One-way ANOVA Research Articles

Effect of Saga Leaf Extract (Abrus precatorius Linn) in Inhibiting Enterococcus faecalis Bacteria Growth as an Alternative Root Canal Irrigation Material

Abstract Objective This study aims to examine the antibacterial effect of saga leaf extract on Enterococcus faecalis bacteria, which causes root canal treatment failure. Materials and Methods This research was conducted using a laboratory experimental method with saga leaf extract at 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100% concentrations. Two percent chlorhexidine acts as the positive control, and 100% dimethyl sulfoxide as the negative control. The diameter of the inhibition zones was measured using the well diffusion test method. Statistical Analysis Data from the measurement of inhibition zone diameter were obtained and tested statistically using the normality test (Shapiro–Wilk), homogeneity test (Levene), parametric test (one-way analysis of variance), and further test (post hoc test). Results The largest inhibition zone diameter observed in this study was 9.46 mm at 100% concentration; however, it was not bigger than the positive control, which was measured at 16.55 mm. The research data were analyzed based on the classification of Davis and Stout inhibition zones. Conclusion This study concludes that saga leaf extract has an antibacterial effect on the growth of E. faecalis bacteria.

Assessing Cell Viability: Comparative Analysis of Calcium Hydroxide, Triple Antibiotic Paste, and Their Synergistic Impact on human Dental Pulp Stem Cells

Abstract Objective The American Association of Endodontists recommends the use of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) or triple antibiotic paste (TAP) as preferred medicaments in regenerative endodontic treatment. Although both medicaments showed an excellent antibacterial property, their impact on the viability of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) when used in combination remains uncertain. Previous studies have indicated that at certain concentrations, both Ca(OH)2 and TAP can be harmful to cells. Therefore, it is aimed to assess the effects of Ca(OH)2, TAP, and their combined application on the viability of hDPSCs in this study. Materials and Methods Primary cultured hDPSCs, reaching 80% confluency and at passages 3rd to 4th, were subjected to 24-hour starvation. Subsequently, they were cultured in media supplemented with Ca(OH)2, TAP at 0.1 and 1 mg/mL concentrations, and a combination of Ca(OH)2 and TAP at equivalent concentrations, with Dulbecco's modified eagle medium serving as the control group. The viability and morphology of hDPSCs were assessed using both the quantitative 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and qualitative 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. Statistical Analysis First, the data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, followed by Bonferroni post hoc to compare between groups. All the tests were conducted at a significance level of 95% (p < 0.05). Results In this study, a notable variation in hDPSCs viability was observed among all groups, with the lowest viability recorded in the combination of Ca(OH)2 + TAP at 1 mg/mL (p < 0.05). Conclusion Ca(OH)2, TAP, and their combination are not toxic to hDPSCs and the use of their combination was superior in hDPSCs viability on Ca(OH)2 + TAP in the 0.1 mg/mL group.

The GG genotype of rs743572 in CYP17A1 gene regulating the decrease of T/E ratio can be an independent risk factor for MetS-BPH: a retrospective cohort study

PurposeTo confirm if the CYP17A1 gene regulates the ratio of T/E leading to MetS-BPH.Methods824 men, aged 47–88 years, were recruited into this study through consecutive routine physical examination programs and long-term outpatient screening. Several parameters, including SNPs of CYP17A1 gene, total testosterone, estradiol, and the ratio of total testosterone to estradiol (T/E) were obtained for each participant. Based on the diagnosis of BPH, MetS, and MetS-BPH, the participants were divided into BPH and non-BPH groups, MetS and non-MetS groups, and MetS-BPH and non-MetS-BPH groups. Values of the obtained parameters were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance, Student’s t-test, Chi-squared test, and logistic regression analysis.ResultsSNPs of the CYP17A1 gene, including the rs743572 genotypes (GG, GA, and AA), rs3781287 genotypes (GG, GT, TT), and rs4919686 genotypes (CC, CA, and AA), were present in every group. Only the GG genotype of rs743572 was independently associated with BPH (OR = 5.868, 95% CI: 3.363–7.974, P < 0.001), MetS (OR = 7.228, 95% CI: 3.925–11.331, P < 0.001), and MetS-BPH (OR = 3.417, 95% CI: 1.783–5.266, P < 0.001) after adjusting for age. In the population of genotype GG of rs743572, the decrease in T/E ratio was an independent risk factor for BPH (OR = 839.756, 95% CI: 36.978-1334.263, P = 0.001), MetS (OR = 376.988, 95% CI: 12.980-488.976, P < 0.003), and MetS-BPH (OR = 388.236, 95% CI: 24.869-495.363, P = 0.003).ConclusionThe GG genotype of rs743572 in CYP17A1 gene regulating the decrease of T/E ratio can be an independent risk factor for MetS-BPH populations.Trial registration numberChiCTR2200057632 “retrospectively registered”.Date of registrationMarch 15, 2022 “retrospectively registered”.

Anti-fatigue activity on male mice of 70% ethanol and aqueous extract of Rusa unicolor antler from East Kalimantan

Energy supply issues, ATP+PC, anaerobic glycolysis, product accumulation, lactic acid, mechanical failure of muscles to contractions and nervous system changes contribute to fatigue. The goal of this study was to determine whether 70% ethanol and aqueous extracts of Rusa unicolor antler from East Kalimantan, Indonesia, can reduce fatigue in male mice. A total of sixty-four male mice aged 2-3 months (20-30 g) were randomly assigned to eight groups (negative control, positive control and 3 doses of treatments for each extract). After that, the swimming endurance time was assessed, and blood glucose levels were measured before and after the test. Mice's tiredness is demonstrated by their head remaining submerged for 4-7 s while their tails and legs are stretched. One-way ANOVA was used to statistically analyze the data. The results showed that there were significant differences between all treatments with the negative control group (p&lt;0.05). At a dose of 1.3 mg/kg BW of 70% ethanol and aqueous extract of Rusa unicolor antlers were able to maintain the stamina of male mice in swimming for 2 hrs 37 mins. Both extracts improve endurance training, delay tiredness, and promote recovery after exercise. Hence, Rusa unicolor antler extract can significantly improve athletic ability and facilitate recovery after exercise in male mice by increasing endurance training capacity and delaying tiredness.

Characterization of Meat Metabolites and Lipids in Shanghai Local Pig Breeds Revealed by LC–MS-Based Method

The meat of local livestock breeds often has unique qualities and flavors. In this study, three Shanghai native pig breeds (MSZ, SWT, and SHB) exhibited better meat quality traits than globalized commercial pig breeds (DLY). Subsequently, metabolomic and lipidomic differences in the longissimus dorsi (L) and gluteus (T) muscles of the Shanghai native pig breeds and DLY pig breed were compared using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The results demonstrated that the metabolites mainly consisted of (28.16%) lipids and lipid-like molecules, and (25.87%) organic acids and their derivatives were the two most dominant groups. Hundreds of differential expression metabolites were identified in every compared group, respectively. One-way ANOVA was applied to test the significance between multiple groups. Among the 20 most abundant differential metabolites, L-carnitine was significantly different in the muscles of the four pig breeds (p-value = 7.322 × 10−11). It was significantly higher in the L and T muscles of the two indigenous black pig breeds (MSZ and SWT) than in the DLY pigs (p-value &lt; 0.001). Similarly, lipidomic analysis revealed the PA (18:0/18:2) was significantly more abundant in the muscle of these two black breeds than that in the DLY breed (p-value &lt; 0.001). These specific metabolites and lipids might influence the meat quality and taste properties and lead to customer preferences. Therefore, this study provided insights into the characterization of meat metabolites and lipids in Shanghai native pig breeds.

