One-health Approach Research Articles

Occurrence of Helicobacter pullorum in Retail Chicken Meat: A One-Health Approach to Consumer Health Protection.

Helicobacter pullorum is an emerging foodborne pathogen that commonly colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of poultry, causing gastroenteritis. It has been related to several clinically important infections, including colitis and hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, recurrent diarrhea, and bacteremia in the human population. The bacterium may be transmitted to humans through undercooked poultry meat. In order to investigate the occurrence of H. pullorum in raw retail chicken meat (thighs and breasts), we analyzed 240 samples: 120 chicken thigh and 120 chicken breast samples. The samples were analyzed by means of an isolation protocol using Steele and McDermott's modified filtration technique on Brucella agar supplemented with 5% of defibrinated sheep's blood. The presumptive colonies were biochemically identified and analyzed using a previously described conventional PCR test based on the 16S rRNA gene. In total, 35% of analyzed samples were positive using the microbiological protocol and 45% were positive by PCR. These results suggest that H. pullorum can be transmitted to humans through the handling and consumption of raw poultry meat, representing a risk for food business operators and consumers. Efforts to control H. pullorum in broiler meat should prioritize the implementation of stringent hygienic practices across all stages of the food chain, from the farm to the consumer.

Epidemiological and Molecular Investigation of Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus spp. Strains Isolated from Hospitalized Patients Using a One-Health Approach

Aims: The surveillance and investigation of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor genes in nosocomial pathogens such as Enterococcus spp. have not been adequately prioritized within health institutions, especially in the context of COVID-19. The objective of this work was to conduct an epidemiological and molecular study in multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp. strains isolated from hospitalized patients using a "One Health" approach in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic.
 Study Design: An observational, prospective, cross-sectional study was designed. All strains were isolated from hospitalized patients in a public hospital in La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina from September 2019 to August 2021; coincidental with the COVID-19 pandemic.
 Methodology: In this study, we used N=17 Enterococcus spp. detected by biochemical testing and BD Phoenix™ M50: E. faecalis (n=6) and E. faecium (n=11). Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined according to standard guidelines (disk diffusion and MIC). AR and VF genes were detected by PCR assays.
 Results: 10/11 (90.9%) vancomycin-resistant E. faecium strains were confirmed by molecular test. The highest detection of vanA-VREFM resulted after the pandemic cohort (2021). Resistance to glycopeptides was associated with resistance to ß-lactams and high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. The gen aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia was detected in E. faecium (n=7) and E. faecalis (n=1). The esp gene (52.9%) was the most frequent virulence factor, followed by gelE 7 (41.2%) and cylA 1 (5.9%) among E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates.
 Conclusions: Nosocomial pathogens and commensal bacteria such as Enterococcus have an essential role in spreading AR and VF using genome plasticity to transfer genes located in MGE. The epidemiological and molecular investigation of multidrug-resistant strains allows adjusting biosafety protocols to prevent their spread.

Emergence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Eastern Senegal in 2022.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), the most widespread tick-borne viral human infection, poses a threat to global health. In this study, clinical samples collected through national surveillance systems were screened for acute CCHF virus (CCHFV) infection using RT-PCR and for exposure using ELISA. For any CCHF-positive sample, livestock and tick samples were also collected in the neighborhood of the confirmed case and tested using ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were also performed on samples with positive RT-PCR results. In Eastern Senegal, two human cases and one Hyalomma tick positive for CCHF were identified and a seroprevalence in livestock ranging from 9.33% to 45.26% was detected. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the human strain belonged to genotype I based on the available L segment. However, the tick strain showed a reassortant profile, with the L and M segments belonging to genotype I and the S segment belonging to genotype III. Our data also showed that our strains clustered with strains isolated in different countries, including Mauritania. Therefore, our findings confirmed the high genetic variability inside the CCHF genotypes and their introduction to Senegal from other countries. They also indicate an increasing CCHF threat in Senegal and emphasize the need to reinforce surveillance using a one-health approach.

