One-dimensional Ternary Photonic Crystals Research Articles

Theoretical optical characterization of one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal embedded with nanocomposite of bimetallic core-shell nanoparticles

Theoretical optical characterization of one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal embedded with nanocomposite of bimetallic core-shell nanoparticles

Tunable terahertz piezoelectric-based one-dimensional photonic crystal

One-dimensional ternary photonic crystals with dielectric and piezoelectric layers offer intriguing properties and potential applications in the terahertz (THz) region. In the first plan, a piezoelectric layer is placed between two different dielectric layers, resulting in a structure with a controllable band gap through the application of an external electric field. In the second plan, a ternary photonic crystal is proposed, consisting of dielectric layers and a piezoelectric defect layer. This structure introduces a narrow bandpass region that can be finely adjusted using both the external electric field and the incident angle. The bandpass region is characterized by a Gaussian shape, centered around a frequency of approximately 50 THz, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of around 50 GHz. The proposed photonic crystal exhibits versatile tunability as a narrow bandpass filter in the THz range. The utilization of an external electric field facilitates the development of optical crystal applications, making it easier to manipulate and control the properties of the photonic crystal.

Large omnidirectional mid-infrared photonic bandgap in a one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal consisting of isotropic dielectric, elliptical metamaterial and plasma

Photonic bandgaps (PBGs) in traditional one-dimensional (1-D) binary photonic crystals (PhCs) consisting of two kinds of isotropic dielectrics strongly shift towards shorter wavelengths as incident angle increases. Such blueshift property of PBGs intensively limits the widths of omnidirectional photonic bandgaps (OPBGs). Very recently, researchers achieved a special kind of PBGs called angle-insensitive PBGs in novel 1-D binary PhCs consisting of isotropic dielectric and elliptical metamaterial (EMM). The emergence of such angle-insensitive PBGs provides us an opportunity to achieve large OPBGs. Herein, we periodically introduce plasma layers into a 1-D binary PhC consisting of isotropic dielectric and EMM with an angle-insensitive PBG to achieve a large OPBG at mid-infrared wavelengths. The EMM is mimicked by an all-dielectric subwavelength multilayer. The broaden effect of the OPBG originates from the plasmonic property of plasma and the angle-insensitive property of the PBG. The width of the OPBG reaches 4.19 μm. Our work provides a feasible route to achieving large OPBGs in 1-D PhCs and would promote the development of OPBG-based devices, such as omnidirectional broadband reflectors and omnidirectional filters.

Analysis of transmission spectra in one-dimensional ternary photonic crystals with complex unit cell

We investigate the light transmission spectra of a one-dimensional semiconductor ternary photonic crystal with a complex unit cell composed of different combinations of two three-layers (symmetric and asymmetric) using the transfer matrix method. The transmittance properties of such photonic crystals are analyzed numerically for the normal and oblique incidence angles of electromagnetic radiation. The complete transmission spectra for the complex ternary photonic structures have been verified from the Brewster angle. Special attention is paid to the study of light transmission spectra dependencies as a function of the thicknesses of layers in the complex unit cell. The proposed structure can be used to design the optical wide-band filters, omnidirectional reflectors at the infrared and terahertz regimes.

Design of a nano-sensor for cancer cell detection based on a ternary photonic crystal with high sensitivity and low detection limit

Cancer is a fatal disease that leads to the death of many people all over the world. The detection of cancer disease is one of the most challenging in the medical field. A novel sensor based on a one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal is proposed for the detection of cancer cells. The proposed structure consists of a defect layer sandwiched between two identical periodic numbers. The defect layer can be either normal or cancerous cells. The proposed structure is air /(Si/Bi4Ge3O12/SiO2)N /Defect layer/ (Si/Bi4Ge3O12/SiO2)N /air. The transmission spectra are investigated using the transfer matrix method. The effects of variation of the incident angle, the defect layer thickness, and the number of periods on the sensitivity and the photonic bandgap width are exhaustively investigated. An extremely high sensitivity of 3282.09 nm/RIU is obtained and a very low detection limit of 0.0001 RIU is achieved for the proposed detector. Moreover, the proposed sensor has low cost, easy to design with a nano-scale size. The aforementioned outcomes could open up an effective and applicable path for cancerous cells diagnosis.

