One-sided Messages Research Articles

The Inoculating Effect of Message Sidedness on Adolescents’ Binge Drinking Intentions

In this study, we assess an alternative strategy for health interventions, namely, two-sided messages. A 3 × 2 between-subjects factorial experimental design investigates the effect of three different anti-binge drinking messages (i.e., one-sided, two-sided non-refutational, and two-sided refutational) on strongly and weakly issue-involved adolescents’ binge drinking intentions after exposure to peer pressure. A sample of 185 adolescents between the age of 15 and 19 participated in the experiment. The results show that when adolescents’ involvement with binge drinking is strong, a two-sided refutational as well as non-refutational message result in lower binge drinking intentions than a one-sided message. When adolescents’ involvement with binge drinking is weak, binge drinking intentions are not influenced by message sidedness.

Presidential “Going Bipartisan” and the Consequences for Institutional Approval

Although scholars have described how legislative efforts to spur bipartisanship fare, we have little knowledge about how bipartisanship can affect political opinions with their rhetoric or the most impactful message for opponents to respond. Using President Obama’s bipartisan speech to the GOP House Issues Conference in 2010, we look at the effect of the one-sided message on President Obama’s favorability rating. We then pair this message with three competing messages of varying partisanship to determine the degree of change (if any). The results show that the President’s one-sided message is effective, but if met with a competitive bipartisan message from the opposition party, approval of the President by all partisan groups increases even more. However, if the President’s bipartisan message frame is met using a partisan message from the opposition party, the President’s approval declines among all partisans, and approval of the Republicans in Congress increases but only for Republican identifiers.

A preliminary evaluation of the hardware acceleration of the Cray Gemini interconnect for PGAS languages and comparison with MPI

The Gemini interconnect on the Cray XE6 platform provides for lightweight remote direct memory access (RDMA) between nodes, which is useful for implementing partitioned global address space (PGAS) languages like UPC and Co-Array Fortran. In this paper, we perform a study of Gemini performance using a set of communication microbenchmarks and compare the performance of one-sided communication in PGAS languages with two-sided MPI. Our results demonstrate the performance benefits of the PGAS model on Gemini hardware, showing in what circumstances and by how much one-sided communication outperforms two-sided in terms of messaging rate, aggregate bandwidth, and computation and communication overlap capability. For example, for 8-byte and 2KB messages the one-sided messaging rate is 5 and 10 times greater respectively than the twosided one. The study also reveals important information about how to optimize one-sided Gemini communication.

Flexible Management on BSP Process Rescheduling: Offering Migration at Middleware and Application Levels

This article describes the rationales for developing jMigBSP - a Java programming library that offers object rescheduling. It was designed to work on grid computing environments and offers an interface that follows the BSP (Bulk Synchronous Parallel) style. jMigBSP’s main contribution focuses on the rescheduling facility in two different ways: (i) by using migration directives on the application coded irectly and (ii) through automatic load balancing at middleware level. Especially, this second idea is feasible thanks to the Java’s inheritance feature, in which transforms a simple jMigBSP application in amigratable one only by changing a single line of code. In addition, the presented library makes the object interaction easier by providing one-sided message passing directives and hides network latency through asynchronous communications. Finally, we developed three BSP applications: (i) Prefix Sum; (ii) Fractal Image Compression (FIC) and; (iii) Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).They show our library as viable solution to offer load balancing on BSP applications. Specially, the FIC results present gains up to 37% when applying migration directives inside the code. Finally, the FFT tests emphasize strength of jMigBSP. In this situation, it outperforms a native library denoted BSPlib when migration facilities take place. Keywords: Bulk Synchronous Parallel, rescheduling, Java, adaptation, object migration, grid computing.

Exploring the effect of regulatory focus on ad attitudes: The moderating roles of message sidedness and argument quality

This research explores the interaction effects of message sidedness and argument quality of ads on how either promotion-focused or prevention-focused individuals engender their ad attitudes. Two hundred and forty undergraduates were randomly assigned to a 2 (regulatory focus: prevention-focus/promotion-focus) × 2 (message sidedness: one-sided messages/two-sided messages) × 2 (argument quality (AQ): weak/strong) between-subjects design. Results indicate that promotion-focused individuals tend to engender more favourable attitudes to weak AQ ads than strong AQ ads, whereas prevention-focused individuals tend to engender more favourable attitudes to strong AQ ads than weak AQ ads. In addition, results indicate more favourable attitudes for one-sided messages over two-sided messages for promotion-focused individuals, as well as more favourable attitudes for two-sided messages over one-sided messages for prevention-focused individuals. Furthermore, one-sided messages result in more favourable ad attitudes when linked with weak AQ for promotion-focused individuals; in contrast, two-sided messages elicit more favourable ad attitudes when linked with strong AQ for prevention-focused individuals. Results suggest that message sidedness and argument quality are closely related to regulatory focus, which has a direct impact on ad attitudes. Practical implications, theoretical contributions, limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