One Health approach to the diagnosis and management of feline rabies: A case report from Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Abstract Rabies, a disease with an almost 100% fatality rate, continues to be endemic and neglected in Nigeria. This case report presents the rare confirmation of feline rabies in July 2022 in Ebonyi State, South Eastern Nigeria. Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test and Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction confirmed that the cat was infected with rabies a few weeks after it was obtained by the owner. The two cat-scratched victims (owner and another in-contact person) opted for unorthodox management with a local traditional healer without seeking conventional medical care. Further outbreak investigations into the incidents involved multiple observational visits and interviews with key informants revealed the existence of risk factors that could have facilitated the transmission of the disease. A one-health approach, which considers the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, is favourable to achieve sustainable rabies control and was used in outbreak response. Implementing active rabies surveillance, raising awareness about dog and cat vaccination, and discouraging unorthodox management is essential to control rabies within the community. Additionally, improving access to post-exposure prophylaxis is crucial in preventing rabies-related fatalities and achieving zero human rabies deaths by 2030. Information © The Authors 2024

AVIAN INFLUENZA A VIRUS SURVEILLANCE IN RESERVOIR DOMESTIC DUCKS (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) IN MAIDUGURI METROPOLITAN COMMUNITY OF NORTH-EASTERN NIGERIA: A NEED FOR ONE-HEALTH APPROACH

The domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) are natural reservoir hosts of avian influenza A virus (AIV) and have since remained significant in the ecology and epidemiology of the virus globally. Continued local surveillance for AIV in this specie is critical to assessing the risks of potential spreading to domestic poultry, other animal species, and zoonotic transmission to humans. In this study, we investigate the status of AIV in domestic waterfowls in Maiduguri metropolis. Twenty-eight cloacal and oropharyngeal swab samples were collected from apparently healthy domestic ducks from November to December 2021 in Bulumkutu (n=2), Giwa Barracks (n=5), Kasuwan Shanu (n=4), Maimalari Barracks (n=5), Mairi (n=5), Premier (n=2) and Shehuri (n=4). Samples were screened for AIV using the real-time RT-PCR molecular assay. A total prevalence of 60.7% (CI: 41.99 –77.32) was recorded. Prevalence based on locations was higher in Bulumkutu 100% (CI:22.36 - 100), Kasuwan Shanu 100% (CI: 22.36 - 100), and Shehuri 100% (CI:47.29 - 100). In Maimalari Barracks and Mairi, prevalence of 60% (18.24 – 92.65) each was recorded respectively. While samples from Giwa Barracks and Gomari had a prevalence of 40% (CI: 7.346 – 81.76) and 33.3% (1.667 – 86.8). AIV was not detected in samples from premier (0%). The result of this study revealed the status of AIV in domestic ducks in Maiduguri metropolis. Thus, this early warning call the need for AIV prevention and control in the region and using the one-health approach to access the zoonotic potential of the virus in the domestic ducks...

How One Health Instrumentalizes Nonhuman Animals.

This article interrogates anthropocentrism and nonhuman animal instrumentalization in One Health (OH). It argues that OH's approach to human health and zoonosis focuses too narrowly on furthering certain human interests at the expense of nonhuman animals, which is not sustainable, just, or compassionate. This article also offers an alternative vision for protecting and promoting health for all over the long term that includes the human right to self-determination and the nonhuman animal right to not be exploited or abused. This rights-based approach recognizes that the root causes of zoonosis should be identified and addressed via policies and actions that challenge nonhuman animal exploitation.

Learning from One-Health approaches to explore links between farming practices, animal, human and ecosystem health in Nigeria.

Learning from One-Health approaches to explore links between farming practices, animal, human and ecosystem health in Nigeria.

Zoonosis and zooanthroponosis of emerging respiratory viruses.

Lung infections in Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) are triggered by a variety of respiratory viruses. All human pandemics have been caused by the members of two major virus families, namely Orthomyxoviridae (influenza A viruses (IAVs); subtypes H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2) and Coronaviridae (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2). These viruses acquired some adaptive changes in a known intermediate host including domestic birds (IAVs) or unknown intermediate host (SARS-CoV-2) following transmission from their natural reservoirs (e.g. migratory birds or bats, respectively). Verily, these acquired adaptive substitutions facilitated crossing species barriers by these viruses to infect humans in a phenomenon that is known as zoonosis. Besides, these adaptive substitutions aided the variant strain to transmit horizontally to other contact non-human animal species including pets and wild animals (zooanthroponosis). Herein we discuss the main zoonotic and reverse-zoonosis events that occurred during the last two pandemics of influenza A/H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2. We also highlight the impact of interspecies transmission of these pandemic viruses on virus evolution and possible prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Based on information available and presented in this review article, it is important to close monitoring viral zoonosis and viral reverse zoonosis of pandemic strains within a One-Health and One-World approach to mitigate their unforeseen risks, such as virus evolution and resistance to limited prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.

Anti-Cryptosporidial Drug-Discovery Challenges and Existing Therapeutic Avenues: A "One-Health" Concern.

Cryptosporidiosis is the leading cause of life-threatening diarrheal infection, especially in infants. Oocysts contaminate the environment, and also, being a zoonotic disease, cryptosporidiosis is a threat to One Health. Nitazoxanide is the only FDA-approved drug, effective only in immunocompetent adults, and is not safe for infants. The absence of mitochondria and apicoplast, the presence of an electron-dense band (ED band), hindrances in its genetic and phenotypic manipulations, and its unique position inside the host cell are some challenges to the anti-cryptosporidial drug-discovery process. However, many compounds, including herbal products, have shown efficacy against Cryptosporidium during in vitro and in vivo trials. Still, the "drug of choice" against this protozoan parasite, especially in immunocompromised individuals and infants, has not yet been explored. The One-Health approach addresses this issue, focusing on the intersection of animal, human, and environmental health. The objective of this review is to provide knowledge about novel anti-cryptosporidial drug targets, available treatment options with associated limitations, and possible future shifts toward natural products to treat cryptosporidiosis. The current review is organized to address the treatment and prevention of cryptosporidiosis. An anti-cryptosporidial drug that is effective in immunocompromised individuals and infants is a necessity of our time.

The Imperative of a Comprehensive One Health Approach for Mosquito-Borne Disease Control in Indonesia

This review provides information on the importance of a comprehensive one-health approach for controlling mosquito-borne diseases in Indonesia. Despite the use of various control methods, Indonesia still faces numerous challenges and threats to its public health. The One Health paradigm offers a comprehensive framework for understanding and addressing the complexity of mosquito-borne diseases in Indonesia. Understanding the linkages between human, animal, and environmental health enables a deeper understanding of disease dynamics and facilitates the development of comprehensive strategies for disease prevention, control, and eradication. Important points that must be implemented immediately and receive attention from policymakers include strengthening vector surveillance and monitoring systems, strengthening vector control strategies in various sectors, increasing human health and behavioral capacity, effective communication and collaboration, and increasing infrastructure capacity and resource allocation. The sooner these issues are resolved, the more likely the goal of a mosquito-borne disease-free Indonesia can be achieved.

Antimicrobial Resistance Challenge to Sustainable Development Goals and Targets: A One-Health Perspective

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest challenges to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). Antimicrobial resistance is primarily associated with misuse, abuse, or overuse of antimicrobials, resulting in no effect of antibiotics on microorganisms in humans, animals, and the environment in the domain of One Health. AMR directly affects Sustainable Development (SDG) Goals 1,3, and 4 related to wellbeing considered the inner component, SDG Goals 2, 6, 8, 9, and 12 the infrastructural middle component, and SDG Goal 17 the related component of cooperation and coordination. AMR indirectly affects SDG Goals 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, and 16. This interpretation is based on the dynamic interaction of various components that leads to direct or indirect tradeoff in achieving SDG goals based on the One-Health approach. Thus, understanding this dynamic interaction among various components of One Health is important to underscore the importance of AMR challenging Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Antimicrobial resistance extends beyond misuse, abuse, or overuse in healthcare settings, encompassing inadequate access to clean water, substandard practices in human and animal sanitation and hygiene, limited availability of early diagnostic tools, and insufficient legislation addressing the issue. Notably, a widespread lack of awareness and understanding regarding the issue poses a potential threat to SDGs. Hence, efforts must encompass strategic and synchronized actions across various tiers of the systems, coupled with evidence-based policy formulation, to yield sustainable outcomes on a global scale with the transdisciplinary approach of One Heath.

Inside Mycobacterium bovis SB0120 spoligotype circulating in Italy: analysis of the most frequent genotypes by whole genome sequencing.

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily caused by Mycobacterium bovis. The infection affects domestic animals and wildlife, posing a zoonotic risk to humans. To understand the dynamics of transmission and genetic diversity in Italy's M. bovis population, we conducted whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis on two prevalent genotypes, belonging to Spoligotype SB0120, identified in different geographical and temporal contexts. By comparing these genomes with international M. bovis isolates, we identified a distinct clade within the lineage La1.2, encompassing the Italian SB0120 isolates, indicating a genomic segregation of Italian M. bovis from other European isolates. Within Italy, a significant level of genetic variability emerged across regions, while isolates within epidemiologically linked outbreaks exhibited minimal genetic diversity. Additionally, isolates derived from cattle and wild boars within a tuberculosis hotspot in Central Italy and from cattle and black pigs in Sicily formed unified clonal clusters. This indicates the presence of persistent strains circulating in the examined regions. The genetic diversity within herds was limited, as specific clones endured over time within certain herds. This research enhances our comprehension of the epidemiology and transmission patterns of bTB in Italy, thereby aiding the development of precise control strategies and disease management. Using WGS and implementing standardized protocols and databases will be pivotal in combating bTB and promoting One-Health approaches to address this noteworthy public health concern.

Anthelmintic resistance in soil-transmitted helminths: One-Health considerations

The One-Health approach recognizes the intricate connection between human, animal, and environmental health, and that cooperative effort from various professionals provides comprehensive awareness and potential solutions for issues relating to the health of people, animals, and the environment. This approach has increasingly gained appeal as the standard strategy for tackling emerging infectious diseases, most of which are zoonoses. Treatment with anthelmintics (AHs) without a doubt minimizes the severe consequences of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs); however, evidence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) development to different helminths of practically every animal species and the distinct groups of AHs is overwhelming globally. In this regard, the correlation between the application of anthelmintic drugs in both human and animal populations and the consequent development of anthelmintic resistance in STHs within the context of a One-Health framework is explored. This review provides an overview of the major human and animal STHs, treatment of the STHs, AR development and drug-related factors contributing towards AR, One-Health and STHs, and an outline of some One-Health strategies that may be used in combating AR.

The Occurrence of Freshwater Fish-Borne Zoonotic Helminths in Italy and Neighbouring Countries: A Systematic Review.

In recent years, the consumption of fish products has surged in European countries, being an essential part of a healthy diet. Despite representing a small part of EU production, freshwater fisheries hold considerable significance for lake-dwelling populations and tourists seeking traditional dishes. This increased fish consumption has brought to light potential health risks associated with fish-borne zoonotic helminths (FBZHs), now acknowledged as global food-borne parasites. Fish-borne zoonotic helminths belong to various taxonomic groups, including nematodes (Anisakidae), trematodes (Opisthorchiidae and Heterophyidae), and cestodes (Diphyllobothriidae). More than 50 species of FBZH are known to cause human infections, derived from eating raw or undercooked aquatic foods containing viable parasites. Despite increased attention, FBZHs remain relatively neglected compared to other food-borne pathogens due to factors like chronic disease progression and under-diagnosis. This systematic review concentrates on the prevalence of six freshwater FBZHs (Clinostomum complanatum, Contracaecum rudolphii, Dibothriocephalus latus, Eustrongylides excisus, Opisthorchis felineus, and Pseudamphistomum truncatum) in Italy and neighbouring countries. The study explores the expansion of these parasites, analysing their biological and epidemiological aspects, and the factors that influence their proliferation, such as the increased cormorant population and the lake eutrophication phenomena. In summary, this research highlights the necessity for further research, the development of spatial databases, and the establishment of a unified European policy to effectively manage these multifaceted health concerns. It strongly advocates adopting a One-Health approach to address the growing incidence of parasitic zoonoses within the context of food safety in EU countries.

Potential Causes of Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance and Preventive Measures in One Health Perspective-A Review.

