Dromedary Research Articles

Ticks and hemoplasma screening in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Somalia.

Hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) are small pleomorphic bacteria that parasitize the surface of red blood cells of mammals. Hemoplasmas have been described in different species from the Camelidae Family, such as llamas and alpacas (South American camelids), but data on dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) are limited to a few reports. Somalia has one of the world's largest dromedary camel populations, and studies on hemoplasmas and tick-borne pathogens are lacking. Accordingly, this study aimed to screen dromedaries from Somalia for hemoplasmas by PCR-based assays. A total of 155 dromedary camel blood samples from 2 different areas of Mogadishu (n = 104) and the Lower Shabelle Region (n = 51) of the country were collected. All blood DNA samples were screened for hemoplasmas using a SYBR Green Universal Real-Time PCR (qPCR), nested PCR (nPCR), and conventional PCR (cPCR) assays targeting the 16S rRNA gene of hemoplasmas. Five out of 155 animals (3.23%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39-7.33%) were positive for hemoplasmas. A total of 346 (228 M, 117 F, and 1 nymph) ticks were collected from 79/155 (50.9%; 95% CI: 42.8-59.1%) dromedary camels with a mean of 4.4 ticks per animal. Ticks were identified as Rhipicephalus pulchellus (174/346; 50.3%), Hyalomma dromedarii (103/346; 29.8%), Hyalomma rufipes (35/346; 10.1%), Hyalomma marginatum (16/346; 4.6%), Rhipicephalus humeralis (14/346; 4.0%), Amblyomma lepidum (2/346; 0.6%), Amblyomma gemma (1/346; 0.3%), and Ornithodoros sp. (1/185; 0.5). This is the first study on the molecular screening for hemoplasmas in dromedary camels from Somalia and the first report of A. lepidum and R. humeralis in Somali dromedary camels.

Welfare assessment of dromedary camels kept under pastoralism in Pakistan

Standardized welfare assessment protocols are crucial to enhance animal welfare; up to date, there is no data on the level of welfare of camels kept under pastoralism. A tailored protocol for measuring welfare in dromedary camels kept under nomadic pastoralist conditions was recently developed, drawing from the currently available welfare protocol for dromedary camels kept in intensive systems. This study, therefore, aimed to apply the newly developed tailored protocol and assess the welfare of dromedary camels kept under pastoralism in the Southern Punjab Province of Pakistan. A total of 44 welfare indicators (animal-, resource, and management-based measures) aligning with animal welfare principles (“Good Feeding”, “Good Housing”, “Good Health”, and “Appropriate Behavior”) were gathered into two assessment levels: “Caretaker-Herd level” and “Animal level”. Data were collected in 2023 in the Cholistan desert in the southern Punjab province. Fifty-four herds were evaluated for a total population of 1,186 camels, of which 510 (495 females and 15 males; average age: 5–6 years old) were assessed at the animal level. The indicators were scored and aggregated to obtain Principle Aggregated Indexes (PAIs) and a total Welfare Index (TWI). Using the PAIs classification, 4 herds were categorized as excellent, 42 satisfactory, and 8 unsatisfactory. Total Welfare Index (TWI) varied from 55.7 to 82.2, and the thresholds for classification into tertiles were 65.4 and 70.6. Good feeding and Good housing were the most problematic PAIs, with Good feeding as the most influential variable for classification into welfare categories. As expected, camels kept under pastoralism had a higher level of welfare than those reported in the literature for intensive systems, especially concerning the Appropriate Behavior principle. Our findings are a first step in proposing welfare standards for dromedary in Pakistan and worldwide.