Message sidedness in advertising: The moderating roles of need for cognition and time pressure in persuasion

Persuasion has been extensively researched for decades. Much of this research has focused on different message tactics and their effects on persuasion (e.g., Chang & Chou, 2008; Lafferty, 1999). This research aims to assess whether the persuasion of a specific type of message is influenced by need for cognition (NFC) and time pressure. The 336 undergraduates participated in a 2 (message sidedness: one-sided/two-sided) × 3 (time pressure: low/moderate/high) between-subjects design. Results indicate that two-sided messages tend to elicit more favorable ad attitudes than one-sided messages. As compared with low-NFC individuals, high-NFC individuals are likely to express more favorable ad attitudes, brand attitudes and purchase intention. Moderate time pressure tends to lead to more favorable ad attitudes than low time pressure and high time pressure. In addition, moderate time pressure is likely to elicit more favorable brand attitudes and purchase intentions than high time pressure, but does not elicit more favorable brand attitudes and purchase intentions than low time pressure. Furthermore, when high-NFC individuals are under low or moderate time pressure, two-sided messages are more persuasive than one-sided messages; however, message sidedness does not differentially affect the persuasion when high-NFC individuals are pressed for time. In contrast, one-sided messages are more persuasive than two-sided messages when low-NFC individuals are under low or high time pressure, and two-sided messages are more persuasive than one-sided messages when low-NFC individuals are under moderate time pressure.

모바일 장문메시지의 활용이 대학생의 영어어휘학습에 미치는 영향

Nowadays learning methods with ICT are now facing the transitional stage from web-based learning using stand-alone computers to a new approach of learning with mobile phone devices and wireless networks. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of using mobile LMS (Long Message Service) lessons on college students’ vocabulary learning. The LMS lessons for college students consisted of limited lexical information on mobile phone screens. The approach of this study extended Levy and Kennedy’s (2008) and Thornton and Houser’s (2005) studies. Seventy-two EFL college students in a TOEIC course participated in this experiment. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups as follows; (1) LMS lessons through one-sided messages (i.e., teachers’ message only), (2) LMS lessons through two-sided messages (i.e., teacher-student interactive message), and (3) a control group using paper materials. Results showed that using LMS lessons is more effective than using paper materials on the vocabulary learning, but there were no signigicant differences in performance between the experiment one-sided and two-sided. Students in the experimental groups also showed positive attitude toward learning vocabulary via LMS than the control group.

The Impact of Physical Attractiveness and Expertise of Models and Message Sidedness on Advertisement Effectiveness: Evidence on the English Language School

In this study, the impact of the physical attractiveness and expertise of models and message sidedness on advertisement effectiveness for the English language school was investigated. The study indicates that physical attractiveness didn't significantly influence advertisement effectiveness. Expertise of models has a significant effect on advertisement effectiveness, and the high expertise models result in better attitude toward brand and purchase intention than the low one. Message sidedness influenced significantly on advertisement effectiveness, and one-sided messages produce better attitudes towards ad than two-sided ones. Besides, there is a significant interaction among physical attractiveness, expertise of models, and message sidedness on advertisement effectiveness.

Media Message Flows and Interpersonal Communication

This study investigates the differential effects of exposure and attention to news and of interpersonal communication on change in public opinion under the condition of one-sided or two-sided information flows. Based on Zaller’s theory of public opinion dynamics, for less politically sophisticated individuals, we expected media to influence changes in opinion under the condition of a one-sided message flow. We further expected politically sophisticated individuals to rely more on cues for opinion change stemming from interpersonal communication. The study draws on two-wave panel surveys and media content analyses of television news and national newspapers. The results confirmed our hypotheses and showed media effects for less politically sophisticated individuals under the condition of a one-sided message flow and effects of interpersonal communication for politically sophisticated individuals. Media had no effect under the condition of a two-sided message flow. The study concludes with a discussion of the conditionality of media effects and the moderating role of political sophistication.

Media consumption and desire for social distance towards people with schizophrenia

There is ample evidence for a distorted presentation of the mentally ill in the media. However, only little is known about its impact on attitudes towards people with mental disorders. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between watching TV and reading the newspaper on the one hand, and the desire for social distance towards people with schizophrenia on the other. In 2001, a representative population survey was conducted in Germany, using a fully structured personal interview. We found that the desire for social distance towards people with schizophrenia increases almost continuously with the amount of TV consumption. The association between reading the newspaper and social distance is less pronounced and depends on the type of newspaper people read. Since, obviously, there is a relationship between media consumption and attitudes towards people with schizophrenia, inaccurate and one-sided messages about mental disorders should be replaced by accurate and more balanced messages.