Antimicrobial resistance, referring to microorganisms' capability to subsist and proliferate even when there are antimicrobials is a foremost threat to public health globally. The appearance of antimicrobial resistance can be ascribed to anthropological, animal, and environmental factors. Human-related causes include antimicrobial overuse and misuse in medicine, antibiotic-containing cosmetics and biocides utilization, and inadequate sanitation and hygiene in public settings. Prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial misuse and overuse, using antimicrobials as feed additives, microbes resistant to antibiotics and resistance genes in animal excreta, and antimicrobial residue found in animal-origin food and excreta are animals related contributive factors for the antibiotic resistance emergence and spread. Environmental factors including naturally existing resistance genes, improper disposal of unused antimicrobials, contamination from waste in public settings, animal farms, and pharmaceutical industries, and the use of agricultural and sanitation chemicals facilitatet its emergence and spread. Wildlife has a plausible role in the antimicrobial resistance spread. Adopting a one-health approach involving using antimicrobials properly in animals and humans, improving sanitation in public spaces and farms, and implementing coordinated governmental regulations is crucial for combating antimicrobial resistance. Collaborative and cooperative involvement of stakeholders in public, veterinary and ecological health sectors is foremost to circumvent the problem effectively.

Serological Evidence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Brazilian Equines.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has been demonstrated in various animal species; those recognized as potential zoonotic reservoirs pose a considerable risk to public health. In Brazil, HEV-3 is the only genotype identified in humans and swine nationwide, in a colony-breeding cynomolgus monkey and, recently, in bovines and capybara. There is no information regarding HEV exposure in the equine population in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate anti-HEV antibodies and viral RNA in serum samples from horses slaughtered for meat export and those bred for sport/reproduction purposes. We used a commercially available ELISA kit modified to detect species-specific anti-HEV, using an anti-horse IgG-peroxidase conjugate and evaluating different cutoff formulas and assay precision. Serum samples (n = 257) were tested for anti-HEV IgG and HEV RNA by nested RT-PCR and RT-qPCR. The overall anti-HEV seroprevalence was 26.5% (68/257) without the detection of HEV RNA. Most municipalities (53.3%) and farms (58.8%) had positive horses. Animals slaughtered for human consumption had higher risk of HEV exposure (45.5%) than those bred for sports or reproduction (6.4%) (p < 0.0001). The statistical analysis revealed sex and breeding system as possible risk-associated factors. The first serological evidence of HEV circulation in Brazilian equines reinforces the need for the surveillance of HEV host expansion in a one-health approach.

A one-health approach to using sheep in research, with a focus on neuroscience studies

Sheep have been an important animal for both academic and basic sciences education, with a positive impact on the public health sector and, subsequently, One Health. This review presents the impact of sheep on research with a specific focus on neuroscience studies. Disorders, as well as neuroendocrine and environmental factors affecting the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, are selected, and relevant research and sheep models mimicking human diseases are described. The review discusses various sheep models, encompassing prion, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s disease, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease), along with ischemic stroke. Sheep play a pivotal role in elucidating the pathogenesis and/or treatment for the aforementioned diseases. Furthermore, this research is underpinned by solid neuroanatomy knowledge. Consequently, we outline the main reasons why sheep are such robust research models. In conclusion, we demonstrate the important role that sheep models fulfill in advancing the mission of the One Health Initiative.

A Novel Quadruple Gene-Deleted BoHV-1-Vectored RVFV Subunit Vaccine Induces Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Response against Rift Valley Fever in Calves.

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is considered to be a high biodefense priority based on its threat to livestock and its ability to cause human hemorrhagic fever. RVFV-infected livestock are also a significant risk factor for human infection by direct contact with contaminated blood, tissues, and aborted fetal materials. Therefore, livestock vaccination in the affected regions has the direct dual benefit and one-health approach of protecting the lives of millions of animals and eliminating the risk of severe and sometimes lethal human Rift Valley fever (RVF) disease. Recently, we have developed a bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) quadruple gene mutant virus (BoHV-1qmv) vector that lacks virulence and immunosuppressive properties due to the deletion of envelope proteins UL49.5, glycoprotein G (gG), gE cytoplasmic tail, and US9 coding sequences. In the current study, we engineered the BoHV-1qmv further by incorporating a chimeric gene sequence to express a proteolytically cleavable polyprotein: RVFV envelope proteins Gn ectodomain sequence fused with bovine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) and Gc, resulting in a live BoHV-1qmv-vectored subunit vaccine against RVFV for livestock. In vitro, the resulting recombinant virus, BoHV-1qmv Sub-RVFV, was replicated in cell culture with high titers. The chimeric Gn-GMCSF and Gc proteins expressed by the vaccine virus formed the Gn-Gc complex. In calves, the BoHV-1qmv Sub-RVFV vaccination was safe and induced moderate levels of the RVFV vaccine strain, MP12-specific neutralizing antibody titers. Additionally, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the vaccinated calves had six-fold increased levels of interferon-gamma transcription compared with that of the BoHV-1qmv (vector)-vaccinated calves when stimulated with heat-inactivated MP12 antigen in vitro. Based on these findings, we believe that a single dose of BoHV-1qmv Sub-RVFV vaccine generated a protective RVFV-MP12-specific humoral and cellular immune response. Therefore, the BoHV-1qmv sub-RVFV can potentially be a protective subunit vaccine for cattle against RVFV.

(Re)-discovering rivers benefits in the City: a One Health approach

Abstract In the context of climate change and increasing urbanization, urban bathing is emerging in France and elsewhere, thus bringing us to question how we can maximize the benefits for the health of populations and minimize the risks. The multidisciplinary URB-bain project studies the feasibility of bringing bathing back to the urban environment. In a One Health approach, it combines 1/ the study of health risks associated with the chemical and microbiological analyses quality of the water of two potential bathing sites (Metz, France) and 2/ a socio-historical and political approach to the use of urban bathing in France, Europe, and Canada. This paper will present the first results of axis 2. Two types of qualitative data were collected: semi-structured interviews and documentation. Interviews were conducted with technicians, decision-makers, and NGOs. Eighteen interviews were performed (10 in Metz, France, 3 in Paris, and 5 in Quebec, Canada), recorded, transcribed, and analyzed (N'Vivo 12©). Other sites were documented (Copenhagen, Berlin). The causality model between urban bathing and health developed within the framework of the project and the principles for operationalizing the One Health concept (collaboration, coordination, communication, capacity building) guided the analysis. Documentation analysis showed a renewed interest in urban bathing in France since the 1990s, culminating in 2017 in Paris with the opening of a pool in the Canal de la Villette under pressure from citizens and motivated by the hosting of the Olympic Games in 2024. In France, health considerations focused on regulatory issues based on bacteriological quality for the institutions. The water bodies’ ecological and chemical status is neither a concern nor a One-health approach. Social accessibility and gender equity in the public space are important issues. The analysis of the interviews, still in progress, will help to put the initial results into perspective with the other sites studied. Key messages • Urban bathing is a public health issue in a context of climate change. • Urban bathing is a one-health issue.

Zoonotic diseases transmitted from the camels.

Zoonotic diseases, infections transmitted naturally from animals to humans, pose a significant public health challenge worldwide. After MERS-CoV was discovered, interest in camels was raised as potential intermediate hosts for zoonotic viruses. Most published review studies pay little attention to case reports or zoonotic epidemics where there is epidemiological proof of transmission from camels to humans. Accordingly, any pathogen found in camels known to cause zoonotic disease in other animals or humans is reported. Here, zoonotic diseases linked to camels are reviewed in the literature, focusing on those with epidemiological or molecular evidence of spreading from camels to humans. This review examines the risks posed by camel diseases to human health, emphasizing the need for knowledge and awareness in mitigating these risks. A search of the literature revealed that eight (36.4%) of the 22 investigations that offered convincing evidence of camel-to-human transmission involved MERS, five (22.7%) Brucellosis, four (18.2%) plague caused by Yersinia pestis, three (13.6%) camelpox, one (4.5%) hepatitis E, and one (4.5%) anthrax. The reporting of these zoonotic diseases has been steadily increasing, with the most recent period, from 2010 to the present, accounting for 59% of the reports. Additionally, camels have been associated with several other zoonotic diseases, including toxoplasmosis, Rift Valley fever, TB, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Q fever, despite having no evidence of a transmission event. Transmission of human zoonotic diseases primarily occurs through camel milk, meat, and direct or indirect contact with camels. The above-mentioned diseases were discussed to determine risks to human health. MERS, Brucellosis, plague caused by Y. pestis, camelpox, hepatitis E, and anthrax are the main zoonotic diseases associated with human disease events or outbreaks. Transmission to humans primarily occurs through camel milk, meat, and direct contact with camels. There is a need for comprehensive surveillance, preventive measures, and public health interventions based on a one-health approach to mitigate the risks of zoonotic infections linked to camels.