Morphological and molecular identification of Eimeria rajasthani (coccidia: Eimeriidae) in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

IntroductionCoccidiosis is a serious parasitic disease in camels caused by an intestinal protozoan parasite of the genus Eimeria, which is linked to significant causes of reduced milk and meat production. In Saudi Arabia, scare literature focused on the coprological investigation of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). To determine the taxonomic status of camel parasite species, we performed morphological characterization of oocysts and genetic analysis (18S rRNA and ITS-1 gene regions) of Eimeria species collected from camels in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.MethodsA total of 150 faecal samples were obtained from camels at the old camel market. These samples were tested for the presence of Eimeria oocysts using the conventional floatation technique before being sporulated in a 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. Eimeria oocysts were morphologically and molecularly examined and identified, and the infection rate of parasitic infections was determined.ResultsOur findings revealed that the overall frequency of oocysts was 30%. The identified species was Eimeria rajasthani, which had a typical ellipsoidal oocyst shape. Oocystic polar granule, micropyle, micropylar cap, and oocyst residuum are not visible. Sporocysts are oval with stieda body. Sporocyst residuum contains many granules and sporozoites with refractile bodies and nuclei. Genetic analyses of the sequence data from the partial 18S rRNA and ITS-1 gene regions revealed that the sequences obtained from E. rajasthani oocysts are related to DNA sequences reported from E. lamae from the Alpaca from China, particularly the 18S rRNA sequences.ConclusionThis study emphasized the need to use molecular phylogenetic tools to describe camel intestinal coccidian parasites with traditional morphology-based approaches to better understand their biology. For camel husbandry and disease control, more studies should be conducted to better understand the epidemiology of these protozoan parasites.

Reference Values for Some Serum Biochemical Parameters of Adult Male of Libyan and Sudanese Camels in North Africa, Libya

The normal concentrations of some blood constituents were determined in adult one-humped camels from Libya and Sudan. The current study employed the Mindray BC-5000 analyzer to conduct biochemical measurements on thirty adult dromedary camels. Results obtained were compared and interpreted in light of findings reported by other researchers about camelids. The study investigated the normal concentrations of blood constituents in adult one-humped camels from Libya and Sudan. The results indicated that the mean values of total protein were 8.59 ± 0.64 g/dL and 8.74 ± 0.37 g/dL in the Libyan and Sudanese camels, respectively. For albumin, the mean concentrations were 3.47±1.03 g/dL and 3.92±0.53 g/dL, while for globulin, they were 5.03±0.41 g/dL and 4.83± 0.44 g/dL in experimental animals respectively. The mean Na concentrations were 153.44 ± 3.04 mmol/l in Libyan camels and 164.39 ± 4.29 mmol/l in Sudanese camels. Ca levels were found to be 11.89 ± 0.74 mmol/l and 9.90 ± 1.37 mmol/l in Libyan and Sudanese camels, respectively. The values of K concentrations showed 5.880 ± 0.102 mmol/l and 6.860 ± 0.249 mmol/l in Libyan and Sudanese camels respectively. While ESR was measured at 0.40 ± 0.13 mmol/c in the study. Conclusion, the study provides a preliminary report on hematological and serum biochemical parameters of camel in North Africa (Libya). Furthermore, future studies can explore blood standards and biochemical measurements across various age groups of <i>Camelus dromedaries</i> to enhance the applicability and interpretation of biochemical data in camel research.

A comprehensive map of copy number variations in dromedary camels based on whole genome sequence data

Copy number variants (CNVs) are structural variants within the eukaryotic genome that vary among individuals of a species. These variants have been associated with different phenotypic traits, making them a valuable consideration as markers for designing breeding programmes. In this study, whole genome sequence data of 60 dromedary camel samples originating from the Arabian Peninsula were analyzed to construct a comprehensive dromedary CNV map. Utilizing four CNV callers employing read-depth, split-read and paired-end mapping approaches, a total of 37,519 CNV events (17,847 deletions and 19,672 duplications) were called on the dromedary autosomes. These CNV events were merged into 2,557 regions, categorized as 1,322 losses, 122 gains, and 1,113 “mixed regions” comprising both types. The cumulative size of the CNV regions amounted to 22.5 Mb, covering roughly 1.16% of the dromedary autosomes. Approximately 32% of the defined CNV regions (comprising 60% losses, 18% gains, and 0.27% mixed regions) were found in ≥ 90% of the dromedary samples, classifying them as prevalent regions. Genes with biological functions related to the different adaptive physiologies of dromedary camels, such as fertility, heat stress, musculoskeletal development, and fat metabolism, were overlapping with or in close proximity to ~ 68% of the defined CNV regions, demonstrating their potential role in dromedaries’ physiology. This study presents the first comprehensive CNV map of dromedary camels and builds on the present knowledge in understanding the genetic structure of this species.

