One-factor Structures Research Articles

Measuring eco-emotions: a German version of questionnaires on eco-guilt, ecological grief, and eco-anxiety

In the face of climate change, people experience a variety of emotions, e.g., guilt, grief, anger, anxiety, or even shock. Although these emotions are generally considered unpleasant, they may play a key role in dealing with climate change by motivating climate action. In 2022, Ágoston et al. introduced three questionnaires to assess eco-guilt (EGuiQ-11), ecological grief (EGriQ-6), and eco-anxiety (EAQ-22). We translated and validated these questionnaires in a large German sample (N = 871). More specifically, the current study not only intended to replicate the factor structures of all three questionnaires, but also expand previous findings by investigating associations of eco-emotions with climate action intentions, climate policy support, climate anxiety, and psychological distress. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated one-factor structures of the EGuiQ-11 and EGriQ-6 and the two factors habitual ecological worry and negative consequences of eco-anxiety of the EAQ-22. All eco-emotions were positively associated with climate action intentions and climate policy support, but also with levels of climate anxiety as well as general anxiety and depression. All in all, the translated questionnaires seem suitable measurements of eco-guilt, ecological grief, and eco-anxiety that capture the adaptive and maladaptive aspects of these emotions.

Validation and Cultural Adaptation of the Motors of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale (MoVac-COVID19S) in German

Abstract: Background: Context-specific standardized psychometric instruments are essential for ensuring valid and reliable assessment of health outcomes across diverse populations to aid the advancement of research and health-related interventions. However, instruments measuring attitudes toward vaccinations are lacking in the extant literature. Therefore, we performed a cross-cultural adaptation of the Motors of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale (MoVac-COVID19S) in Germany. Method: During the months of June and July 2022, 475 individuals aged 18 years and older from the general population of Germany participated in an online cross-sectional survey. Participants responded to five demographic questions, a measure of COVID-19 vaccine uptake willingness, and the MoVac-COVID19S. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) fit indices were used to evaluate the factor structures of the MoVac-COVID19S. Results: The CFA revealed that all examined factor structures of both the 9-item and 12-item versions of the MoVac-COVID19S were acceptable among the sample. Overall, CFI, GFI, and TLI values were higher than 0.95; RMSEA and SRMR values were all less than 0.08 for all the estimated models. The one-factor model of the 9-item version of the MoVac-COVID19S exhibited best fits indices compared to the one-factor and four-factor structures of the 12-item version of the scale. The bifactor model revealed that the general factor explained a higher percentage of the Explained Common Variance (ECV; ranging from 55% to 94%) in the majority of the items, compared to the specific factors. The scale was found to demonstrate convergent validity with related measures. Conclusion: The German version of the MoVac-COVID19S should be considered a unidimensional rather than a multidimensional measure. Although the 9-item version of the scale performed better among the sample compared to the 12-item version, the overall scores of both versions were found to be valid and reliable measures of attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccinations. The MoVac-COVID19S has the potential to be adapted for assessing attitudes toward any future vaccination programs. Limitations: While our study sampled only the general German population, the criticisms of CFA warrant further research using advanced methods, such as the Rasch model, and subgroups.

PERFORMANCE OF FACTOR RETENTION METHODS IN SKEWED DISTRIBUTIONS

This research aims to evaluate the performance of dimensionality determination methods under various simulation conditions. Therefore, dimensionality determination methods were compared, including optimal parallel analysis, MAP, HULL, EGA (TMFG) estimation, EGA (glasso) estimation, and comparison data forest method. The type of distribution, sample size, number of items per factor, number of categories, and measurement model were specified as simulation conditions in the study. For each condition, 100 replications were conducted. A fully crossed simulation design was employed in the study. The results of this study, which examined the performance of factor determination methods under skewed distributions, indicated that the HULL method had the highest average considering the average accuracy values of all conditions. Meanwhile, the HULL method had the lowest RB average. However, no method demonstrated adequate performance under all conditions. This study examined one-factor and two-factor structures with interfactor correlations of 0.00 and 0.30. Considering structures with more than two factors in education and psychology, future research could focus on working with data exhibiting skewed distributions involving more factors and items to compare the performance of methods.

