One-inch Map Research Articles

THE SOCIETY OF ARTS MAP AWARDS AND THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF GEOLOGICAL MAPPING

The Society of Arts, recognising the inadequate state of mapping in Britain, introduced an award in 1759 to encourage the accurate survey and production of county maps at a ‘large’ scale of one inch to one mile (1:63,360) by private individuals. From 1761 to 1809, thirteen awards were made. By 1800 nearly all of England and Lowland Scotland and a third of Wales were mapped by the private enterprise of surveyors, cartographers and publishers before the publication in 1801 of the first Ordnance Survey map at an inch to the mile, of Kent. The role of the Society of Arts awards scheme, in the general rush to produce accurate large scale maps of England and Wales is appraised. Manuscript field maps by William Smith and Adam Sedgwick on SA prize-winning county one inch scale maps for their geological work and a completed example of one inch geological mapping by Arthur Aikin are examined. No geological mapping was published on one-inch county maps, but smaller scale reductions were. Less than a third of published large scale county maps won awards and more than half were published without reference to the Society of Arts; however, the rate of progress of survey and publishing suggests that the Society of Arts awards scheme accelerated the trend to produce one inch mapping in England. In the process, the modest accuracy and lack of standardisation demonstrated the need for government intervention. The Ordnance Trigonometric Survey was the government's response in 1791 to produce a rigorous national triangulation and a consistent high standard of national mapping. Published one-inch geological mapping waited until the Ordnance Survey initiated geological mapping in the 1830s. The Society of Arts offered awards for small scale mineralogical maps in 1803; William Smith's 1815 geological map won the award for England and Wales.

Coloured Roads on Ordnance Survey First Edition 1 : 2500 Plans and One-Inch Maps 1897–1935, and the Rights Of Way Disclaimer

In 1892 a government committee of inquiry into the Ordnance Survey suggested that the Survey should make a distinction between public and private second class roads at the one-inch scale. This study is confined to England and Wales and looks at the nineteenth-century practice of colouring roads on the large-scale plans, and compares the representation of coloured rural roads on early Ordnance Survey one-inch maps with near contemporary highway records of the county of Huntingdonshire, sixteen rural district councils in six counties and an estate in Suffolk. The results show that all but four of the coloured roads on the one-inch maps in these areas are recorded as publicly maintainable highways.

Mapping the Modern Nation: Dudley Stamp and the Land Utilisation Survey

Some sixty years ago the first Land Utilisation Survey of Britain was completed.' Co-ordinated by the geographer L. Dudley Stamp between 1930 and 1934 at the LSE, the exercise represents the first comprehensive mapping of land-use in the British Isles.2 Whilst it reflected some of the peculiar aesthetic concerns of the 1930s, the survey's design and use also encapsulated a dominant strain of modernity, landscape aesthetics, planning and reconstruction in the post-war period. It was executed by some two hundred and fifty thousand school children from around ten thousand schools guided by their geography teachers and local education authorities. Each was required to survey their parishes, mapping on Ordnance Survey (OS) six-inch base maps, colouring-in and noting, in standardised codes, the use of each parcel of land. In this project Stamp built upon the tradition of regional survey in Britain and Europe, a tradition which sought to inculcate an early appreciation of natural, vitalistic evolutionary order3 and for him, facilitated an understanding of the functioning unit in a democracy. Survey results were collated in London and transferred to one-inch maps, a format in which they were published for both professional and popular consumption. The Survey formed one of a series of specialist one-inch OS topographical maps which appeared in the inter-war period and guided an

Letter to the Editor

To the geologist Shropshire is a classical county. The endless variety of the county's rocks and fossils (every geological system except the Cretaceous and Tertiary is represented) has attracted geologists for nearly 200 years including some of the greatest names in British Geology: Murchison, Sedgwick, Salter, Lapworth, Cobbold, Whittard, to mention just a few. Shropshire villages and place-names are recorded in such classic terms as Longmyndian, Uriconian, Wenlock, Ludlow, Farlovian, Dittonian, Caradoc, etc. Almost every turn in a Shropshire lane reveals a place-name engraved in the mind of every geologist, or perhaps a view portrayed in Murchison's Silurian System. The varied geology gives Shropshire a unique and beautiful landscape, as yet relatively untouched, apart from the Coalbrookdale coalfield area, by urbanization. The publications of the Institute of Geological Sciences; the Church Stretton memoir with its One-Inch map and the admirable new 2 1 2 Inch maps and guides; the Shrewsbury and Oswestry memoirs and One-Inch maps; the recent new editions of the regional guides for the Welsh Border-land and Central England; attract geologists and students to the county in ever increasing numbers. In addition 2 1 2 Inch maps of Telford New Town and the classical Ludlow area will be published soon. These government publications are supplemented by earlier work of those listed above and by more recent work on the Ordovician by Dean, and the Silurian by Holland, Lawson and Walmsley and other members of the Ludlow Research Group. The Old Red Sandstone has been extensively studied by Ball, Dineley and White, and others.