A novel supraorbital surgical approach for enucleation in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries): cadaveric study

BackgroundEnucleation and exenteration are widely utilized ophthalmic procedures in veterinary practice, involving the complete removal of the eye and comprehensive extraction of orbital contents, respectively. These procedures are indicated for pain relief, excision, and management of neoplasia metastases, and addressing severe medically untreatable conditions.AimThis study aimed to develop an orbital enucleation surgical approach. The study evaluated the applicability of the new approach and investigated the impact of the surgical procedure.MethodsAnatomical dissection of three cadaveric heads and surgical orbital enucleation in four cadaveric heads were performed. Anatomical data was collected, and feasibility, safety and applicability of the procedure were assessed.ResultsAnatomical dissection showed a distinctive large orbital fossa, providing a suitable surgical window to access orbital structures. The procedure was found to be feasible, facilitating the complete removal of the orbital content. Notably, the preservation of intact eyelids was prioritized to enhance cosmetic appearance.ConclusionThe presented orbital enucleation technique proved to be feasible, safe, reproducible, and required basic surgical skills to perform.

Sleep in the dromedary camel: features of the 'first night effect'.

The 'first night effect' (FNE) is a well-known phenomenon in polysomnographic (PSG) sleep studies, resulting in significant variations in the macrostructure of wakefulness and sleep states, particularly between the initial and subsequent sleep recording sessions. The FNE phenomenon during sleep has been studied in various species, revealing complex variations between several sessions of sleep recording. The present study used a non-invasive PSG method to examine differences between various vigilance states in four adult female dromedary camels during 4 consecutive nights and days of sleep recording. The results indicate the presence of a FNE in the architecture of the dromedary camel's vigilance states. On the first night, the proportions of wakefulness and light non-rapid eye movment (NREM) sleep (drowsiness) were higher, at a mean (standard error of the mean [SEM]) of 40.92% (0.88%) and 14.93% (0.37%), respectively; while the proportion of rumination (mean [SEM] 29.55% [0.92%]) was lower compared to consecutive nights. No FNE was found on deep NREM sleep, while night-time REM sleep had a shorter proportion during the first night compared to subsequent consecutive nights. A significantly lower REM/total sleep time (TST) ratio was observed on the first night. Daytime comparisons did not show any significant differences for the different vigilance states. The increase in wakefulness and light NREM sleep and the reduction in REM sleep and REM/TST sleep on the first night indicate a decline in sleep quality in the dromedary camel due to the FNE. Thus, we recommend excluding from a PSG sleep study at least the first session/night of the recordings to ensure accurate results.

Comparative Analysis of Ocular Morphology in Dromedary Camels: Insights from Ultrasound and Computed Tomography Imaging Techniques

Comparative Analysis of Ocular Morphology in Dromedary Camels: Insights from Ultrasound and Computed Tomography Imaging Techniques

A Molecular and Histological Diagnosis of Eimeria spp. (Camelus dromedaries) at AL-Najaf AL-Ashraf Provinces

A Molecular and Histological Diagnosis of Eimeria spp. (Camelus dromedaries) at AL-Najaf AL-Ashraf Provinces

Extrinsic and intrinsic drivers of prevalence and abundance of hard-bodied ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius)