The Design and Optimization of an Anti-Reflection Coating and an Intermediate Reflective Layer to Enhance Tandem Solar Cell Photons Capture

We have theoretically demonstrated an efficient way to improve the optical properties of an anti-reflection coating (ARC) and an intermediate reflective layer (IRL) to enhance tandem solar cell efficiency by localizing the incident photons’ energy on a suitable sub-cell. The optimum designed ARC from a one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal, consisting of a layer of silicon oxynitride (SiON), was immersed between two layers of (SiO2); thicknesses were chosen to be 98 nm, 48 nm, and 8 nm, respectively. The numerical results show the interesting transmission properties of the anti-reflection coating on the viable and near IR spectrum. The IRL was designed from one-dimensional binary photonic crystals and the constituent materials are Bi4Ge3O12 and μc-SiOx: H with refractive indexes was 2.05, and 2.8, respectively. The numbers of periods were set to 10. Thicknesses: d1 = 62 nm and d2 = 40 nm created a photonic bandgap (PBG) in the range of [420 nm: 540 nm]. By increasing the second material thickness to 55 nm, and 73 nm, the PBG shifted to longer wavelengths: [520 nm: 630 nm], and [620 nm: 730 nm], respectively. Thus, by stacking the three remaining structures, the PBG widened and extended from 400 nm to 730 nm. The current theoretical and simulation methods are based on the fundamentals of the transfer matrix method and finite difference time domain method.

Tunable wide bandstop and narrow bandpass filters based on one-dimensional ternary photonic crystals comprising defects of silver nanoparticles in water

In this study, we propose a novel structure comprising a one-dimensional photonic crystal of ZnSe/Nb2O5/BK7 as a tunable wide bandstop filter to cover the visible range of 500–800 nm. The transmittance spectrum of the structure was numerically investigated using the transfer matrix method. A stopband covering the range of 609–682 nm was obtained when the structure had nine ternary unit cells. The range widened to cover 576–707 nm when the number of unit cells increased to 20. A narrow bandpass filter was obtained when a defective layer comprising silver nanoparticles dispersed in water was inserted in the middle of the photonic crystal. We demonstrated the tuning of the single bandpass channel by considering the dispersion of the materials due to the modulation of the filling factor and size of the silver nanoparticles as well as the angle of incidence for radiation. The resonant peak with a transmittance of more than 0.85 obtained at normal incidence shifted from 620.8 to 644.5 nm within the bandgap as the filling factor increased from 0.0 to 0.10. We also found that the resonant peak shifted slightly (from 631.5 to 632.4 nm) when the radius of the silver nanoparticles increased from 1.0 to 15.0 nm. In addition, when the angle of incidence increased from 10° to 80°, the resonant peak shifted from 630.0 to 545.8 nm. Therefore, the proposed structure is promising for fabricating practical tunable wide bandstop and single-channel bandpass filters in the visible region.

Mid-infrared sensor based on resonance excitation of graphene plasmon polariton-coupled Bloch surface modes at the interface of anisotropically truncated one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal

In this article, we have theoretically demonstrated the sensor performance in mid-IR frequency domain by resonance excitation of Bloch surface modes through energy coupling with graphene surface plasmon polaritons in truncated one-dimensional (1D) ternary photonic crystal (TPC) under Kretschmann configuration coupling technique. The involvement of optical anisotropy via graphene monolayer enhances light-matter interaction thus enabling excellent control over the resonance wavelength (RW) of the excited Bloch surface modes (EBSMs). For incident transverse magnetic-polarized electromagnetic waves, the band structure, reflection spectra and field profile are computed using 2 × 2 transfer matrix method. The control over the RW has been established by examining the effect of variation of different model parameters like thickness of truncation layer, refractive index of external medium, temperature, chemical potential and the periodicity of TPC. The variations in periodicity result in the expansion of the range of confinement of EBSMs in photonic band gaps from 19 THz to 65 THz . We proved that the variation in temperature between 300 ∘ K and 500 ∘ K confines the EBSMs with high coupling efficiency (CE). Also, at room temperature the best achievable quality factor (QF) is 1421 and a high Q.F. of 8170 is attained at 260 ∘ K .