How to Handle Opposing Arguments in Persuasive Messages: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects of One-Sided and Two-Sided Messages

A random-effects meta-analytic review of the effects of one-sided and two-sided persuasive messages identifies two key moderator variables: whether the two-sided message is refutational or nonrefutational and whether the message is consumer advertising or nonadvertising. Compared with one-sided messages, refutational two-sided messages on nonadvertising topics enjoy significantly greater credibility and persuasiveness, nonrefutational two-sided messages on nonadvertising topics are not significantly different in credibility and are significantly less persuasive, refutational two-sided messages on advertising topics do not differ significantly on either credibility or persuasiveness (though few relevant studies exist), and nonrefutational two-sided messages on advertising topics enjoy significantly greater credibility but do not differ in persuasiveness. Often-mentioned moderators (such as audience initial position and education) appear not to have substantial influence on sidedness effects. Explanations of the observed effects are explored, and foci for future research are identified.

The Influence of Prior Thought and Intent on the Memorability and Persuasiveness of Organ Donation Message strategies

This study examines the influence of prior thought and intent to sign an organ donor card on the memorability and persuasiveness of one-sided and refutational messages about organ donation. Prior thought and intent about donation was found to exert a strong influence on belief and behavior change but not on attitude change. Regardless of message type, respondents low in prior thought and intent to sign an organ donor card exhibited a negative belief change about the need for organ donation and took fewer organ donor cards (59%), whereas respondents high in prior thought and intent exhibited positive belief change and took significantly more organ donor cards (84%). Memorability of the messages was influenced by prior thought and intent, message type, and fear invoked by the messages. The next task for researchers interested in persuasion about organ donation is to find a message that induces positive belief, attitude, and behavior change in those low in prior thought and intent to sign an organ donor card.

Anthropomorphism and animal welfare revisited: Slater's challenge

Professor Peter Slater's recent review of the late John S Kennedy's The New Anthropomorphism (Animal Welfare 1993, 2: 187-188) only weakly conveys the nature of Professor Kennedy's strong and sometimes one-sided message concerning the presumed ills of anthropomorphism. Nonetheless, Slater presents a challenge that is more important than his review of Kennedy's book. While Slater is right in believing that Kennedy's ideas will be irritating to some, it should be noted that Kennedy's book will offend not only those who are fans of the careful use of anthropomorphic descriptions and explanations, but also will irritate those who want to see the issues discussed in a more fair, well-argued manner. See also M Ridley's review of this book, Nature 1992, 359: 280. In my view, readers of Animal Welfare should be exposed to some direct quotations from The New Anthropomorphism so that they can make up their own minds concerning some of Kennedy's claims.

Compensatory Effects of Cognitive Characteristics of the Source, the Message, and the Receiver Upon Attitude Change

Abstract This study explored the interactive effects of four cognitive variables (perceived expertise of the source, recipients' initial attitudes, number of arguments, and message sidedness) on attitude change. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design was used (N = 236 Canadian students): Results showed a positive and significant main effect of initial attitude on attitude change and three significant compensatory effects of independent variables on attitude change: (a) two-sided messages were more persuasive with fewer arguments; conversely for one-sided messages; (b) high expertise compensated for low number of arguments and conversely; and (c) higher expertise was more persuasive in the case of unfavorable recipients and conversely. Results also showed that when the message was one-sided and the number of arguments was large, low expertise was more persuasive than high expertise on initially opposed recipients, which confirms the cognitive response.

Balanced vs. One-Sided Communications about Drugs

This experiment compared the effectiveness of a dissuasive message about illicit drugs alone (one-sided condition), and combined with similar material about licit drugs (balanced conditions). The subjects were high-school students. Contrary to expectation, the one-sided message proved effective while its balanced counterparts did not. Explanations in terms of reactance and demand characteristics were found inadequate. It was suggested that the licit-referent content of the balanced messages offered subjects a worse-peril rationalization for permissive attitudes to illicit drugs.

Some Specific Factors Affecting Attitude Change

The study investigated the effects of pro and con, one and two-sided messages on receiver attitude change when the Ss were required to either publicly commit themsclves on the issue prior to message reception or were not required to publicly commit themselves. In the public commitment treatment condition, Ss were first required to express in writing their attitude on the chosen topic and give two or three reasons why they held this position, after which they read either a one- or two-sided, pro or con counterattitudinal message. Ss in the no commitment treatment groups merely received the one- or two-sided, pro or con messages without publicly commiting themselves on the issue. After reading the appropriate one- or twosided message, Ss again expressed their attitude toward the issue. The experimental hypothesis tested stipulated that when Ss were not required to commit themselves publicly to an issue, they would change their attitudes toward the topic significantly more than would Ss required to publicly commit themselves. Further, it was hypothesized that this effect would be significantly more pronounced for Ss receiving a one-sided message arguing in favor of the topic than it would for Ss receiving either a one-sided message arguing against the topic or a two-sided, pro or con message. The data confirmed the hypothesis.

Immunization—with and without Use of Counter-Arguments

An experimental study of the effects of a two-sided message suggests that it may reduce the cognitive effects of subsequent counter-propaganda but be inferior to a one-sided message in effects upon emotional responses. Both implicit and explicit two-sided messages were used.