BackgroundTicks are ectoparasites and can be vectors of a wide range of pathogens, posing significant health risks to livestock. In the Sahara Desert of Algeria, particularly among one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius), there is a need to better understand the factors influencing tick infestation patterns to improve livestock management and health outcomes. ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the prevalence, intensity, and abundance of hard-bodied ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) among dromedaries, examining both intrinsic factors (sex, age, coat color) and extrinsic variables (farming systems, vegetation types, climate zones, and elevation) that might influence tick infestation in this region. MethodsTicks were collected from 286 dromedaries across nine sites in the pre-Saharan regions of Algeria, with elevations ranging from 736 m to 980 m. The sampled camels, which ranged in age from 6 days to 21 years, were examined for tick infestations. The ticks were identified through macroscopic and microscopic methods, and their abundance was analyzed in relation to the camels' characteristics and environmental factors. Three breeding systems were recognized: extensive, intensive, and mixed. ResultsA total of 980 ticks were collected, with Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844 being the most abundant species (553 specimens), followed by Hyalomma impeltatum Schulze & Schlottke, 1930 (393 specimens), and Hyalomma excavatum Koch, 1844 (34 specimens). H. dromedarii showed a preference for parasitizing brown-coated dromedaries and exhibited significantly higher infestation levels during spring (p < 0.001). No significant association was observed between tick infestation and the camels' age or sex (p > 0.05). However, the farming system had a significant impact on tick abundance, with extensive and mixed systems showing higher tick burdens compared to intensive systems (p < 0.01). Additionally, the vegetation type, climate zone, and foraging habitat elevation were found to significantly influence tick densities and prevalence. ConclusionThis study provides essential insights into the tick infestation dynamics in dromedaries in drylands of Algeria. It highlights the influence of coat color, seasonality, and farming practices on tick burden, with brown-coated camels being more susceptible during the spring. The findings underline the importance of considering both intrinsic and extrinsic factors when developing effective tick control strategies, especially for camels raised in extensive or mixed farming systems in diverse arid rangelands. Future research should expand the scope to cover other arid regions in North Africa for a comprehensive understanding of tick-host dynamics.

Impact of Sexual Maturity and Seasonality on Immunolocalization of S100 and Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin in the Efferent Ductules of the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Impact of Sexual Maturity and Seasonality on Immunolocalization of S100 and Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin in the Efferent Ductules of the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

CAR-T cells based on a TCR mimic nanobody targeting HPV16 E6 exhibit antitumor activity against cervical cancer

The E6 and E7 oncoproteins of human papillomavirus (HPV) are considered promising targets for HPV-related cancers. In this study, we evaluated novel T cell receptor mimic (TCRm) nanobodies targeting E629-38 peptide complexed with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*02:01 in the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) format. We isolated two dromedary camel nanobodies, F5 and G9, through phage display screening. F5 bound more efficiently to the complex expressed on cells, including peptide pulsed T2, overexpressed 293E6, and cervical cancer lines CaSki and SS4050, compared to G9. CAR-T cells based on the F5 nanobody specifically killed target cells, including 293E6, CaSki, and SS4050 in vitro, through activation of NFAT and NF-κB signaling. Importantly, F5 CAR-T cells inhibited the growth of CaSki and SS4050 tumor xenografts in mice. These findings demonstrate that HPV-16+ cervical cancer can be targeted by F5 nanobody-based CAR-T cells, offering a valuable alternative strategy for treating HPV-16+ malignancies.

Sero-prevalence, associated risk factors and economic impact of camel brucellosis in Elwayye district, southern Ethiopia

Camel brucellosis is a zoonotic and economically important disease that causes low productivity and mortality in animals through abortion and low herd fertility. A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to December 2023 to estimate the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis, associated risk factors, and economic impact in Elwayye district, southern Ethiopia. A total of 240 blood samples were collected from extensively and traditionally managed dromedary camels. The collected samples were subjected to testing for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect ELISA for confirmation. The overall seroprevalence of camel brucellosis in the current study by RBPT was 6.2 %, and by combined RBPT and ELISA, it was 3.7 % (95 % CI: 1.94-7.05). Risk factors like herd size, age, management practice, history of abortion, and sex were assessed. Among these, age, herd size, and management practice were identified as potential risk factors significantly associated with Brucella seropositivity in camels. But the other risk factors were not associated with the disease (P > 0.05). In this study, the total estimated economic loss due to camel brucellosis in the study area was 505,727.2 Ethiopian birr (ETB) for all parameters used. The highest economic loss was due to abortion or perinatal mortality of calves (341,325 ETB). These indicate the need to study camel brucellosis in the study area, and the disease is endemic and prevalent in pastoralist areas, which need well-organized surveillance, disease control, and prevention programs.

Genotyping and Phylogenic tree of Toxoplasma gondii in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Al- Diwaniyah province in Iraq

The current study is carry out in Al- Diwaniyah province; in Iraq between (September 2023 - March 2024) for determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in camels and molecular identification with phylogenetic analysis. (140) blood and tissue samples were collected from camels from the slaughter of the Al-Diwaniyah province. The results of total serological prevalence showed that 72 (51.42%) of the camels were infected. Genomic DNA was extracted from 140 camel’s tissues samples and SAG3 gene was amplified by PCR. PCR results showed that camels tissues samples 55/140 (39.28 %) have SAG3 gene. Ten PCR positive products of local Toxoplasma gondii isolates were DNA sequencing and compared with other isolates in GenBank. After that, the phylogenetic relationship was analyzed for this parasite using phylogenetic UPGMA tree (MEGA X version). Sequencing and phylogenetic results of Toxoplasma gondii isolate (No.1, 3, 5, 6, and 10) were showed closed genetic related into Toxoplasma gondii genotype I. The camels T. gondii isolates (No.7) were showed closed genetic related into Toxoplasma gondii genotype II. Whereas, the camels T. gondii (No.2, 4, 8, and 9) were showed closed genetic related into Toxoplasma gondii genotype III. At total genetic change (0.01). The homology sequence identity between local The Toxoplasma gondii isolates and NCBI-BLAST related genotype of T. gondii were reveals that genetic homology sequence identity was ranged (99.32% - 100%).

Comprehensive Postnatal Anatomical, Histological and Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Thymus Development in Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius).

The thymus, a primary lymphoid organ, plays a critical role in T lymphocyte development and adaptive immunity. This study focuses on the anatomical, histological and geometric morphometric characteristics of the thymus in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) during postnatal development. Thymus samples were collected from camels aged approximately 4, 8, 12 and 16 months. Using photogrammetry and 3D modelling, the samples were analysed to generate landmarks and conduct geometric morphometry with the 3D Slicer and ALPACA algorithm. Principal component analysis (PCA) was then performed to evaluate shape variations. Histologically, the samples underwent Haematoxylin and Eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. Image analysis using QuPath software quantified trabeculae, adipose tissue and Hassall's corpuscles. The results revealed significant anatomical and histological changes in the thymus across the different age groups. Notable variations in tissue composition and structural integrity were observed, with the PCA highlighting distinct morphometric patterns associated with age-related development. These findings provide a deeper understanding of thymus maturation in dromedaries and offer valuable data for comparative anatomy and veterinary medicine. This comprehensive analysis enhances our knowledge of species-specific immune development, with important implications for the health and resilience of these animals in arid environments.

Exploring novel approaches for fertility and subfertility prediction in dromedary male camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Dromedary bulls exhibit particularly suboptimal semen quality. In this species, standard breeding soundness evaluation (BSE) often cannot catch the subtle difference between fertile and subfertile males. Therefore, the aim was to explore novel diagnostic tools to predict fertility and recognize subfertility in dromedary bulls. We explored the relationship between semen quality, fertility, echotexture parameters, accessory glands volume and total testosterone. Two sets of experiments were performed: in vitro (semen group) and in vivo (natural mating group). Each group was assessed by standard BSE: clinical examination, testis volume, ultrasound analysis of testicular parenchyma (TP) and epididymis. For the first time, images of epididymal head were obtained. Testis volume was not correlated to any parameters studied. Ultrasound TP showed especially low sensitivity (20 % in vitro and 14 % in vivo). The standard BSE was found unsuccessful in assessing subfertility. Therefore, animals were then submitted to advanced BSE: digital image analysis of TP, assessment of accessory glands (prostate (P) and bulbourethral (BB) glands) and serum total testosterone concentration. Upon analysis, significant correlations were found among some echotexture parameters (white pixels, mean grey levels, area and density of hypoechogenic areas) and percentage of viability, head defects, mitochondria potential and fertility. Only white pixels showed strong sensitivity (86 %) and specificity (100 %). BB volume correlated with ejaculate volume. Total testosterone concentration did not correlate with any parameters studied. In conclusion, advanced BSE (digital ultrasound image analysis and accessory glands volume) proved to be a useful tool for predicting semen quality and detecting subfertility in dromedary camels.