The First Edition of the One-Inch Ordnance Survey Maps

The First Edition of the One-Inch Ordnance Survey Maps

Engraved Ordnance Survey One-Inch Maps—The Methodology of Dating

In an earlier article the problem of dating the maps was considered in the light of the significance of the embossed date stamp used after 1850. The presence of watermarks in the map paper points to a new terminus ad quem in dating maps of the earlier period, permitting the development of a new methodology. This article formed the basis of a lecture read by Ian Mumford at the British Cartographic Society's Symposium in September 1968.

Engraved Ordnance Survey One-Inch Maps—The Methodology of Dating

In an earlier article the problem of dating the maps was considered in the light of the significance of the embossed date stamp used after 1850. The presence of watermarks in the map paper points to a new terminus ad quem in dating maps of the earlier period, permitting the development of a new methodology. This article formed the basis of a lecture read by Ian Mumford at the British Cartographic Society's Symposium in September 1968.

Engraved Ordnance Survey One-Inch Maps—The Problem of Dating

The problem of dating maps for purposes of historical and other research is examined in relation to the early Ordnance Survey one inch sheets. The use of the date stamp, where this has been retained, is shown to be a useful and reliable method.

Engraved Ordnance Survey One-Inch Maps—The Problem of Dating

AbstractThe problem of dating maps for purposes of historical and other research is examined in relation to the early Ordnance Survey one inch sheets. The use of the date stamp, where this has been retained, is shown to be a useful and reliable method.

A Map of the Drift Geology of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

the whole of Ireland was published when the first geological survey was com? pleted (Geikie, A. 1910), but in Great Britain many of the Old Series sheets of the One-inch Geological map did not show the drift deposits. Although the New Series has been extended over a considerable area during this century, very many of the areas where the drift was not shown on the Old Series maps have not been re-surveyed by the Geological Survey. The main effort of the Geological Survey in recent years has been directed towards the re-mapping of areas with resources of economic value, particu? larly coal and ironstone. Unfortunately the main areas still lacking drift maps have no such resources and are likely to have a very low priority for survey. In recent years, the only appreciable addition to the published drift cover has been in the East Midlands, where maps covering the Jurassic ironstone areas have been published. In the absence of a complete cover of field survey the Geological Survey has been unable to publish a small-scale map of the drift geology of Great Britain. Maps of the solid geology are available, either at the 'io-mile' (1:625,000) scale in two sheets, (Geo? logical Survey, 1957) or in a single sheet at a scale of 25 miles to 1 inch (1:1,584,000). Maps at smaller scales are found in many atlases. The 25-mile map of the Geological Survey has recently been redrawn, and the new edition is an extremely attractive map (Geological Survey, 1959). For the geographer, as for anyone concerned with the land surface of this country, the map showing solid geology has considerable limitations. As may be seen from any collection of New Series One-inch maps, or from the few Quarter-inch sheets that are published in the 'drift* style (e.g. the Quarter-inch Drift Map, Sheet 12, Norfolk, 1953), much of the solid geology is deeply buried under these superficial deposits. Over some of the glaciated lowlands of this country these surface deposits are over 100 feet thick, and form a landscape independent of the solid rocks beneath. The areas that have not so far been surveyed in the field are fairly widely scattered, but include much of the upland areas of Scotland and Wales, and also parts of the Midlands and southern England. The fact that some areas are covered only by Old Series maps, surveyed some eighty or 100 years ago, is not a serious disadvantage. A major deficiency of these Old Series sheets is their very inadequate subdivision of the Palaeozoic rocks, but where they show drift deposits the accuracy of representation often comes very close to that achieved by the best modern sheets. In any case, the delimitation of drift boundaries is a very subjective matter; the particular criteria to be used and the minimum thickness of deposit to be mapped are difficult matters to decide.