Effect of selective androgen receptor modulator RAD140 on prostate and testosterone levels in Wistar strain rats with bilateral orchidectomy

BACKGROUND Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) have been investigated as a potential treatment for hypogonadism, a condition characterized by low testosterone levels in men. The idea is to provide therapeutic benefits similar to traditional testosterone replacement therapy. However, research in this area is still in its early stages, and more extensive studies are needed to establish the efficacy of SARM. This study aimed to determine the impact of SARM RAD140 on testosterone levels, fibromuscular stroma, and prostate mass in rats undergoing bilateral orchidectomy. METHODS This was an in vivo study using posttest-only control group design in rats (Rattus norvegicus). The positive and negative control groups consisted of rats with and without bilateral orchidectomy, respectively. The treatment groups were rats given SARM RAD140 with and without orchidectomy. Testosterone levels, histopathology, and prostate mass were examined at the end of week 6, and the quantitative data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. RESULTS This study found no difference in prostate mass (0.598 [0.05] g versus 0.590 [0.07] g, p = 0.984), fibromuscular stroma ratio (0.483 [0.094] versus 0.463 [0.057], p = 0.984), and testosterone level (0.006 [0.005] ng/dl versus 0.014 [0.004] ng/dl, p = 0.098) compared to positive control with orchidectomy and SARM RAD140 administration 6 weeks after treatment. CONCLUSIONS There were no differences in testosterone levels, prostate mass, or the ratio of fibromuscular stroma to epithelium area in rats undergoing bilateral orchidectomy and placebo surgery with the administration of SARM RAD140.

The Impact Of Small Artery Disease (SAD) and Medial Arterial Calcification (MAC) Scores on Chronic Wound and Amputation Healing: Can It Tell Us More?

Plenary Session Presentation at the Vascular and Endovascular Surgical Society 28th Annual Winter Meeting; Sun Valley Resort, Sun Valley, ID January 18 - 21, 2024 ObjectivesIn 2021, Ferraresi et al. created a novel scoring system based on the impact of small artery disease (SAD) and medial arterial calcification (MAC) on wound healing. SAD and MAC scores functioned similar to WIfI but with minimal resource expenditure. Despite its potential, few studies have expanded on the original dataset. We aim to validate SAD and MAC’s impact on wound healing outcomes and determine their utility in relation to current predictive models. MethodsSingle-institution retrospective review was used to identify amputations for chronic (>1mo) podiatric wounds between 2015-2020. Foot x-ray (MAC) or angiography (SAD) <6 months of index procedure was required. Primary outcomes included major amputation, wound healing, major adverse limb events (MALE), and amputation-free survival (AFS). Statistical analysis included chi-square, one-way ANOVA, non-parametric correlation, Kaplan-Meier, Cox regression, and Akaike (AIC)/ Bayesian Inclusion Criteria (BIC) model comparison. ResultsOf 136 limbs, 67 received SAD scores (0-2) and 128 received MAC scores (0-2). SAD cohorts exhibited similar comorbidity profiles with exception of coronary disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. MAC cohorts were notably disparate in prevalence of multiple conditions. High mean SAD/MAC scores were seen in severe (3-vessel) below-ankle disease (p=.001* [SAD], p=.041* [MAC]). Both SAD and MAC correlated with lower mean toe pressure (p=.043* [SAD], p=<.001* [MAC]), while only MAC correlated with higher overall WIfI score (p=.029*). No significant procedural differences were noted. However, higher re-admission rates (73.9% [2] vs. 46.9% [0], p=.014*) and all-cause mortality (65.2% [2] vs. 26.0% [0], p=.002*) were noted with higher MAC. Survival analysis revealed higher one-year major amputation rates (p=.036*), impaired wound healing (p<.001*), and lower amputation-free survival (p=.001*) with increasing MAC severity. Additionally, MAC-2 patients underwent amputation at faster rates than MAC-0 patients (HR 5.25, 95% CI [1.82, 9.77]) with longer times to wound healing (HR 0.21, 95% CI [0.08, 0.53]). Model comparison suggested a combination of WIfI and MAC could improve accuracy of predicted time to major amputation, wound healing, and amputation-free survival. ConclusionsMAC scoring showed significant promise both as individual predictor and adjunct to current predictive models of long-term wound healing outcomes. Routine use of MAC scoring in CLTI evaluation, especially when non-invasive testing is unavailable, could promote timely referral for intervention and efficient resource utilization in limited-resource or critical care settings. Further investigation is necessary to determine MAC’s impact on revascularization and how scoring can be used to guide surgical decision making.