Pheromones in Poll Gland secretions of male dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) during the breeding season and their role in bio-stimulating sexual behavior changes in females

Pheromones in Poll Gland secretions of male dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) during the breeding season and their role in bio-stimulating sexual behavior changes in females

Identification of novel genetic loci related to dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) morphometrics, biomechanics, and behavior by genome-wide association studies

In the realm of animal breeding for sustainability, domestic camels have traditionally been valued for their milk and meat production. However, key aspects such as zoometrics, biomechanics, and behavior have often been overlooked in terms of their genetic foundations. Recognizing this gap, the present study perfomed genome-wide association analyses to identify genetic markers associated with zoometrics-, biomechanics-, and behavior-related traits in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). 16 and 108 genetic markers were significantly associated (q < 0.05) at genome and chromosome-wide levels of significance, respectively, with zoometrics- (width, length, and perimeter/girth), biomechanics- (acceleration, displacement, spatial position, and velocity), and behavior-related traits (general cognition, intelligence, and Intelligence Quotient (IQ)) in dromedaries. In most association loci, the nearest protein-coding genes are linkedto neurodevelopmental and sensory disorders. This suggests that genetic variations related to neural development and sensory perception play crucial roles in shaping a dromedary camel’s physical characteristics and behavior. In summary, this research advances our understanding of the genomic basis of essential traits in dromedary camels. Identifying specific genetic markers associated with zoometrics, biomechanics, and behavior provides valuable insights into camel domestication. Moreover, the links between these traits and genes related to neurodevelopmental and sensory disorders highlight the broader implications of domestication and modern selection on the health and welfare of dromedary camels. This knowledge could guide future breeding strategies, fostering a more holistic approach to camel husbandry and ensuring the sustainability of these animals in diverse agricultural contexts.

Suspected Case of Granulosa Cell Tumour from Ovarian Tissues of One-Humped Camel in Maiduguri, Nigeria using Abattoir Samples

Suspected Case of Granulosa Cell Tumour from Ovarian Tissues of One-Humped Camel in Maiduguri, Nigeria using Abattoir Samples

Genomic signatures of positive selection in Awarik dromedary camels from southwestern of Saudi Arabia.

The Awarik camel population in southwestern Saudi Arabia exhibits unique genetic and phenotypic traits compared to other domestic camel populations. This study aims to explore the genomic signatures of positive selection in Awarik camels to understand their evolutionary history and identify genetic adaptations potentially shared with East African camel populations. Whole genome sequencing data from nine Awarik camels were analyzed using two robust intra-population haplotype-based statistical methods: integrated haplotype score (iHS) and number of segregating sites by length (nSL). These analyses were conducted to identify candidate regions under positive selection within the Awarik camel genome. These analyses identified 66 and 53 candidate selection regions, encompassing 185 and 123 genes, respectively. The iHS analysis revealed significant selection signals on chromosomes 15 and 16, including a robust overlap on chromosome 15 (10 regions) involving the TRNAI-AAU gene, suggesting its critical role in adaptive processes. Additionally, chromosome 3 exhibited the highest number of candidate regions totaling 10. The nSL analysis highlighted statistically significant regions on chromosomes 2 and 7, as well as a high concentration of candidate regions on chromosome 14, totaling five regions. Notably, large candidate regions were also identified on chromosome 11 (200 kb: 51.750-51.950 kb) and chromosome 9 (325 kb: 45.825-46.150 kb). Functional annotation of these genes revealed involvement in diverse biological processes including olfactory activity, immune regulation, metabolism, insulin secretion, reproductive performance, kidney function, and cellular signaling, with specific genes like BAG5, septin 7, SLC13A1, PCED1B, BMPR1B, ZAR1, JAKMIP2, and NOTCH2 highlighted. These findings contribute to our understanding of the adaptive mechanisms of Awarik camels and have important implications for breeding and conservation strategies. Further research on these genetic adaptations, particularly those affecting immune response, is crucial to mitigate the impacts of climate change on camel populations.