearson correlation, Independent sample t-test, One-way ANOVA, and General linear model were used for data analysis. Results: The mean (SD) score of self-efficacy was 33.8 (5.1) and mean (SD) score of maternal sense of competence was 79.2 (13.8). Between maternal competency and self-efficacy a significantly positive correlation (P = 0.000, r = 0.364) was found. According to the adjusted general linear model, mother’s age, income, spouse’s occupation, type of pregnancy, and self-efficacy have statistically significant relationships with the maternal sense of competence and explains 34.9% of the variation in the maternal sense of competence score. Conclusions: The findings of the present study showed that increased postpartum self-efficacy is associated with improved maternal competency, which requires health providers to evaluate postpartum maternal self-efficacy and make the necessary interventions if it is low.

The Effectiveness Of ‘Experiential Emotion Regulation’ Versus ‘Cognitive Defusion’: An fMRI Study

The Effectiveness Of ‘Experiential Emotion Regulation’ Versus ‘Cognitive Defusion’: An fMRI Study

Relationship between maternal self-efficacy and functional status four months after delivery in Iranian primiparous women

Introduction: Postpartum women experience changes in their physiological and psychological functions as they adapt to their parenting role. The objective of this study was to examine the association between maternal self-efficacy and functional status in postpartum period. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 305 Iranian women were selected randomly via a two-stage cluster sampling method at the end of the fourth month postpartum in 25 healthcare centers of Tabriz-Iran, 2016. Data were collected using the socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire, self-efficacy scale and inventory of functional status after childbirth. The statistical tests including Pearson correlation, Independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA and General linear model were used for data analysis. Results: A significant positive relationship was observed between functional status and self-efficacy (p < 0.001, r = 0.359). According to the adjusted general linear model, self-efficacy, mother’s age, income status and planned pregnancy have statistically significant relationships with functional status and explain 33.5% of the variance in the functional status score. Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that increased postpartum maternal self-efficacy is associated with improved functional status, which requires health providers to evaluate postpartum maternal self-efficacy and make the necessary interventions if it is low.

Factors affecting the use of social media in the learning process

Background: The study was established based on the inherent challenges of traditional learning systems, which require to be addressed. Arguably, social media can address many challenges of traditional learning if used properly. On this basis, it was important for the study to determine factors associated with the adoption of social media in learning.Objectives: This study determines the relationship between the ease of use and the usefulness of social media to its adoption. Moreover, it shows whether the perceived security of social media relates to its adoption in the learning environment of higher learning students. The objectives were met through testing hypotheses.Methods: Overall, the study was objective and followed the positivism philosophical stance. It adopted the survey research design. Data were collected through the use of a closed-end questionnaire and was tested using descriptive statistics and the One-Way ANOVA model. The generalisation of the results of tested hypotheses is allowed to the population with characteristics similar to that of the study.Results: Social media offer a good platform for the learning process. Moreover, necessary efforts are required to enhance the perception of users on the usefulness of social media, and improve their awareness of security issues because they relate with the adoption of social media. Also, the complexity of social media relates with to adoption. An ease of use platform enhances the adoption.Conclusion: Social media offer a suitable platform for the extension of traditional classes. Their use would be more effective provided that users are aware of maintaining their safety, able to apply social media tools and able to share the content useful to their learning process. Moreover, the study recommends further studies in specific social media.

English

The Government of Trinidad has implemented plans to promote the establishment of new farmers&rsquo; groups and also strengthen existing groups. It is expected that extension officers will work more with farmers in groups to increase extension-to-farmer interactions. Groups however, have not been sustainable in Trinidad. The study examined group members&rsquo; perceptions of how management functions are performed, and how such performance is related to their satisfaction with being a member of the group. A convenient sample of 150 farmers from 87 farmers&rsquo; groups across the country was surveyed using a structured instrument.&nbsp; Calculated means show farmers perceived the planning, organizing and leading management functions were moderately performed, with the controlling function being even lower. A one-way within-subjects ANOVA model showed there was a statistically significant difference in mean perceived performance in functions of management. OLS results showed statistically significant and positive correlations between members&rsquo; perception of groups&rsquo; organizing, leading and control activities, and their satisfaction with membership in the group (R2= .55). The major implication is that if basic management functions of groups are not strengthened then the sustainability of groups and thus government&rsquo;s food security objectives would be at risk. &nbsp; Key words: Management functions, farmers&rsquo; groups, performance, membership satisfaction, Trinidad.

Analysis of time intervals related to STEMI management in 2008–2016

IntroductionA modern treatment of patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is based on a rapid primary percutaneous coronary intervention with direct recanalization of the affected coronary artery (dPCI). The outcome of the treatment depends largely on the pre-hospital care management, which can reduce the total ischaemic time and subsequently improve patient's outlook. AimsThe principal aims of this retrospective study were to assess the development of time intervals related to the pre-hospital care and the effect of the mode of transportation to the cathlab (primary vs secondary) on these intervals in patients with acute STEMI treated by primary PCI in 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016. MethodsWe have analysed patients with STEMI treated using PCI within 12h of symptoms onset. In total, 1250 patients were included. To evaluate the development over the last 8 years, uni- and multivariate analyses were used. Categorical variables were analysed using chi-squared tests while continuous variables were analysed using one-way ANOVA and general linear models. The effect of the year and of mode of transportation on time intervals were studied. ResultsThe time intervals did not significantly differ among years with the exception of 2014 where the reason of the deviation was however not related to the quality of the pre-hospital care. The 120min limit from the first medical contact to unblocking the affected artery (FMCTB) was met in more than 80% patients (80.8), the recommended limit of 90min in 55.2% of patients. The key factor affecting the total ischaemic time was however the patients’ choice of the mode of transportation – in patients who opted for the primary route of transportation, i.e., called the ambulance, the intervals were significantly shorter (FMCTB on average by 38.2min and total ischaemic time by 92.9min). The principal delays were detected in the patients’ delay (103min inpatients with primary transportation route, 131 in patients with secondary route) as well as, unfortunately, in the intervals between reporting the patients’ problem to the system and ECG-confirmed diagnosis (26min if the patient calls ambulance vs 52min if they present at a general practitioner or outpatient clinic) and subsequent transportation to the cathlab (60min for primary route, 97 for secondary). The latter two should be in particular targeted and we can see a significant room for improvement here. ConclusionThe time intervals do not vary among individual years (with some exceptions). The route of transportation, which is a patient's choice, on the total ischaemic time is however a crucial and predominant factor affecting the total ischaemic time as well as individual intervals.

A multicenter randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing the use of displacement cords, an aluminum chloride paste, and a combination of paste and cords for tissue displacement

Statement of problemGingival recession after soft tissue displacement for impression making in fixed prosthodontics may pose a problem for treatment success in the esthetic areas of the mouth. Knowledge about the soft tissue reaction of common gingival displacement methods is limited. PurposeThe purpose of this clinical randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to evaluate changes in the marginal soft tissue height with 3 different gingival tissue displacement techniques for definitive impression making of natural teeth. Material and methodsA total of 67 individuals were randomized to 3 groups. In test group 1 (P; n=22), only aluminum chloride paste was used to displace the gingiva. In test group 2 (CP; n=23), a cord was inserted, and aluminum chloride paste was also used. In the control group (C; n=22), 2 cords were used to displace the gingiva (double-cord technique). Clinical measurements of the gingival position were made before treatment began and at 30 ±10 days after prosthesis delivery. Study casts were fabricated at different stages of the treatment, standardized photographs were made, and changes in the buccal gingival position were measured using graphics editing software. In addition, the participants’ perception of the clinical procedure and the technicians’ evaluation of the die preparation were recorded. One-way ANOVA models were applied to compare the response variables among the groups: (a) the position of the gingival margin (millimeters), (b) mean probing pocket depth (millimeters), (c) gingival thickness (millimeters), (d) amount of keratinized tissue (millimeters), and (e) mean changes in gingival margin height (millimeters). Unpaired t tests were also used to compare the mean values between groups. For comparisons between different categories, chi-square tests were performed (α=.05 for all tests). ResultsIn the period between impression and delivery, a minor gain in gingival height of 0.058 mm (±0.13 SD) for P and 0.013 mm (±1.19 SD) for CP. However, a minor gingival recession of 0.049 mm (±0.13 SD) was reported for group C. The results for all groups showed that 21% of abutment teeth gained >0.1 mm in gingival height, 58% had stable gingival height (0 ±0.10 mm), 21% showed minor gingival recession (0.1 to 0.5 mm), and no abutment teeth showed moderate or severe gingival recession (>0.5 mm). The incidence of minor gingival recession was 8% in group P, 23% in group CP, and 32% in group C (P=.015). Fifteen participants (24%) experienced some discomfort after the procedure. The differences between the groups were not significant (P>.05). The laboratory technicians found the definitive die preparation significantly more challenging for group P (visual analog scale [VAS], 79) and CP (VAS, 82) than group C (mean VAS, 93; P=.003). ConclusionsMinor or moderate gingival recession (<1 mm) is more likely to occur when conventional cords are used during impression making. However, the laboratory technicians found the die preparation significantly less challenging when the double-cord technique was used than when impressions were made using the paste displacement technique.

Neighborhood Walking and Social Capital: The Correlation between Walking Experience and Individual Perception of Social Capital

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between people’s actual walking experience and their social capital levels in order to examine the possibility of restoring weakened social functions of streets and public spaces in a walking-friendly urban environment. Based on the survey data of 591 residents of Seoul, we empirically analyzed the relationship between walking experience for various purposes and individual perceptions of social capital using one-way ANOVA and OLS regression models. As a result of the analysis, we found that the levels of neighborly trust and networking of people who experienced leisure walking were higher than those of people who did not, while there was no difference in the level of social capital according to walking experiences for other purposes. This result is significant in that it shows the basis for the restoration of the social function of neighborhoods through social capital formation of people as an effect of walking. Hence, it is important to create a walking environment that supports leisure activities.

A Comparative Evaluation of the Influence of Command Set Methods on Microleakage of Glass Ionomer Cement: An In Vitro Study.

A major challenge when using glass ionomer cement in clinical situation particularly in paediatric dentistry is to overcome the problem of microleakage. Fast or command setting of Type IX glass ionomer cement using external energy source enhances the setting reaction and results in improved initial physical and mechanical properties. To compare and evaluate the influence of ultrasonic activation, halogen light irradiation and combined effect of both on microleakage of enamel adjacent to Type IX glass ionomer restorations. For forty premolar teeth, standard Class V cavities prepared were restored with GC Gold Label Type IX glass ionomer cement in vitro. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups: 1) Control group; 2) halogen group; 3) ultrasonic group; 4) ultrasonic with halogen group. The teeth were kept in distilled water for 24 hours. Teeth were exposed to 1500 thermocycles at temperature of 12°C ±2 and 60°C ±2 with alternate immersion in hot and cold water for one minute. First teeth were immersed in dye solution for four hours and then in developing solution for four hours. The samples were sectioned buccolingually through centre of the restorations and degree of dye penetration was assessed under stereomicroscope and scored. One-Way ANOVA model was constructed followed by post-hoc Tukey's test for multiple pair wise comparison of mean values. Statistically significant differences were found in microleakage among the four groups (p<0.001) with respect to dye penetration. Halogen group showed least microleakage followed by control but differences between them were statistically not significant (p>0.05). Similarly the differences between Ultrasonic plus halogen group and ultrasonic group were not significant (p>0.05). The differences between ultrasonic and halogen group were statistically significant (p<0.05). Halogen light decreases the microleakage of enamel adjacent to GC Type IX glass ionomer restorations, when used to accelerate the setting reaction of glass ionomers and can be used as command set method in paediatric dentistry.

Comparison of Different Data Aggregation Techniques in Distributed Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are almost everywhere, they are exploited for thousands of applications in a densely distributed manner. Such deployment makes WSNs one of the highly anticipated key contributors of the big data nowadays. Hence, data aggregation is attracting much attention from researchers as efficient way to reduce the huge volume of data generated in WSNs by eliminating the redundancy among sensing data. In this paper, we propose an efficient data aggregation technique for clustering-based periodic wireless sensor networks. Further to a local aggregation at sensor node level, our technique allows cluster-head to eliminate redundant data sets generated by neighbouring nodes by applying three data aggregation methods. These proposed methods are based on the sets similarity functions, the one-way Anova model with statistical tests and the distance functions, respectively. Based on real sensor data, we have analyed their performances according to the energy consumption and the data latency and accuracy, and we show how these methods can significantly improve the performance of sensor networks.

Partial mediator role of physical abuse on the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and severity of dissociative experiences in a sample of inpatients with alcohol use disorder.