One-dimensional ZnSe/ZnS/BK7 ternary planar photonic crystals as wide angle infrared reflectors

In this work, we propose novel structures of one-dimensional ternary planar photonic crystals (1D-TPPC) consisting of periodic unit cells of dispersive materials. The transfer matrix method (TMM) is utilized to investigate the propagation of the electromagnetic radiation in the proposed structure. The transmittance spectrum and Floquet-Bloch theorem are used to determine the features of the photonic band gap (PBG) for the transverse electric (TE) mode of the incident radiation. In particular, the photonic band gap width (PBGW) is studied as a function of the number of unit cells, thicknesses of layers, angle of the incidence and temperature. Based on the results obtained, the proposed structures are believed to be promising in designing wide angle infrared reflectors.

Mid-infrared Biosensor Based on Bloch Surface Mode Excitation in Truncated One-Dimensional Ternary Photonic Crystal Under Kretschmann Configuration

We have theoretically investigated the performance of mid-infrared (mid-IR) sensitive biosensor constructed by truncated one-dimensional (1D) ternary photonic crystal (TPC) on the prism base under Kretschmann configuration coupling technique. The control over resonance wavelength (RW) of the excited Bloch surface modes (EBSMs) for the case of incident transverse magnetic polarized electromagnetic waves (EMWs) has been shown. The band structures and the reflection spectra of the considered model are computed using transfer matrix method (TMM). The variation in different design parameters of the theoretically constructed biosensor, such as thickness of the truncation layer, refractive index of the sensing medium, and number of unit cells in photonic crystal (PC), allows us to have good control over the resonance wavelengths in fixed frequency regime of the PBGs. The excitation of BSMs is characterized by a dip in the reflectance spectra. The measured sensitivity of the sensor is $${10}^{-3}$$ orders of magnitude sensitive to the change in $${d}_{{c}}$$ and $${d}_{{t}}$$ values.

Multichannel tunable polarizing filter properties of one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal containing single-negative materials

Angle and polarization-dependent tunable transmission properties of a one-dimensional (1D) ternary photonic crystal (TPC) whose period consists of three alternate layers of two different kinds of single-negative [Epsilon-negative (ENG) and mu-negative (MNG)] media are theoretically investigated by using the transfer matrix method (TMM). It has been shown that the proposed polarizing filter is capable of transmitting multiple polarized transmission peaks (called as channels) by adjusting the incident angle from 21° to 89° as per need. The resonant frequencies of these respective transmission channels are completely different for the case of TE and TM polarizations. The proposed structure contains only twelve SNG material layers corresponding to the period number N = 4. This structure filters 18 separate transmission channels for TE and TM waves each at incident angle $$ \theta_{0} = 21^{\circ} $$ . The number of polarization dependent channels can be further increased to 35 and 37 for TE and TM polarizations, respectively, when the period number of 1D TPC increases from 4 to 8 at $$ \theta_{0} = 89^{\circ} $$ . This eight-period 1D TPC structure requires only 24 SNG material layers. The effect of lossy SNG materials on the performance of the filter is also investigated. This study may find its application in the field of optical communication for accommodating a large number of optical channels in the same bandwidth. Such types of filters may have their applications in integrated optics for dense wavelength division multiplexing systems and ultrafast light information processing.

Ultra-large omnidirectional photonic band gaps in one-dimensional ternary photonic crystals composed of plasma, dielectric and hyperbolic metamaterial

Abstract Owing to the Bragg interference mechanism, photonic band gap (PBG) in all-dielectric one-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) is strongly sensitive to the incident angle, which limits the width of omnidirectional photonic band gap (OPBG). Recently, researchers realized a kind of special PBG called angle-insensitive PBG in one-dimensional binary PC composed of alternating dielectric and hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM) layers. Different from the conventional strongly angle-insensitive PBG, this kind of PBG is angle-insensitive and naturally omnidirectional, providing us an efficient way to achieve ultra-large OPBG. In this paper, by periodically introducing plasma layers into one-dimensional binary PC composed of alternating dielectric and HMM layers with angle-insensitive PBG, we find that the PBG can be efficiently broadened. Although the PBG becomes slightly angle-sensitive since the introduction of plasma layers breaks the phase variation compensation condition, the width of OPBG can still be efficiently broadened. Under the proper design, we achieve an ultra-large OPBG with the width up to 1321 nm (68% relative bandwidth) in the one-dimensional ternary PC composed of alternating plasma, dielectric and HMM layers at near-infrared wavelengths. The whole one-dimensional ternary PC is composed of only three kinds of materials: indium tin oxide (ITO), silicon (Si) and silicon carbide (SiC), which can be fabricated by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method under the current experimental conditions. This ultra-large OPBG in simple one-dimensional structure could be utilized to design ultra-broadband omnidirectional optical mirror and narrowband optical filter with ultra-large omnidirectional stopband.

Omnidirectional absorption properties of a terahertz one-dimensional ternary magnetized plasma photonic crystal based on a tunable structure

In this paper, by using the transfer matrix method and introducing the plasma as the dispersion medium, we propose the tunable one-dimensional magnetized ternary plasma photonic crystal structure (APB)N, and study its omnidirectional absorption properties of TM wave in terahertz band, where A and B are two different dielectric layers, P is plasma layer, and studied the regulation of the frequency and peak of the absorption channel by the number of periods, the relative refractive index of the dielectric layer, length, density, collision frequency and magnetic field intensity of the plasma layer to the absorption channel frequency and peak value. Therefore, this paper provides an idea for the design of terahertz absorbers for omnidirectional plasma photonic crystals.

Design and simulation of high-sensitivity refractometric sensors based on defect modes in one-dimensional ternary dispersive photonic crystal

Photonic crystals are widely used in sensors, lasers, optical wavelength filters, and dispersion compensations used in optical communication networks. We propose to exploit the defect modes of one-dimensional ternary photonic crystals based on silicon, analyte, and silica layers for a refractive index sensor. The defect modes are created by inserting an analyte layer in the middle of the structure between two adjacent silica and silicon layers. Exploiting the defect modes in the transmission spectrum leads to hypersensitivity. The results show that the thicknesses of the layers and defect part are, respectively, about 155, 700, 155, and 1200 nm in optimum conditions. Our optimum structure is about 11 µm long, and sensitivity of this structure is more than 450 nm/RIU and 600 nm/RIU for the perpendicular light incident and incident angle of 45°, respectively. The effect of dispersion is investigated on the sensor operation, too. Numerical simulations exhibit that sensitivity is decreased to 410 nm/RIU for incident perpendicular rays. Also, the optimum thickness of the defect layer is changed significantly when considering the dispersion effects, so dispersion plays a significant role in the proposed sensor.

The reflection and absorption characteristics of one-dimensional ternary plasma photonic crystals irradiated by TE and TM waves

The present study is aimed to investigate the reflection and absorption of electromagnetic waves propagating through one-dimensional ternary plasma photonic crystals (TPPCs) using transfer matrix method. Two different configurations of ternary plasma photonic crystal structures are considered. In the first configuration, unit cells contain plasma1-dielectric-plasma2 layers (P1DP2); while the second configuration is composed unit cells included of dielectric1-plasma-dielectric2 layers (D1PD2). In this structure the plasma is considered cold collisional.The effects of normal and oblique incidence of the monochromatic electromagnetic waves on photonic band gap of the TPPC, will be presented. In addition, the reflectance and absorbance coefficients of electromagnetic wave incident to the TPPC have been calculated. We will show plasma photonic crystal presented in this work, has the great potential to change the optical properties. By varying different parameters, the reflection, absorption and number and width of band gaps change. The results indicate that photonic band gap can be tuned in a desirable frequency range by adjusting the properties of plasma such as collision frequency and plasma frequency and structural characteristics of the TPPC including plasma-filling factor, the number of the cells and also permittivity of dielectric layer.

Decorative near-infrared transmission filters featuring high-efficiency and angular-insensitivity employing 1D photonic crystals

We present a new scheme for visibly-opaque but near-infrared-transmitting filters involving 7 layers based on one-dimensional ternary photonic crystals, with capabilities in reaching nearly 100% transmission efficiency in the near-infrared region. Different decorative reflection colors can be created by adding additional three layers while maintaining the near-infrared transmission performance. In addition, our proposed structural colors show great angular insensitivity up to ±60° for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarizations, which are highly desired in various fields. The facile strategy described here involves a simple deposition method for the fabrication, thereby having great potential in diverse applications such as image sensors, anti-counterfeit tag, and optical measurement systems.