II.— Pleistocene sediments at Girvan, Ayrshire

1. Introduction The floors of the valleys of the Water of Girvan west of Dailly and of the Bynehill Burn west of Daltippan, together with the Firth of Clyde seaboard from Ardwell, three miles south of Girvan, to beyond Gallow Hill, one mile north of the town, are largely covered by a mantle of unconsolidated deposits. In the original Geological Survey One-Inch maps (Sheet 7, 1867; Sheet 8, 1893) and accompanying Explanation of Sheet 7 (A. Geikie and J. Geikie, 1869) the bulk of these sediments, from sea-level to about 100 feet O.D., was regarded as raised beach deposits or Recent alluvia. Current Geological Survey maps (Sheet 7, Solid and Drift, 1961; Sheet 8, Solid and Drift, 1929; and Sheet 14, Drift, 1951) differ little from the originals, minor modifications being based on limited revision (Simpson and MacGregor, 1932; Eyles, Simpson, and MacGregor, 1949). On the bases of a routine soil survey of One-Inch Sheets 7 and 8 commenced in 1958 and carried out in conjunction with Mr. A. D. Walker of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, Aberdeen, and of more detailed investigation between 1960 and 1963, further data on the Quaternary deposits of the Girvan area are now available. The Post-glacial sediments have already been discussed (Jardine, 1962). Here the remainder of the stratified unconsolidated deposits are considered. They fall into two major groups, the one, comprising littoral or neritic deposits, adjoining the Post-glacial sediments flanking the Firth of Clyde coast (Fig. 1), the other, dominantly of fluvio-glacial This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract The author wishes to thank Professor T. Neville George for reading the original typescript and for encouraging further investigation that has improved this piece of research. Grateful acknowledgement is made to the University Court of the University of Glasgow for grants towards field expenses.

XVIII.— Post-glacial sediments at Girvan, Ayrshire

1. Introduction The Post-glacial deposits of the Girvan neighbourhood form the low ground of the Firth of Clyde seaboard between Gallow Hill, one mile north of Girvan, and Ardwell, three miles south of the town, together with the flat expanse of ground at about 25 feet O.D. flanking the Water of Girvan between Enoch and Girvan railway station. The extent of the deposits mapped is substantially the same as that shown as the 25-foot raised beach deposits in the most recently published Geological Survey One-Inch map (Sheet 7, 1926), though there are slight differences in detail. In the Girvan area Post-glacial deposits were first mapped by the Geological Survey in 1867, and brief reference to their nature and extent was made in the accompanying Explanation of Sheet 7 (A. Geikie and J. Geikie, 1869, p. 15). A few years later, Forsyth (1883) examined what he called a “post-Tertiary clay” at Dipple, three miles north of Girvan, and a layer of “stratified post-glacial clay” on the north side of Girvan harbour. There is no record of further investigation since then. The present inquiry is the outcome of a routine soil survey of One-Inch Sheets 7 and 8 commenced in 1958 and carried out in conjunction with Mr. A. D. Walker of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, Aberdeen. In the course of the survey it became apparent that, although the top three feet or so of sediments north-west of Enoch (Fig. 1, localities 8-19) are of sand and thus resemble the This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract The author wishes to thank Professor T. Neville George for reading the manuscript and making valuable suggestions, Dr. W. W. Bishop for assistance in the field and discussion of the results, Dr. R. H. Cummings for information regarding the Foraminifera and Ostracoda, Mr. G. R. Coope for identifying the beetle remains, Mr. C. J. Brown and others from the Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen, for assistance in instrumental levelling. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the University Court of the University of Glasgow for grants towards defrayment of field expenses.

Evidence for Tertiary Crustal Distortion in Mid-Argyll

REGIONAL deformation associated with the emplacement of Tertiary igneous rocks is well known in the British Isles. There appears to be some evidence in mid-Argyll, recorded on the one-inch maps of the Geological Survey of Scotland1, which suggests that crustal distortion (broadly similar to that described from east Greenland by Wager and Deer2) may have occurred in this area during the Tertiary. This distortion is now reflected by a change in the trend of the Old Red Sandstone minor dyke swarm, the north-north-east–south-south-west tear-faults and, also, by variations in the strike of the Dalradian country-rocks; the district over which this change takes place coincides with the path of the Tertiary dyke swarm centred on Mull.

THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN YORKSHIRE

( Presidential Address delivered at Sheffield , 14 th December, 1957). I. General History For some years after its institution in 1835 the Geological Survey was preoccupied with the south-western parts of Britain, and it was almost mid-century before the work of “making the geological map” was extended northwards to the borders of Yorkshire. Already several one-inch maps had been completed and were issued, hand-coloured, on what later became known as the “Old-Series” grid, and in 1846 De la Beche published his first volume of Memoirs of the Geological Survey. We find the name of Warington W. Smyth on a detailed section, dated 1845, of the first Woodhead Tunnel which lies partly in Yorkshire. And at about the same time William Smith’s nephew, John Phillips, was spending some eight years of his life on the staff of the Geological Survey, bringing to publication in 1852 the first official map to cover a part of Yorkshire—the original edition of the Old-Series sheet 81 NE., mainly covering the High Peak of Derbyshire but including, on its east side, small parts of the Yorkshire Coalfield near Sheffield. Once started, the survey of Yorkshire continued at such a pace that its completion was announced in 1882. A small band of field geologists of outstanding ability was responsible for this feat: W. W. Smyth, A. H. Green, C. le Neve Foster, Clifton Ward and J. R. Dakyns who, with John Phillips, brought the survey of the Sheffield area, Sheet 82 NW., to its publication in 1867; W …

Discussion

Dr. G. A. L. Johnson said that the author had mentioned the occurrence of members of the Cawdor ostracod fauna in Yoredale strata of the North of England. Was it known whether the full Cawdor ostracod fauna was recognizable in the Yoredale rocks, and at what horizon in the succession did it occur? The A uthor replied that examination of the shale facies of the Yoredalian succession of Northumberland had shown that certain elements of the ostracod fauna of the Cawdor Limestones might occur within the upper part of the Lower Limestone Group (as denned on the Geological Survey Sheet 8 [N.S.]), and extend as high as the Five-Yard Limestone of South Northumberland. Within this succession, the greatest similarity to the total fauna of Cawdor Quarry was to be found in the shales of the Jew (= “E” of Geological Survey one-inch map [O.S.], Sheet 106, and = Oxford of North Northumberland [G. A. L. Johnson 1957, Geol. Mag 3 , 233]) and Tynebottom Limestones of South Northumberland.

IV.— The Lower Carboniferous Rocks between the Rivers Esk and Annan, Dumfriesshire

1. Introduction The Lower Carboniferous rocks that form the subject of this paper occupy a belt of country about six miles wide extending along the southern flank of the Southern Uplands from the River Esk between Langholm and Gilnockie Bridge in a south-westerly direction to Dalton and Clarencefield, a distance of some 20 miles. In Eskdale they are in faulted contact with the Upper Carboniferous of the Canonbie Coalfield, but westwards overstep by the New Red Sandstone increases until the whole of the Carboniferous is transgressed in the Dumfries basin. The area dealt with, included in Sheets 10 and 11 of the Geological Survey One-inch Map of Scotland, forms an extension of the Cumbrian Trough (or Solway Syncline, as it is sometimes termed) and its relationship to the Carboniferous of the South of Scotland and Cumberland is shown in Fig. 1. Accounts of the general lithology of the district were given in early publications by Singer (1812), Gibson (1861), and Milne (1863). The regional mapping of the Geological Survey in the 1870’s led to the publication of Sheets 10 and 11 in 1885 and 1883 respectively, in which, however, the Lower Carboniferous rocks were undifferentiated. In the important paper by Peach and Horne on the Canonbie Coalfield (1903) the geological succession to the east was established and described ( see also Barrett and Richey, 1945). So far as the area west of the River Esk is concerned, however, the only recent accounts available are the brief references in the British Regional This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract

Problems of Land Use in the Dry Zone of Ceylon

The dry zone of Ceylon (see Fig. i) is that rare phenomenon in Southern Asia, a relatively large area with a sparse population and with opportunities for colonization. It was specifically to study peasant colonization that I visited Ceylon in 1951, and I should like to thank those bodies and individuals who made my work possible; the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the Leverhulme Trustees for finance, my College and University for leave of absence, and many Ceylonese individuals, from Prime Minister and High Commissioner to peasant, for help and hospitality. I do not propose however to confine myself to peasant colonization today,1 but to discuss certain broader problems of Dry Zone land use. I do not pretend that my brief survey will be more than a general reconnaissance. Apart from my own observations and from the excellent one-inch map of Ceylon, there are a few sources of statistical data 2 and a certain amount of written material. 3 But there is a great need for a comprehensive survey of land use, as was, indeed, recognized by the mission of the International Bank which recently visited Ceylon 4; there is also a need, unfortunately less recognized, for research of a more fundamental character into groundwater conditions and into other physical factors in land use.