ASSESSMENT OF 16-YEAR-OLD FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS WITH CHRONOJUMP SYSTEM

In the basketball game, lower extremity strength plays a key role in various game actions. The jumping mat (Chronojump), an open-source (free software and open hardware), is available to the public on official servers, emphasizing peer review and corrections by the user community. The aim of this study was to establish the explosive power of the lower limbs of 16-year-old female basketball players from the Bulgarian National Basketball Team. We used specialized software, a signal transducer, and an electro-contact mat Chronojump. The subject of the study was the explosive power of the lower limbs of 16-year-old female basketball players from the national team of Bulgaria. The object of the study was the performance of the Chronojump platform tests to establish the explosive strength of the lower limbs. The study was conducted among 16 active female basketball players selected for the Bulgarian national team. Each participant performed all jumps at the same time of day. They performed CMJ - 90-degree squat jump; SJ - Squat, two-second hold, and jump; CMJAT - Jump with arms extended forward and up; RCMJ - Manipulative 90-degree squat jump; Stiff ness - Manipulative ankle jump. The test’s mathematical-statistical results were processed with variance analysis and One-way ANOVA, with a critical value of the F-criterion (F = 2.38) and high statistical reliability (Pt ≥ 95%). Results showed that hand involvement is key in rebounding. In terms of jumping endurance and explosiveness quotient, female athletes had a lower level of development. This research has the potential to significantly impact the training and performance of female basketball players.

Hybrid Layer, Shear Bond Strength, and Fracture Patterns of Titanium Dioxide–Doped Phosphate Glass–Filled Universal Dental Adhesives

Abstract Objectives The aim of the study was to explore the potential effects of incorporating 5 and 10 wt% of TiO2-doped phosphate glass powder as fillers into the universal adhesive system. Materials and Methods Human permanent premolars and molars were used in the study. Five and 10 wt% of TiO2-doped phosphate glass powder as fillers were added into the universal adhesive system. Unmodified universal adhesive was used as control. The effects of the added filler in the universal adhesive were examined on hybrid layer formation at the resin composite and dentine interface (mesio-occlusal-distal [MOD] cavities) under scanning electron microscope (SEM), shear bond strength (SBS) of resin composite to dentine using shear bond testing machine, and the patterns of fracture at the resin composite–dentin interface, which were examined under stereomicroscope. The SBS analyses were performed with (8 samples per group, n = 24) and without (8 samples per group, n = 24) 5,000 cycles of thermocycling. Statistical Analysis One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data of the SBS. For bond strength, the effects of adding fillers into the universal adhesive were analyzed. Results The SEM images showed that the hybrid layers were similar in all the groups of unmodified and modified adhesives. An ANOVA test revealed that the SBSs of control and modified adhesives were not significantly different before (p = 0.15) or after (p = 0.39) thermocycling for all the groups. The patterns of fracture revealed various types of fracture in all adhesive groups including composite resin, adhesive, and dentine failure. Composite resin fractures are the most encountered pattern of fracture. Conclusion Adding 5 and 10 wt% of TiO2 into universal adhesive did not adversely affect the hybrid layer, SBS, or mode of failure of composite resin to dentine. The pattern of fracture at the resin composite and dentine interface showed a favorable bonding with more cohesive than adhesive failure, particularly with the 5 wt% glass-modified adhesive group.

Ontogenetic biomechanics of tufted (Sapajus) and untufted (Cebus) capuchin mandibles.

Cortical bone geometry is commonly used to investigate biomechanical properties of primate mandibles. However, the ontogeny of these properties is less understood. Here we investigate changes in cortical bone cross-sectional properties throughout capuchin ontogeny and compare captive versus wild, semi-provisioned groups. Tufted capuchins (Sapajus spp.) are known to consume relatively hard/tough foods, while untufted capuchins (Cebus spp.) exploit less mechanically challenging foods. Previous research indicates dietary differences are present early in development and adult Sapajus mandibles can resist higher bending/shear/torsional loads. This study utilized microCT scans of 22 Cebus and 45 Sapajus from early infancy to adulthood from three sample populations: one captive Cebus, one captive Sapajus, and one semi-provisioned, free-ranging Sapajus. Mandibular cross-sectional properties were calculated at the symphysis, P3, and M1. If the tooth had not erupted, its position within the crypt was used. A series of one-way ANOVAs were performed to assess differences between and within the sample populations. Mandible robusticity increases across ontogeny for all three sample populations. Sapajus were better able to withstand bending and torsional loading even early in ontogeny, but no difference in shear resistance was found. Semi-provisioned, free-ranging Sapajus tend to show increased abilities to resist bending and torsional loading but not shear loading compared to captive Sapajus. This study helps advance our understanding of the primate masticatory system development and opens the door for further studies into adaptive plasticity in shaping the masticatory apparatus of capuchins and differences in captive versus free-ranging sample populations.

The Effect of Flipped Classroom and Project-Based Learning on Engagement and Learning Outcome in Higher Education

This study aims to determine the impact of the integration of the flipped classroom learning model and project-based learning on student involvement and learning outcomes in multimedia learning. This research is important to fill the gap in empirical data regarding the effectiveness of these learning strategies. The method used is a quasi-experiment design, comparing the experimental group that applies the flipped classroom model and project-based learning with the control group that uses conventional methods and project-based learning. Data collection was carried out through pretest and posttest, as well as student engagement surveys, with one-way ANOVA analysis. The results showed that the experimental class had an average student involvement score of 85.36, an efficacy score of 83.70, and a self-regulated learning score of 79.90. Meanwhile, the control class had an average student engagement of 80.42, an efficacy score of 82.71, and a self-regulated learning score of 77.24. The posttest t-test showed a significance value of 0.035, which was smaller than 0.05 (sig. 0.035 &lt; 0.05), so the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H1) was accepted. This means that there is a significant difference in multimedia learning outcomes between students who use the flipped classroom approach and project-based learning compared to those who follow the conventional model. These results prove that the flipped classroom and project-based learning methods are more effective in improving learning outcomes and student involvement in multimedia learning. These findings provide valuable insights for future learning development.

Management of Carrot Root Borer, Melanagromyza sp. in Carrot Dacus carota L

A field experiment was conducted during rabi/summer 2021-22 at Nagaral village of Ron taluka in Gadag district, Karnataka to identify the appropriate causal agent for carrot root damage and to assess the field efficiency of different insecticide molecules against agromyzid fly, Melanagromyza sp. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 11 treatments replicated thrice. The crop was cultivated during 1st January 2022 as per the recommended package of practices except the insect protection measures. Observation on per cent infestation by agromyzid fly was recorded in each treatment by adopting a destructive sample technique from 40 days after sowing to 100 days after sowing. Per cent damage and yield parameters were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Result indicated that highest reduction of agromyzid fly damage over untreated control was recorded in treatment with soil application with chlorantraniliprole 0.4% GR @ 10 kg/ha at 35 DAS (71.86% reduction over control) and soil application with fipronil 0.3 % GR @ 20 kg/ha at 35 DAS with 69.10 per cent reduction over control. These are followed by seed treatment with cyantraniliprole 19.8% + thiamethoxam 19.8% @10 ml/kg, seed treatment with thiamethoxam 30 FS @ 10 ml/kg, seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 10ml/kg and soil drenching with chlorpyriphos 20% EC @ 3 ml/l at 35 DAS, these treatments registered a maximum reduction of agromyzid fly viz., 69%, 58.03%, 56.79% and 58.03%, respectively.

Self-directed Learning Behavior among Communication Arts Students in a HyFlex Learning Environment at a Government University in Thailand

Abstract Purpose As the HyFlex learning environment becomes increasingly popular, the role of self-directed learning (SDL) cannot be ignored. Therefore, this study aimed to find the levels of SDL behavior among communication arts undergraduate students learning in a HyFlex learning environment, to compare the levels of SDL behavior between gender and year of study at a government university in Thailand, and to confirm the dimensions of SDL among communication arts students. Design/methodology/approach Through a stratified random sampling, a total of 560 participants from the communication arts program at a government university were selected. SPSS was used for the descriptive statistics, t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used to compare gender and year of study, and Amos was used to report the constructs of the SDL. Findings Although the levels of SDL were at a medium level among the respondents, the creativity (M = 3.91) dimension was higher than the other dimensions in SDL. Among the constructs of SDL, love of learning was higher among female respondents (M = 3.54) compared to that among male students (M = 3.40). When compared among the different years of study, SDL showed no significant differences. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the dimensions of SDL had a second-order factor loading score of 0.42–0.57. Implications The results of the study would be beneficial for educational administrators and lecturers in enhancing students’ SDL behavior in a HyFlex learning environment.

Illness uncertainty, resilience, and perceived social support among patients with moyamoya disease: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThe present study aims to investigate the levels of illness uncertainty in patients with moyamoya disease and to determine the association of socio-demographic characteristics, perceived social support and resilience with illness uncertainty in patients with moyamoya disease.MethodA cross-sectional survey using convenience sampling was conducted in two hospitals in China from August to December 2023. A socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire, the Chinese versions of Mishel’s Unsurety in Disease Scale (MUIS), the Chinese version of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and the Chinese version of Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) were used to perform this research. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 statistical software. The t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), pearson correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were used to identify associated factors.ResultA total of 263 patients with moyamoya disease were recruited in this survey. The score of illness uncertainty was at a moderate level of (100.03 ± 18.59). The present study identified a negative correlation between illness uncertainty with resilience perceived social support. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that gender, occupation, education level, resilience and perceived social support were the related factors of illness uncertainty.ConclusionPatients with moyamoya disease experienced moderate disease uncertainty on average, which was related to gender, occupation, education level, resilience and perceived social support. Future research is needed to better explore the complex relationships between illness uncertainty, resilience, and perceived social support with different types of moyamoya disease using longitudinal research.

ПОЧВЕННЫЕ БАКТЕРИИ ИЗ АВТОХТОННЫХ МИКРОБНЫХ СООБЩЕСТВ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ СИБИРИ В БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЗАЩИТЕ ПШЕНИЦЫ ОТ ALTERNARIA TENUISSIMA

The most powerful soil bacteria from autochthonous microbial communities of Central Siberia against phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria tenuissima were selected. Isolation from soil samples and cultivation of bacterial isolates were performed on the artificial nutrient medium for bacteria PD-agar. Antagonistic activity was measured on GRM Saburo. In this case, Alternaria tenuissima was sown in a dish on GRM Saburo, and the selected bacterial strains were sown around the micromycete. As a result of joint growth of the test culture and soil bacteria, the most powerful antagonists in the suppression zone of Alternaria tenuissima were identified. The most powerful bacteria-antagonists in reducing the intensity and prevalence of root rot were identified by the method of artificial infection of Alternaria tenuissima. Before infection with micromycete, bacterization of spring wheat seeds Novosibirskaya-15 with the studied bacterial isolates was carried out. Mathematical processing of the obtained results was fulfilled by one-way variance analysis and two-sample F-test for variance. The results of the study on the use of soil autochthonous antagonist microorganisms in biological protection of spring wheat from the causative agents of root rot Alternaria tenuissima showed that the studied bacterial isolates statistically significantly (p &lt; 0.01) reduced the intensity and prevalence of this disease. The maximum effect in reducing the intensity and prevalence of the disease was shown by isolates B2 and B4 (according to preliminary identification of Bacillus sp.). Also, the studied bacterial strains showed a positive effect on the length of sprouts. At the same time, isolate B2 showed a statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001) effect on the length of spring wheat sprouts. The stimulating effect was manifested in an increase in the length of sprouts compared to the control. Therefore, this strain can be recommended not only for protection against Alternaria tenuissima, but also for stimulating wheat growth.

Machine learning for automating subjective clinical assessment of gait impairment in people with acquired brain injury – a comparison of an image extraction and classification system to expert scoring

BackgroundWalking impairment is a common disability post acquired brain injury (ABI), with visually evident arm movement abnormality identified as negatively impacting a multitude of psychological factors. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) qualifiers scale has been used to subjectively assess arm movement abnormality, showing strong intra-rater and test-retest reliability, however, only moderate inter-rater reliability. This impacts clinical utility, limiting its use as a measurement tool. To both automate the analysis and overcome these errors, the primary aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of a novel two-level machine learning model to assess arm movement abnormality during walking in people with ABI.MethodsFrontal plane gait videos were used to train four networks with 50%, 75%, 90%, and 100% of participants (ABI: n = 42, healthy controls: n = 34) to automatically identify anatomical landmarks using DeepLabCut™ and calculate two-dimensional kinematic joint angles. Assessment scores from three experienced neurorehabilitation clinicians were used with these joint angles to train random forest networks with nested cross-validation to predict assessor scores for all videos. Agreement between unseen participant (i.e. test group participants that were not used to train the model) predictions and each individual assessor’s scores were compared using quadratic weighted kappa. One sample t-tests (to determine over/underprediction against clinician ratings) and one-way ANOVA (to determine differences between networks) were applied to the four networks.ResultsThe machine learning predictions have similar agreement to experienced human assessors, with no statistically significant (p < 0.05) difference for any match contingency. There was no statistically significant difference between the predictions from the four networks (F = 0.119; p = 0.949). The four networks did however under-predict scores with small effect sizes (p range = 0.007 to 0.040; Cohen’s d range = 0.156 to 0.217).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that machine learning can perform similarly to experienced clinicians when subjectively assessing arm movement abnormality in people with ABI. The relatively small sample size may have resulted in under-prediction of some scores, albeit with small effect sizes. Studies with larger sample sizes that objectively and automatically assess dynamic movement in both local and telerehabilitation assessments, for example using smartphones and edge-based machine learning, to reduce measurement error and healthcare access inequality are needed.

Determinants of Maize Production: Intercropping Maize and Beans in South Western Uganda

Background: Intercropping is the practice of growing two or more crops nearby: in the same row or bed, or rows or strips near enough to allow biological interactions. Advantages of inter cropping include: improving soil’s nutrients to better support crops' growth and development thus improving yields; it improves soil-water retention and diversifies the farmers' incomes in case of failure for one crop. It is one of the natural methods for management of crop pests and diseases. Inter cropping maize and beans is one of the climate-smart agricultural approaches used to boost crop production across the globe. However, some smallholder farmers have a negative attitude toward it due to limited knowledge regarding its benefits. The study aimed at establishment of the effect of intercropping maize and beans on the maize yields in Isingiro District, South Western Uganda. Methods: The experiment was conducted in two seasons (March-May 2020 and August- November 2021). Standard agronomical practices were followed from planting to harvesting, after which the dry weight of maize was measured and recorded. Data analysis was done using ONEWAY ANOVA in R Software Version 4.2.2. Result: Results show that intercropping maize and beans in season one significantly increased maize yields (p less than 0.001) more than it did in season two (p=0.0211). The main effect of Season is statistically significant and large (p less than .001). The main effect of Treatment is statistically significant and large (p less than .001). The study concluded that reduced rainfall negatively affects maize yields and intercropping Longe5 with NABE16 increases maize yields. Early planting and good agronomic practices were recommended to improve maize productivity.

Comparison of immediate vs. delayed guided tissue regeneration in Infrabony defect of second molars after adjacent third molar extraction: a retrospective study

BackgroundThe distal aspect of the second molar (d-M2) often exhibits infrabony defects due to the adjacent third molar. Although the defects can be treated by guided tissue regeneration (GTR) after removing the third molar, the optimal timing remains uncertain following third molar removal in clinical decision-making. This study aimed to compare delayed and immediate GTR treatments to assist in clinical decision-making.MethodsD-M2 infrabony defects with a minimum 1-year follow-up were collected and divided into three groups: Immediate GTR group, which underwent third molar extraction and received GTR simultaneously; Delayed GTR group, which underwent delayed GTR at least 3 months after third molar extraction; and Control group, which underwent only scaling and root planing during third molar extraction. The clinical and radiographic parameters related to the infrabony defect before GTR and post-surgery were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test or one-way ANOVA, followed by post-hoc Dunn’s test or the Bonferroni test for pairwise comparisons.ResultsA total of 109 d-M2 infrabony defects were assessed. No significant differences were found between the two GTR groups, although both of them showed significant reductions in infrabony defect depth: the immediate GTR group (2.77 ± 1.97 mm vs. 0.68 ± 1.03 mm, p < 0.001) and the delayed GTR group (2.98 ± 1.08 mm vs. 0.68 ± 1.03 mm, p < 0.001) compared to the control group.ConclusionGTR can effectively improve d-M2 infrabony defects when the third molar is removed, whether simultaneously or delayed. Patients may experience less discomfort with immediate GTR treatment as it requires only one surgery.