Aim:This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms with dissociative experiences, and the mediator role of childhood traumas on this relationship, while controlling the effect of depression in alcohol use disorder (AUD).Settings and Design:It was a hospital-based, cross-sectional study.Materials and Methods:One hundred and ninety inpatients with AUD were evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory, the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), Childhood Trauma Qestionnaire, and Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES).Statistical Analysis:One-way ANOVA, Chi-squared test, and hierarchical linear regression model were performed.Results:The ratio of those who receive 10 points or less from DES was 26.8%, those who receive points between 11 and 30 was 45.3%, and those who receive more than 30 points was 27.9%. The latter group that was considered as a group with high risk of dissociative disorder had higher scores from depression, childhood trauma, and ADHD scores than the other groups. Rate of those with high probability of ADHD was higher among this group. ASRS total score and inattentive subscale scores were moderately (r = 0.552 and r = 0.547, respectively) and hyperactive/impulsive subscale was mildly (r = 0.430) correlated with DES score. Severity of ADHD was related with the severity of dissociative symptoms, and physical abuse had partial mediator effect on this relationship, even after controlling the depressive symptoms.Conclusions:These findings demonstrate that the presence of severe IN symptoms is an important factor related with dissociative tendency in AUD population with a history of physical abuse.

Household Food Insecurity in Southeastern Iran: Severity and Related Factors.

Background Today, more than one billion people globally suffer from poverty and food insecurity. This study aimed to determine the severity of and factors related to household food insecurity in Zahedan, Southeastern Iran. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 2,160 households between November 2014 and December 2015. Demographic and socioeconomic data were collected through interviewing the household mothers. Household food security status was assessed through the USDA 18-item questionnaire. The data were analyzed using chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and logistic regression model. Results Total food insecurity in the households investigated was 58.8%. There were significant associations (P < 0.001) between household food insecurity status and the socioeconomic status of the households, ethnicity, education, age, and employment status of the head of the household and the mother of the household. Discussion The results showed that more than half of the households examined suffer from food insecurity. Interventions to improve the food security status of people should be designed and implemented to improve people's knowledge, skills, and attitudes related to healthy eating and food preparation. People's access to healthy foods and knowledge of how to select healthy foods (especially on a limited budget) should also be improved.

WPŁYW ZOBOWIĄZANIA DO NAPRAWIENIA SZKODY NA EFEKTYWNOŚĆ INSTYTUCJI WARUNKOWEGO UMORZENIA POSTĘPOWANIA KARNEGO

The Effect of a Defendant’s Obligation to Redress Damageon the Effectiveness of Conditional Discontinuance ofCriminal ProceedingsSummaryThe aim of this article is to give a statistical presentation of the theoretical and practical aspects of a defendant’s obligation to redress damagein a verdict involving discontinuance of criminal proceedings. My observations are based on a statistical analysis of data I collected for 405cases involving conditional discontinuance of criminal proceedings andthe effectiveness of such verdicts. The cases were heard in the KrakówRegional Court (Sąd Okręgowy w Krakowie) and the district courts(sądy rejonowe) within its area of jurisdiction. For the statistical analysisI used the Spearman one-way ANOVA model, the Mann-Whitney U test,and the Kruskal-Wallis test to calculate the correlation coefficient. Myanalysis also includes a set of legislative proposals, both for the modification of the statutory construction of the institution of conditionaldiscontinuance of proceedings in Polish criminal law, as well as for thepractical application of the existing provisions.

Water conservation awareness and practices in households receiving improved water supply: A gender-based analysis

Adoption of water conservation practices (WCPs) is essential to save water. However, the factors that affect changes in behaviour related to water consumption remain unclear, particularly those related to gender differences and women's views towards WCPs. These factors often result in ineffective public policies. In this study, we analysed the effects of consciousness, perceptions and individual behaviour control towards WCPs, as well as the influence of gender (i.e. male and female) on residents' WCPs via a detailed survey of 622 residents (female: 318, male: 304) in rural northern China. Data were analysed using a one-way ANOVA and structural equation model. The respondents had a high degree of awareness of WCPs but reported low participation in WCPs, particularly among male users. Female users consumed twice as much water and adopted more WCPs than male users. Saving water bill was the main incentive for female users to practise WCPs, whereas that for male users was to alleviate water supply shortage. Daily routine changes and additional time and physical efforts were the main barriers for WCPs, particularly for male users. In addition, WCPs of male users were highly affected by individual behaviour control and attitude towards conservation, whereas for female users, WCPs were highly affected by expected results and social norms. The significant gender disparities in the results emphasise the need to ensure information transparency and communication across gender, users, and authorities in public policies and community programs to fix gender gaps and to enhance adoption of WCPs by the public.

The Effect of Weight Loss Program on Overweight and Obese Females Based on Protection Motivation Theory: A Randomized Control Trial

Background: It is especially true that prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing worldwide and it is probably because of changes in diet and physical behavior pattern. Objectives: The current study aimed to test the effect of weight loss program on overweight and obese females based on protection motivation theory. Methods: A randomized clinical trial (RCT) was implemented in the form of single blind. In total, 150 females with overweight and obesity were randomly divided into three groups including: 1, standard program group; 2, motivation interviewing (MI) group and; 3, motivation interviewing (MI) and intention intervention (II) condition (50 subjects in each group). They participated in a randomized clinical trial, also attended a private nutrition clinic in Gorgan city (Golestan province, North of Iran) for the first time. A researcher-made questionnaire and participant’s sheets (including three days food recall and anthropometric traits) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS (ver.11) and statistical tests including Kruskal-Wallis, One-way ANOVA, Friedman test, Tukey test, Paired T-test and linear regression model were employed. Results: The mean age of females was 38.45 ± 9.49 years, most of them had academic degree 46.7% (n = 70), 78.7% (n = 118) were married and 60.7% (n = 91) were housewives. ANOVA repeated measure test showed that daily energy intake decreased two (P = 0.001) and six months (P = 0.001), weight (P = 0.007) and body mass index (BMI) (0.005) after intervention. Threat appraisal statistically differed six months after intervention (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Motivational interviewing resulted in decreased daily energy intake, anthropometric characteristics as well as augmented scores of coping and threat appraisal.

Comparing the Performance of Approaches for Testing the Homogeneity of Variance Assumption in One-Factor ANOVA Models.

Various tests to check the homogeneity of variance assumption have been proposed in the literature, yet there is no consensus as to their robustness when the assumption of normality does not hold. This simulation study evaluated the performance of 14 tests for the homogeneity of variance assumption in one-way ANOVA models in terms of Type I error control and statistical power. Seven factors were manipulated: number of groups, average number of observations per group, pattern of sample sizes in groups, pattern of population variances, maximum variance ratio, population distribution shape, and nominal alpha level for the test of variances. Overall, the Ramsey conditional, O'Brien, Brown-Forsythe, Bootstrap Brown-Forsythe, and Levene with squared deviations tests maintained adequate Type I error control, performing better than the others across all the conditions. The power for each of these five tests was acceptable and the power differences were subtle. Guidelines for selecting a valid test for assessing the tenability of this critical assumption are provided based on average cell size.

Measuring Halal awareness at Bingol City

Dirty bread factories, the use of halal logo on food produced from unslaughtered chicken and other animals and having pig’s DNA in food products as additives are major increasing concerns with rising mobility and awareness in Bingol city East of Turkey. Religious beliefs influence the purchasers’ behaviors and pigs, alcohol and foods dangerous for human body accepted as Najis (ritually unclean) are forbidden in Muslim religion. Hence, a survey with 500 respondents were carried out at Bingol city at second quarter of 2016 to learn the awareness of inhabitants and compare its results with past studies done in Erbil city/Iraq Kurdistan and Yozgat/Turkey. Bingol city people are known with their more conservative Islamic living styles in Turkey. Descriptive statistics like means, reliability analysis, factor analysis, one way One-Way ANOVA and correlation models are used to analyze data. Results have some familiarities and differences with Yozgat and Erbil cities results. The results can be used for further studies and commercial firms selling halal products at city. Taste, quality & organic group with 3.75 mean has the highest mean and other critical means come from certification and packaging groups. Moreover, Halal food label on packaging and certifications groups have positive correlation on buying behaviors of costumers. Low level awareness at city can be increased with seminars and classes as since just about 50% of them eat halal foods always. More controls over foods at local markets and groceries can be carried out to increase trust level of costumers as they do not wholly trust products at markets. Hence, they prefer to consume more locally produced organic foods if they can find with suitable prices.