A bifactor model supports unidimensionality of the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form in young active patients with anterior cruciate ligament tears: a retrospective analysis of a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThe International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC) is the most highly recommended patient reported outcome measure for assessing patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and those undergoing ACL reconstruction (ACLR) surgery. The IKDC was developed as a unidimensional instrument for a variety of knee conditions. Structural validity, which determines how an instrument is scored, has not been definitively confirmed for the IKDC in respondents with ACL injuries, and in fact an alternative two-factor/subscale structure has been proposed in this population. The purpose of this study was to determine the most appropriate structure and scoring system for the IKDC in young active patients following ACL injury.MethodsIn total, 618 young patients deemed at high risk of graft rupture were randomized into the Stability 1 trial. Of the trial participants, 606 patients (98%) completed a baseline IKDC questionnaire used for this analysis. A cross sectional retrospective secondary data analysis of the Stability 1 baseline IKDC data was completed to assess the structural validity of the IKDC using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Factor analyses were used to test model fit of the intended one-factor structure, a two-factor structure, and alternative four-factor and bifactor structures (i.e., a combination of a unidimensional factor with additional specific factors) of the IKDC, in a dataset of young active ACL patients.ResultsThe simple one-factor and two-factor structures of the IKDC displayed inadequate fit in our dataset of young ACL patients. A bifactor model provided the best fit. This model contains one general factor that is substantially associated with all items, plus four secondary, more specific content factors (symptoms, activity level, activities of daily living, and sport) with generally weaker associations to subsets of items. Although the single-factor model did not provide unambiguous support to unidimensionality of the IKDC based on fit indices, the bifactor model supports unidimensionality of the IKDC when covariance between items with similar linguistic structure, response options, or content are acknowledged.ConclusionsOverall, findings of a bifactor model with evidence of a reliable general factor well defined by all items lends support to continue interpreting and scoring this instrument as unidimensional. This should be confirmed in other samples. Clinically, based on these findings, the IKDC can be represented by a single score for young active patients with ACL tears. A more nuanced interpretation would also consider secondary factors such as sport and activity level.Trial registrationThe Stability 1 trial for which these data were collected was registered on ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT02018354).

Spanish validation of two social media appearance-related constructs associated with disordered eating in adolescents: The Appearance-related Social Media Consciousness scale (ASMC) and the Critical Thinking about Media Messages scale (CTMM)

Appearance-related constructs underlying social media are negatively associated with mental health. However, their impact on the Spanish population is still unexplored. The present study aimed to validate the Spanish versions of two appearance-related scales: (1) the appearance-related social media consciousness (ASMC) scale; and (2) the critical thinking about media messages (CTMM) scale. Translation and cultural adaptation of the scales were carried out. The scales’ psychometric properties were assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, measurement invariance across gender (boys vs. girls) and age groups (early adolescents vs. middle adolescents), internal consistency, and convergent validity. The sample included 803 Spanish secondary school adolescents aged between 12 and 18 (Mage = 15.1, 47.9% girls, 47.2% boys, 4.9% non-binary gender/others). The exploratory factor analyses replicated original one-factor structures of both scales, which was verified using confirmatory factor analysis. Regarding the ASMC Scale, a re-specified model (allowing for error correlations between Items 1–2) presented an adequate fit. Both models were invariant across gender and age groups. Excellent internal consistency was found. Bivariate correlations between the ASMC and eating disorders related variables (body esteem, disordered eating, self-esteem, sociocultural attitudes towards appearance, and general mental health) supported its convergent validity and proved ASMC to be a potential target for future preventive eating disorder interventions. However, the CTMM scale correlated only with sociocultural pressures, thus, further research is needed to assess the validity of the CTMM in Spanish samples.

Factor Structure and Validation of the Revised Suicide Crisis Inventory in a Korean Population.

Because of the exceptionally high suicide rates in South Korea, new assessment methods are needed to improve suicide prevention. The current study aims to validate the revised Suicide Crisis Inventory-2 (SCI-2), a self-report measure that assesses a cognitiveaffective pre-suicidal state in a Korean sample. With data from 1,061 community adults in South Korea, confirmatory factor analyses were first conducted to test the proposed one-factor and five-factor structures of the SCI-2. Also, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to examine possible alternative factor structure of the inventory. The one-factor model of the SCI-2 resulted in good model fit and similarly, the five-factor model also exhibited strong fit. Comparing the two models, the five-factor was evaluated as the superior model fit. An alternative 4-factor model derived from EFA exhibited a comparable model fit. The Korean version of the SCI-2 had high internal consistency and strong concurrent validity in relation to symptoms of suicidal ideation, depression, and anxiety. The SCI-2 is an appropriate and a valid tool for measuring one's proximity to imminent suicide risk. However, the exact factor structure of the SCI-2 may be culture-sensitive and warrants further study.

Psychometric investigation of the affiliate stigma scale in Mexican Parkinson's disease caregivers: Development of a short form.

Parkinson's disease (PD) caregivers, particularly in Latin America, may experience high levels of affiliate stigma due to their association with a person having a disability. The most common measure used of this construct in the literature, the Affiliate Stigma Scale, was validated using non-standard and questionable methods. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Affiliate Stigma Scale with PD caregivers in Mexico using more widely accepted psychometric approaches including confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses (CFAs, EFAs). A sample of 148 PD caregivers from Mexico completed this measure, as well as indices of caregiver burden and anxiety. Initial CFAs revealed that the data did not fit either the originally proposed one-factor or three-factor structures. An EFA was then conducted which was unable to discern any factor structure. Upon instituting a stepwise removal alpha-if-item-deleted process, a 5-item Affiliate Stigma Scale Spanish Short Form was retained with an adequate Cronbach's alpha, good convergent validity, and a Short Form CFA generally indicating adequate fit. The new Spanish Affiliate Stigma Scale Short Form holds promise for more appropriately measuring affiliate stigma likely in general but particularly in Spanish and among PD caregivers. The Short Form can assist not only in assessing levels of caregiver affiliate stigma, but in creating novel interventions to help support caregivers and decrease stigma.

ПСИХОМЕТРИЧНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ШКАЛИ ХЕМОФОБІЇ: УКРАЇНСЬКА ВИБІРКА

Background. The problem of chemophobia, which refers to an irrational fear of chemicals, is a relatively new phenomenon that is gaining attention in scientific circles. This fear can manifest in various aspects of daily life, impacting people's attitudes towards food additives, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines. Understanding the nature and extent of chemophobia is essential for addressing these fears effectively. This study aimed to adapt the Chemophobia Scale, originally developed in English, into Ukrainian. Methods. The study involved 392 respondents from diverse regions across Ukraine, encompassing a wide demographic range to ensure representativeness. Participants were recruited using both online and offline methods. The psychometric properties of the Ukrainian version of the Chemophobia Scale were assessed using comprehensive statistical analyses. These analyses included Cronbach's alpha to measure internal consistency, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to assess the scale's structure, and a correlation matrix with the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scale to examine construct validity. Results. The Cronbach's alpha for the Ukrainian version of the Chemophobia Scale was 0.84, indicating a high level of internal consistency comparable to the original scale. Exploratory factor analysis suggested the possibility of using both one-factor and two-factor structures for the scale. However, the one-factor structure was deemed more acceptable in terms of indicator reliability and consistency with the original model. The fit indices for the one-factor model were as follows: x2 = 100, P < 0.001; Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.919; Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.878; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = 0.05; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.125. The correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between scores on the Chemophobia Scale and specific items on the MHLC scale, particularly those related to 'chance' and 'internal' health control beliefs. Conclusions. The adapted Ukrainian version of the Chemophobia Scale demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties, indicating its suitability for use in Ukrainian-speaking samples. This, in turn, can inform targeted interventions to address irrational fears related to chemicals, thereby improving public health outcomes.

Psychometric Properties of the Mobile Health Literacy Scale in the Workers of an Automotive Metal Sheet Factory in Shahrekord, Iran.

Background:Mobile health (mHealth) literacy refers to the ability to use mobile devices to search, find, understand, evaluate, and use health information to identify or solve a health problem. Health literacy skills are important for improving health information interventions and it will not be possible to investigate this skill unless a valid and reliable tool is developed.Objective:This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the mHealth Literacy Scale in the workers of an automotive metal sheet factory in Shahrekord, Iran.Methods:After forward and backward translation of the scale and ensuring the accuracy of the translation, qualitative face validity was examined by an expert panel and quantitative face validity by 10 workers using the item impact score. Content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio were investigated by seven experts on health education. To investigate construct validity, the scale was completed by 200 workers. One-factor and two-factor structures of the measure were studied using confirmatory factor analysis and the reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient.Key Results:The CVI for each of the three parameter (relevance, clarity, simplicity) was rated 0.75 to 1 for each item. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the one-factor model had a better fit to the data than the two-factor model [goodness of fit index = 0.985(>0.90), comparative fit index = 0.999 (>0.90), Tucker-Lewis index = 0.996 (>0.90), normed fit index = 0.994(>0.90), root mean square error of approximation = 0.038(< 0.08)]. Furthermore, the scale had an acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.964).Conclusion:The Persian version of mHealth Literacy Scale has satisfactory reliability and validity and could be used as an effective tool to evaluate mHealth literacy among Iranian workers. [HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice. 2022;6(4):e257–e261.]Plain Language Summary:This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 workers of an automotive metal sheet factory in southwest Iran to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the mHealth Literacy Scale. The results demonstrated that one-factor structure was more appropriate for evaluating mHealth literacy among Iranian workers.

Measuring fear of cancer recurrence in survivors of childhood cancer: Development and preliminary validation of the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory (FCRI)-Child and Parent versions.

Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is a common and distressing psychosocial concern for adult cancer survivors. Data on this construct in child survivors is limited and there are no validated measures for this population. This study aimed to adapt the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory-Short Form (FCRI-SF) for survivors of childhood cancer aged 8-18years (Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory-Child version [FCRI-C]) and their parents (Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory-Parent version [FCRI-P]) to self-report on their own FCR and to examine the initial psychometric properties. The FCRI-SF was adapted through expert panel input and cognitive interviews with child survivors <18years. The factor structure, internal consistency and construct and criterion validity of the FCRI-C and FCRI-P were examined in 124 survivors of childhood cancer (43% female; Mage =14.58years, SD=2.90) and 106 parents (90% mothers). All FCRI-SF items were retained for the FCRI-C with simplified language. The internal consistencies of the FCRI-C (α=0.88) and FCRI-P (α=0.83) were good. Exploratory factor analyses yielded one-factor structures for both measures. Higher scores on the FCRI-C and FCRI-P were associated with greater intolerance of uncertainty and pain catastrophizing. Higher child FCR was also related to more hypervigilance to bodily symptoms. Parents with higher FCR reported contacting their child's doctors and nurses and scheduling medical appointments for their child more frequently. Children reported significantly lower FCR compared to parents. The FCRI-C and FCRI-P demonstrated strong reliability and preliminary validity. This study offers preliminary data to support the use of the FCRI-C and FCRI-P to measure FCR in survivors of childhood cancer aged 8-18years and their parents.

Reliability and Validity Estimation of Job Stressor Measures Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Quantitative Workload Inventory and Organizational Constraints Scale in Urdu Language

Objective. The major objective of the present research study was to translate, reliability and validity estimation of three self-report measures of job stressor in Urdu language, namely, the Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale (ICAWS), the Organizational Constraints Scale (OCS) and the Quantitative Workload Inventory (QWI) (Spector &amp; Jex, 1998).Method. This process was completed in three phases.Phase-I comprised of the translation of measures through forward-backward translation method. To establish the cross-language validity, Urdu translated versionsand the English versionswere administered on bilingual respondents (N = 100)(men = 74 and women = 26).In Phase-II, reliability estimation of ICAWS, OCS and QWI including Chronbach’s alpha reliability and test–retest reliability was done. In Phase-III, validity estimation of ICAWS, OCSand QWI was done. Analysis were carried on the sample of 546employees(men = 334 and women = 212) of public service sector organizations (WAPDA, NADRA, Sui Gas, PIA, Railways, PTCL, OPF and Postal Services) of Pakistan, taken from Rawalpindi and Islamabad with age range of 22 to 60 years. Results. All indexes calculated were found to be significant.The one-dimensional structure of three measures was confirmed. The three scales have acceptable fit to the data. The one-factor structures and other psychometric properties of the Urdu version of the scales seem to be similar to those found in the US version of the original scales.Conclusion. The translated Urdu versions of the scales are reliable instruments that can be used in Pakistani organizational settings to measure job stress.

Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Couple Satisfaction Index

The study aimed to translate the Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI 32) into Korean, to evaluate the reliability and validity of CSI 32 and short-form (CSI 16, 4) in the Korean context, and to determine a cut-off score for Korean couples. Korean Versions of the Couple Satisfaction Index (K-CSI) 32 was translated, back-translated, and reviewed by five bilingual experts. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with data from a sample of 218 couples (N = 436) to test construct validity. Validity and reliability were evaluated. The receiver's operating characteristics curve analysis was used to obtain the cut-off score. The construct validities of K-CSI 32, 16, and 4 were verified using one-factor structures. The results of CFA showed a slightly better fit for K-CSI 16 and 4 than for K-CSI 32. Convergent validity was supported by significant positive correlations of K-CSI with Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and Family Relationship Assessment Scale. Moreover, the significant differences in K-CSI between normal and depressive group demonstrated known-group validity. Cut-off scores of 105.5 on K-CSI 32, 50.25 on K-CSI 16, and 13.25 on K-CSI 4 were validated to identify distressed couple relationships. For clinical practice, the reliable and valid K-CSI 32 has the potential to measure changes in couple satisfaction after couple therapy or interventions. Applying K-CSI 32 may facilitate research on couple and family relationships in nursing and contribute to the discussion on the role of couple satisfaction in mental health.

Adapting the patient and physician versions of the 9-item shared decision making questionnaire for other healthcare providers in Japan

BackgroundIn Japan, the number of older people with various health problems and difficulties in living is increasing. In order to practice patient-centered care for them, not only medical professionals but also multidisciplinary teams including care professionals and patients need to practice shared decision making (SDM) in the context of long-term care. For this reason, a measure of SDM in consultations with healthcare professionals (HCPs) other than physicians is needed. Therefore, this study aimed at adapting the patient and physician versions of the 9-item Shared Decision Making Questionnaire (SDM-Q-9, SDM-Q-Doc) for consultations with HCPs other than physicians in Japan.MethodsA pair of SDM measures that can be used by HCPs other than physicians, “Care SDM-Questionnaire for care receivers (SDM-C-patient)” and “Care SDM-Questionnaire for care providers (SDM-C-provider)” were prepared based on the Japanese versions of the SDM-Q-9 and SDM-Q-Doc. The internal consistency and conceptual structure of these measures were tested by secondary analysis of data from 496 participants from a workshop on SDM for different HCPs. Measurement invariance were tested by multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for the patient (SDM-C-patient and SDM-Q-9) and provider (SDM-C-provider vs. SDM-Q-Doc) versions.ResultsBoth the Japanese SDM-C-patient and SDM-C-provider demonstrated high internal consistencies (Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.90 and McDonald’s ω coefficient was 0.90 for both measures). CFA showed one-factor structures for both measures and original measures for physicians. Moreover, multigroup CFA showed configural and metric invariance between the novel care measures and original physician’s measures.ConclusionsThus, the novel SDM measures for care providers in Japan as well as the original physician’s measures could be used in training setting. As these measures were tested only in a training setting, their reliability and validity as new measures for care should be tested in a clinical setting in future.

Measurement Invariance of the Sexual Orientation Microaggression Inventory across LGB Males and Females in Taiwan: Bifactor Structure Fits the Best.

The present study examined the factor structure and concurrent validity of the traditional Chinese version of the Sexual Orientation Microaggression Inventory (SOMI) among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals in Taiwan. In total, 1000 self-identified LGB individuals completed the SOMI, HIV and Homosexuality Related Stigma Scale (HHRSS), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ). Different factor structures (including one-factor, four-factor, bifactor, and higher-order factor structures) were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. The bifactor structure significantly outperformed all others on the SOMI. The bifactor structure with one general factor and four trait factors was found to be measurement invariant across biological sex with satisfactory fit indices. The SOMI general factor was significantly associated with HHRSS-Homosexuality score and AAQ score. The findings indicate that the SOMI is a psychometrically sound instrument for Taiwan sexual minority groups. More specifically, SOMI can be used to accurately assess microaggression among LGB individuals. The measure on microaggression may also provide insights for healthcare providers about LGB individuals’ sexuality-related stigma. Moreover, healthcare providers and relevant stakeholders can use the SOMI to understand how LGB individuals perceive and feel microaggression.

A Psychometric Analysis of Fear of COVID-19 Scale in India.

COVID-19 has had a serious negative impact on the mental health of people around the world. The present study analyses the psychometric properties of Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in the Indian context. The study checks the one-factor and two-factor structures of the measure. Data were collected from 992 respondents from India. Structural equation modeling was performed to check the construct validity after checking the factorial validity, reliability, and model fit. Both one-factor and two-factor models had good psychometric properties. FCV-19S had significant relationships with stress and wellbeing. This study can serve as a reference to practitioners and researchers to understand and analyze fear of COVID among individuals and thus to support the mental health wellbeing during the pandemic.

Psychometric evaluation of the Vancouver Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory (VOCI) and its adaptation based on the DSM-5 in Iranian patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder

abstract The Vancouver Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory (VOCI) was validated in Iranian non-clinical individuals, but not in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Accordingly, this study aims to further evaluate the six-factor first-order and one-factor second-order structures, validity, and reliability of the scale and also to adapt this scale to the DSM-5 recommendations regarding hoarding behavior in Iranian OCD patients. Three hundred and sixty patients completed the VOCI, the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS), the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale checklist (Y-BOCS), the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R); the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ-SF), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Results showed that the six-factor first-order model of the VOCI had acceptable fit, while the five-factor first-order model had more appropriate fit by deleting the hoarding subscale's items. Also, one-factor second-order structure of the scale has been found to have an adequate fit. In addition, reliability and convergent and discriminant validity of the VOCI have been found to be good. The findings indicate that although the VOCI with the six-factor first-order and one-factor second-order structures is a valid scale in Iranian OCD patients, the VOCI adapted to the DSM-5 is more reliable to be used in Iranian community.

Reliability and validity of the Vietnamese version of the 9-item Utrecht Work Engagement Scale.

ObjectivesThe present study investigated the reliability and validity of a newly developed Vietnamese version of the 9‐item Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES‐9‐V) in a sample of hospital nurses in Hanoi, Vietnam.MethodsThe UWES‐9 was translated into Vietnamese following a standard procedure. A survey was conducted of 949 registered nurses in a large tertiary general hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam, in 2018, using a self‐administered questionnaire including the Vietnamese UWES‐9, other scales measuring health status, work performance, job demand, job control, and workplace social support, and questions pertaining to demographic variables. Cronbach’s alpha and interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to assess reliability. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to assess factorial validity. Convergent validity was tested based on associations between the UWES‐9‐V and subscales and other scales.ResultsThe Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of the UWES‐9‐V and the Vigor, Absorption, and Dedication subscales were 0.93, 0.86, 0.77, and 0.90, respectively. ICC of the UWES‐9‐V in a subsample after 3 months was 0.48. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated an acceptable fit of both one‐factor and three‐factor structures, with the three‐factor model having the better fit. The UWES‐9‐V and its subscales correlated with depression, anxiety and stress, health‐related quality of life and health condition, job performance, and psychosocial work environment.ConclusionsThe study findings suggest that the UWES‐9‐V is a reliable and valid instrument to measure work engagement among hospital nurses in Vietnam, a low‐ and middle‐income country. Future studies should confirm the validity and reliability of the UWES‐9‐V among various occupations.

Testing measurement invariance and multilevel factor structures of bullying among Iranian adolescents

ABSTRACT School bullying is a significant public health problem and a widespread type of school violence. Empirically validated evaluation scales are needed for use in research and practice to explain the nature and scope of adolescent bullying. The current study investigated the multilevel factor structure and measurement invariance of the Olweus bullying, victimization, and perpetration scales across gender and school types on a random sample of 1,558 Iranian adolescences. Although results indicated adequate goodness of fit for the one-factor and four-factor structures in both scales, it seems like the four-factor structure is more appropriate for use in within-level (students) and the one-factor for between-level (school). In addition, measurement invariance analyses showed that configural, metric, and scalar invariance were established across gender and school types. These findings provide psychometrical support for the use of the Olweus bullying, victimization, and perpetration scales in Iranian adolescents.

Evaluating social skill in individuals with schizophrenia with the brief impression questionnaire (BIQ)

Current social skill assessments for individuals with schizophrenia require extensive administration times, training, and coding procedures, thus limiting their clinical utility. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Brief Impression Questionnaire (BIQ), a novel measure designed to utilize immediate impression formation in the assessment of social skill in schizophrenia. An exploratory factor analysis of the BIQ was conducted, and relationships between the extracted factors and measures of social cognition and functioning were assessed. Additionally, we assessed differences on the BIQ between individuals with schizophrenia and control participants. Twenty-two research assistants at three sites rated participants using the BIQ (154 control participants and 218 individuals with schizophrenia). The results revealed identical one-factor structures for both participant groups. For both groups, the BIQ total score was positively associated with performance on social cognitive and everyday functioning assessments. Further, control participants were rated more positively on all BIQ items and received higher BIQ total scores. In the schizophrenia sample, BIQ scores predicted performance on social functioning assessments while controlling for symptom severity. These results indicate that impression formation may be a viable and efficient tool to measure aspects of social cognition and functioning in people with schizophrenia.

The Effects of Sample Size, Correlation Technique, and Factor Extraction Method on Reliability Coefficients

This study aims to compare reliability coefficients according to sample size (250, 500, 1,000, 2,500, 5,000, and 9,773), EFA factor extraction methods (PCA, PA, ULS, WLS, and MLE), CFA estimation methods (UL, ML, and GL), and correlation matrices (Pearson, phi, and tetrachoric). Therefore, it employs a basic research method. The study was conducted with real data, and the data were collected from students’ answers to a Turkish sub-test in the Test for Transition from Basic Education into Secondary Education administered in 2014. Within the scope of the study, McDonald ω, McDonald ωh, maximal reliability, Armor Ɵ, Heise and Bohrnstedt Ω, Revelle β, and standardized alpha coefficients were compared. Consequently, it was found that sample size in the same correlation matrices did not lead to serious changes. It was also found that McDonald ωh and Revelle β coefficients calculated with a tetrachoric correlation were bigger than 1 in some conditions. It was recommended in consequence that those coefficients should be calculated through phi correlations for congeric one-factor structures. Other findings obtained support the literature, and necessary suggestions are made.