Exploring the Level of Happiness among Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z

This cross-sectional study investigates the levels of happiness among Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z, focusing primarily on Generation X (born between 1965 and 1980), Generation Y (born between 1981 and 1996), and Generation Z (born from 1997 onward). The study encompasses both male and female participants, with a total sample size of 388 individuals. Of these, 196 participants belong to Generation Z, 158 to Generation Y, and 34 to Generation X. Statistical analysis was conducted using One-Way ANOVA, revealing a statistically significant difference in happiness scores among the three generational groups, F(2, 385) = 26.805, p &lt; .001. Post hoc comparisons utilizing Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test indicated significant variations in happiness scores between Generation X and both Generation Z (mean difference = -0.744, p &lt; .001) and Generation Y (mean difference = -0.661, p &lt; .001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in happiness scores between Generation Z and Generation Y (p = .329). These findings suggest that Generation X reports significantly higher levels of happiness compared to both Generation Z and Generation Y. Conversely, Generation Z and Generation Y did not differ significantly in their reported happiness levels. The implications of these generational differences in happiness underscore the importance of understanding and addressing varying factors that contribute to well-being across different age cohorts. The study contributes to the existing literature on generational happiness by highlighting distinct patterns across Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z. It provides insights into how socio-cultural and economic factors, shaped by historical contexts and technological advancements, may influence subjective well-being among different generations. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing targeted interventions and policies aimed at promoting happiness and mental well-being across diverse generational groups. Future research could delve deeper into exploring the specific factors underlying these happiness disparities, such as economic stability, social relationships, and technological adaptation, to provide more nuanced insights into generational happiness trends. Additionally, longitudinal studies could track changes in happiness levels within each generation over time, offering valuable insights into the evolving nature of happiness across the lifespan and across different societal contexts.

Essential role of Moringa-albumin (MA) formulation in the maintenance of complement regulatory proteins on erythrocyte (TER-119) cells in diabetic mouse models

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Aim&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; To evaluate the essential role of Moringa-albumin (MA) formulation in the maintenance of complement regulatory proteins through CD55 and CD59 on erythrocyte (TER-119).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Methods&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; Strepto-zotocin (145 mg/kg) was used to induce diabetes mice. In diabetes mellitus (DM) model mice were treated with MA formulation for 14 days at a D1 - 500 mg/kg (M) + 620 mg/kg BW (A), D2 - 1000 mg/kg (M) + 420 mg/kg (A), and D3 - 1500 mg/kg (M) + 200 mg/kg (A). On the 15th day, the mice were dissected for the isolation of their bone marrow by the flushing method. The analysis flow cytometry was performed to find out the TER-119, CD55, and CD59 expressions. The data were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA (&amp;amp;rho;&amp;amp;le; 0.05) and Tukey test using SPSS version 16 for Windows.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Results&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; The effect of MA administration in D3 group have a significant effect on increasing the profile of erythrocytes (TER-119), compared to DM (&amp;amp;rho;&amp;amp;le;0.05) group (STZ Injection-no treatment), as well as CD59 expressed by erythrocytes. MA administration in D1 group and D3 group significantly increased the profile of CD55 expressed by erythrocytes compared to DM (&amp;amp;rho;&amp;amp;le;0.05).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Conclusions&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; MA formulation with D3 group (1500 mg/kg (M) + 200 mg/kg (A)) was able to maintain or control complement regula-tory proteins (CD55 and CD59) on red blood cells (erythro-cytes/TER-119) in DM.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;