Analysis of photonic band gaps in metamaterial-based one-dimensional ternary photonic crystals

In the present work, we propose a one-dimensional ternary photonic crystals composed of alternatively stacked dispersive metamaterial layers including double-negative (electric permittivity e 0), and mu-negative material (μ 0) within some frequency ranges. Various types of photonic band gaps including Bragg gaps, zero-permittivity gap, zero-permeability gap, and a special band gap are, respectively, presented and discussed against the periodic number, thickness of dielectric layer, and incident angle. In the case of normal incidence, the band width, position, and transmittance for the Bragg and special band gaps are related to the thickness of each layer and periodic number. Under the oblique incidence (incident angle 0° < θ < 90°) condition, both the zero-permittivity band gap for TM wave and zero-permeability band gap for TE wave are achieved, which are significantly broadened and blue-shifted with respect to the increase in incident angle. As such, the incident angle-dependent Bragg band gaps and special band gap are also exhibited by selecting TE- and TM-polarized waves, respectively.

Sub-wavelength focusing in the visible wavelength range realized by a one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal plano-concave lens

A plano-concave lens based on a one-dimensional (1D) ternary photonic crystal (PhC) was proposed, which was formed by periodic repetition of dielectric material layers MgF2, Ge, and SiO2. The dispersion relation and transmission spectrum of the 1D ternary PhC were obtained by the transfer matrix method (TMM). The plano-concave lens can achieve sub-wavelength focusing due to negative refraction. The negative refraction band can be moved to the visible light band with specific parameter adjustment. A broadband focusing in the visible wavelength range from 580 nm to 755 nm was demonstrated. Changes of light intensity and full width at half maximum (FWHM) with focusing wavelength (FW) were investigated and a focal point with almost a theoretical minimum FWHM of 0.275 λ was obtained at a wavelength of 675 nm. The functional relationship between the FW and the focal distance was derived theoretically. The theoretical calculation results are basically consistent with the numerical results. The results provide a promising methodology and theoretical guidance for the application of sub-wavelength focusing of 1D ternary PhC plano-concave lenses.

PHOTONIC BAND GAP MATERIALS AND MONOLAYER SOLAR CELL

In this paper, we demonstrate theoretically an efficient way to improve the optical properties of the PIN silicon solar cell. We design an anti-reflecting coating (ARC) from one-dimensional ternary photonic crystals (PCs). Also, we design a back-reflector that composed of one-dimensional binary PC. By adding ARC layers, we have observed that the absorption is increased from 0.5 to 0.75. Moreover, by adding back reflector layers, we found that the absorption values rise to reach over 0.95 in the range of the photonic band gap (PBG) of the back reflector. Thus, using PCs in each ARC and back reflector has a significant enhancement of the absorption of the cell. Our design could have a distinct effect on the conversion efficiency of the cell. We use transfer matrix method to optimize the PBG of the back reflector. Finally, the numerical and simulated results of the cell are investigated by COMSOL Multiphysics that based on the finite element method (FEM).

Development of the Monolayer Silicon Solar Cell Based on Photonic Crystals

In the present paper, we have designed a structure of the PIN silicon solar cell. We optimize the thickness of each layer of the PIN silicon solar cell, and its effect on the optical properties of the cell to be cost-effectively incomparable to the commercial cell. Moreover, we design an anti-reflecting coating from a single period one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal. The simulation procedure of the considered structure is mainly based on COMSOL Multiphysics software, which is essentially based on finite element method. We obtained the effect of the anti-reflecting coating on the optical properties of the cell. Also, we investigate the role played by photonic crystals anti-reflecting coating on the generation of electron-hole pairs. The numerical results conduct an inquiry into a prominent enhancement on the optical path length of the incident photons inside the cell. Therefore, the anti-reflecting coating of one-dimensional photonic crystals could have a significant effect on raising the efficiency of the cell.