XIV.— Geophysical Survey of a Magnetite Deposit in the Island of Tiree

I. Introduction Tiree is included in Sheet 42 of the Geological Survey One-inch Map of Scotland, issued in 1926. The corresponding Sheet Explanation has not yet been published, but a brief account of the geology of the island appeared in ‘Summary of Progress for 1922’ ( Mem. Geol. Surv., 1923, pp. 91-93). It was during the course of the mapping of the western part of the island by Drs. J. B. Simpson and A. G. MacGregor that the former discovered magnetite-rich rocks. In the memoir already referred to (pp. 105-106) Dr. Simpson described the occurrence as situated “at the north-west corner of Loch a’ Phuill, immediately east of a stone fence, which runs N.N.E., parallel to, and about 80 yards away from, the shore of the loch,” and gave the following details. “The magnetite is in the form of a band striking N.N.E. in conformity with the bordering gneiss, and is visible for about 150 yards before it disappears under surface deposits. The band is about 13 feet in breadth, and the middle seven feet appear to be fairly pure, but towards the edges the magnetite is interfoliated with quartz and garnet to a notable extent.” In the early years of the War attention was directed to this occurrence as a possible source of home ore and in 1941 a preliminary survey was made by Dr. Simpson, using a survey magnetic compass. The results of this investigation have not yet been published, but clearly show that outline indications of this nature This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract

XVII.— Two New Plant Localities in the Upper Part of the Calciferous Sandstone Series, near Milngavie

The two localities are situated just north of the Mugdock and Craigmaddie Reservoirs, Glasgow Corporation Waterworks. The strata in which the fossiliferous beds occur belong to the Craigmaddie Muir Sandstones which form a local base to the Calciferous Sandstone sediments overlying the volcanic rocks of the Campsie Hills. The Craigmaddie Sandstones in the area dealt with consist almost entirely of a rather pure, white freestone markedly false-bedded both on a large and on a small scale. In two exposures, however, small lenticles of grey shale containing plant-remains occur in the sandstone. Locality No. 1.—This locality is a disused sandstone quarry situated three-quarters of a mile south-east of Mugdock village and a third of a mile west of Bankend Cottage. The map references are:— Ordnance Survey One-inch Sheet 72, National Grid 567763. Geological Survey One-inch Map of the Glasgow District (1931); Six-inch Sheet Dumbarton N. 20 S.W. At this locality approximately 20 feet of sandstone are seen with an impersistent lenticle of shale and thinly-bedded sandstone having a maximum thickness of about 2 feet. Plant-fragments are numerous in the shale and some sandstone casts of stems also occur. The following have been determined:— Diplotmena dissectum Brongt. sp.: rachises and petioles abundant. Asterocalamites (Archaeocalamites) scrobiculatus Schlot. sp.: mainly as sandstone casts; one of these is now in the Hunterian Museum Collection, No. P. C. 2326. A number of stems showing Lyginopteris type of cortex. Locality No. 2.—This locality is a disused sandstone quarry situated in the wood about a quarter of a This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract Acknowledgment is made to Professor J. Walton for the identification of the plants.

XIII.— The Old Red Sandstone Rocks of the West Kilbride-Largs District, Ayrshire

I. Introduction From Ardrossan northwards to Wemyss Bay the eastern shores of the Firth of Clyde furnish an almost continuous succession of sandstones, pebbly sandstones and conglomerates referred on the published geological maps to the Upper Old Red Sandstone. These form a foundation for the Carboniferous lava-plateau of Renfrewshire and northern Ayrshire. They rise steeply from the coast towards the lava-country of the interior and separate it from the sea by a distance which varies from half a mile near Largs to upwards of four miles west of the villages of Inverkip and West Kilbride. The district described in the present paper comprises the coastal tract which stretches for a distance of seven miles from West Kilbride to Largs (Fig. 3). It lies mainly within Sheet 21 of the Geological Survey One-inch Map, though a small part on its eastern margin is included in Sheet 22. As long ago as 1859 J. Carrick Moore contributed to the Transactions of the Geological Society of London a paper entitled ‘On a Protrusion of Silurian Rock in the North of Ayrshire.’ This paper gives a good description of the coastal outcrops between Saltcoats and Portencross and contains the first mention of the belt of contorted and smashed rocks at Sandy’s Creek, just north of Farland Head (see Fig. 2 of present paper). These were held by Moore to be an upfolded patch of Silurian, lying in the core of an E.N.E. fold running from North Sannox in Arran to Portencross and were described This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract